[28] Missile-s.p.a.ce Directory, Missiles and Rockets, May 30, 1960, pp.
86-359.
[29] Haley, Andrew G., general counsel and past president of the International Astronautical Federation, "Rocketry and s.p.a.ce Exploration." Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J., 1958 p. 156.
[30] Ruzic, Neil P., "The Technical Entrepreneur," Industrial Research, May 1980, p.10.
[31] Bacon, F. T., "The Fuel Cell, Power Source of the Future," New Scientist, Aug. 17, 1959, p.272.
[32] Science Service dispatch, dateline Lynn, Ma.s.s., Apr. 25, 1950.
[33] Sharp, James M., "The Application of Fuel Cells in the Natural Gas Industry," Southwest Research Inst.i.tute, San Antonio, Tex., Mar. 4, 1960, pp. 2-3.
[34] Lear, John, "Towns To Be Lit by Plasma," New Scientist, Nov. 19, 1959, p. 1006.
[35] Pursglove S. David, Industrial Research, March 1950 p. 19.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Ibid., p. 18.
[38] s.p.a.ce Business Daily, June 13, 1960.
[39] c.o.x, Dr. R. A., "The Chemistry of Seawater," New Scientist, Sept.
24, 19459, p. 518.
[40] Hines, L. J., s.p.a.ce Age News, Apr. 25, 1960, p. 4.
[41] Gaertner, W. W., "Functional Microelectronics," Missile Design and Development, March 1960, p. 34.
[42] Stewart, Dr. Homer J., address to the American Bar a.s.sociation, Miami Beach, Aug. 25, 1959.
[43] Cordiner, Ralph J., "Compet.i.tive Private Enterprise in s.p.a.ce,"
lecture at U.C.L.A., May 4, 1960
[44] Ibid.
[45] Ibid.
[46] Ibid.
[47] 27 supra.
[48] See "The Problem of Plenty," U.S. News & World Report, Apr. 13, 1959, p. 97.
[49] Markuwitz, Meyer M., and Gentieu, Norman P., "The Rocket, A Past and Future History," Industrial Research, December 1959, p. 78.
IV. VALUES FOR EVERYDAY LIVING
The so-called side effects of the s.p.a.ce exploration program are showing a remarkable ability to produce innovations which, in turn, improve the quality of everyday work and everyday living throughout the United States.
In setting forth specific ways and means in which the s.p.a.ce program is producing practical uses, it must be kept in mind that no attempt is made here to separate uses resulting from the civil phases of the program from those developed by the military phases. Inasmuch as the two are closely intertwined, it would seem impractical to do so. And, in instances where the same or similar research is being conducted by a single contractor on behalf of both phases, it is usually impossible to do so.
TECHNOLOGICAL BENEFITS
This category of the practical uses of the s.p.a.ce program is impressive indeed.
Most of us are familiar with the plans which the United States has for using artificial satellites in ways which will be beneficial to all mankind. These include the satellite used for worldwide communications, for global television, for quick and accurate navigation, and for much improved weather prediction and weather understanding.
Here, however, is a summary of s.p.a.ce-related developments about which the American public has heard considerably less:
First, there is the high-speed computer. Developed initially to meet military demands for faster calculation, the computer is an integral part of American industry, making it possible to do many operations with a high degree of efficiency and accuracy.
Thermoelectric devices for heating and cooling, now adapted for commercial applications, were originally designed to provide energy sources for s.p.a.ce vehicles. The gla.s.s industry, as a result of work done during and after the Second World War on lenses and plastics, promises substantial gains in the consumer fields of optics and foods. Pyroceram, developed for missile radomes, is now being used in the manufacture of pots and pans. Materials suitable for use in the nuclear preservation of food may make us even better fed than we already are.
Medical research, and our health problems, can use such things as film resistance thermometers. Electronic equipment capable of measuring low-level electrical signals is being adapted to measure body temperature and blood flow. In a dramatic breakthrough, ill.u.s.trating the unexpected benefits of research, it has been found that a derivative of hydrazine, developed as a liquid missile propellant, is useful in treating certain mental illnesses and tuberculosis.
Of course, the aeronautics industry has benefited tremendously.
Engines, automatic pilots, radar systems, flight equipment, capable of meeting the high standards required by s.p.a.ce vehicles represent a great improvement over our already excellent aircraft.
A plasma arc torch (has been) developed for fabricating ultrahard materials and coatings by ma.s.s production methods. The torch, an outgrowth of plasma technology, develops heats of 30,000 degrees and can work within tolerances of two-thousandths of an inch.
Another application from the missile field, which shows real possibilities, is a reliable flow meter that has no packings or bearings. This was first developed for measuring liquefied gases and should have a very wide industrial usefulness. It may even lead to improvements in marine devices for measuring distance and velocity.
Ground-to-air missiles that ride a beam to their targets must measure the distance to the target plane with an accuracy of a few feet in several miles. This principle, now being applied to surveying techniques, has revolutionized the surveying industry.
The solenoid valve, which seats itself softly enough to eliminate vibration, has been applied very satisfactorily to home-heating systems.
The use of the jet drilling for mining is another, and worthy of amplification. Missiles are already working the economically unminable taconite ore of the Mesabi Range, have helped build the St. Lawrence Seaway, and are bringing down costs in quarrying.
It is estimated that taconite will be supplying about a third of our ores in less than 20 years. Until 1947 we were unable to mine this very hard rock, and then suitable rotary and churn drills were produced. Jet drilling, now available, cracks and crumbles stone layers by thermally induced expansion and is somewhere between 3 and 5 times faster than rotaries.
Jet piercing can take us far deeper into the earth than we have been able to go so far, to new sources of ore and hydrocarbons.
In stone quarrying, jet spalling and channeling are proven techniques. Stone quarrying has been expensive and wasteful heretofore. Rocket flame equipment allows cutting along the natural cleavage planes, or crystal boundaries--hence cuts stone thin without danger of cracking and, in addition, produces a fine finish that cannot be obtained when cutting by steel or abrasive tools.
Scientific literature is beginning to contain speculations on using the principle of the missile engine to save unstable intermediate products of the chemical processes. The high heats achieved in the rocket engine can, perhaps, be utilized to produce desired products that would be lost by slow cooling. But the high rate of cooling accomplished by expanding gases through the engine nozzle, it is thought, would save these unstable compounds.
Infrared has come into its own through missile electronics.
Infrared--since it cannot be jammed--appears to be challenging radar for use in guidance devices, tracking systems, and reconnaissance vehicles. Infrared is being used industrially to measure the compositions of fluids in complex processes of chemical petroleum refining and distilling. Infrared cameras are used in a.n.a.lyzing metallurgical material processing operations, to aid in accuracy and quality control. The entire infrared field should be significantly a.s.sisted in its growth and application through our missile-s.p.a.ce programs.
Another very promising outcome from missile development is a computer converter that can quickly transform a.n.a.logue signals--such as pressure measurements--into digital form.
In the near future, when guidance devices permit soft landing, rocket cargo and pa.s.senger transport will become feasible. Mail may become almost as swift as telephone.
We are making rapid progress in the economics of s.p.a.ce travel: payload costs for Vanguard were about $1 billion a pound; for the near future launchings, payload cost should be about $1,000 per pound. When payload costs are about a hundred dollars a pound we may expect commercial s.p.a.ce flight.[50]