"Many a little makes a mickle."
"A small leak will sink a ship."
"At a great pennyworth pause awhile."
"Silks and satins, scarlet and velvets, put out the kitchen fire."
"Always taking out of the meal-tub, and never putting in, soon comes to the bottom."
"For age and want save while you may,-- No morning sun lasts a whole day."
"It is easier to build two chimneys than to keep one in fuel."
"A penny saved is a penny earned."
"A penny saved is twopence clear; A pin a day is a groat a year."
"He that wastes idly a groat"s worth of his time per day, one day with another, wastes the privilege of using one hundred pounds each day."
To a young tradesman he wrote, in the year 1748:--
"Remember that time is money. He that can earn ten shilling a day by his labour, and goes abroad or sits idle one half that day, though he spend but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, or rather thrown away, five shillings besides....
"In short, the way to wealth, if you desire it, is as plain as the way to market. It depends chiefly on two words, _industry_ and _frugality_; that is, waste neither _time_ nor _money_, but make the best use of both. Without industry and frugality nothing will do, and with them everything. He that gets all he can honestly, and saves all he gets (necessary expenses excepted), will certainly become _rich_,--if that Being who governs the world, to whom all should look for a blessing on their honest endeavours, doth not, in his wise providence, otherwise determine."
In these excellent sayings, time and money are spoken of together, because time is money; and Franklin was never more economical of one than of the other. All that he says of frugality in respect to property applies equally to time, and _vice versa_. In his boyhood, when he adopted a vegetable diet, he had no money to save, so that the most of his economy related to time. It being to him as valuable as gold, he was prompted to husband it as well. To some observers he might have appeared to be penurious, but those who knew him saw that he reduced another of his own maxims to practice: "We must save, that we may share." He never sought to save time or money that he might h.o.a.rd the more of worldly goods to enjoy in a selfish way. He was ever generous and liberal, as we shall see hereafter. The superficial observer might suppose that a n.i.g.g.ardly spirit prompted him to board himself,--that he adopted a vegetable diet for the sake of mere lucre.
But nothing could be wider from the truth than such a view. We cannot discover the least desire to _h.o.a.rd_ the money he saved. He laid it out in books, and such things as aided him in self-improvement. He believed in temperate eating, as we have already said, and the following maxims of his show the same thing:--
"Who dainties love, shall beggars prove."
"Fools make feasts, and wise men eat them."
"Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries."
He saw that he could never possess the books he needed, or command the time, if his appet.i.te for luxuries was gratified. In his circ.u.mstances, the most marked self-denial was necessary, to gain his object. At the same time, he believed it would make him more healthy to be abstemious. There was not an iota of stinginess in his habitual economy.
Economy of time or money is praiseworthy only when it is done to command the means of being useful,--which was true of Franklin. When it is practised to gratify a sordid love of money, it is ign.o.ble and sinful.
About this time, Benjamin and John Collins had another interview,--differing somewhat from the one already described, as the following dialogue will show:--
"What book is this, Ben?" inquired John, taking up one from the table.
"It is an old English Grammar which I came across the other day,"
answered Benjamin. "It has two chapters, near the close, on Rhetoric and Logic, that are valuable."
"Valuable to you, perhaps, but not to me," said John. "What shall I ever want of Rhetoric or Logic?"
"Everybody ought to know something about them," answered Benjamin.
"They have already helped me, in connection with the works of Shaftesbury, to understand some things about religion better. I have believed some doctrines just because my parents taught me so."
"Then you do not believe all that you have been taught about religion, if I understand you?"
"No, I am free to say that I do not. There is neither reason nor wisdom in portions of the creed of the Church."
"Why, Ben, you surprise me. You are getting to be quite infidel for a boy. It won"t do for you to read Logic and Shaftesbury any more, if you are so easily upset by them."
"Made to understand better by them what is right and what is wrong,"
answered Benjamin. "The fact is, very few persons think for themselves. They are religious because they are so instructed. They embrace the religion of their parents without asking themselves what is true or false."
"There is not much danger that you will do that," said John. "Present appearances rather indicate that the religious opinions of your father will be blown sky-high,"--though John did not mean quite so much as his language denotes.
"You do not understand me. I respect my parents and their religious opinions, though I doubt some of the doctrines they have taught, and which I never carefully examined until recently."
"I must go," said John; "at another time, I will hear more;"--and he hurried away to his business, which was waiting for him.
Benjamin had read carefully the works of Collins and Shaftesbury, which were well suited to unsettle his religious belief. At the time of this interview, he was really a doubter, though not avowedly opposed to religion. The fact shows the necessity of using care in selecting books to be read, and the danger of tampering with those that speak lightly of the Gospel. Even a mind as strong as that of Benjamin was warped by the sophistries of such a book, and it was some years before he recovered wholly from the sad effects of such reading.
His early religious culture, however, and his disposition and ability to perceive the truth, finally saved him from the abyss of infidelity, as will appear more evident in the pages that follow.
CHAPTER XII.
THE NEWSPAPER.
On the seventeenth day of January, 1721, James Franklin began to issue a newspaper, called "THE NEW ENGLAND COURANT." It was the third one at the time in the whole country. The first paper--"THE BOSTON NEWSLETTER"--was established in 1704, two years before the birth of Benjamin. It was only a half-sheet of paper, about the size of an eight by twelve inch pane of gla.s.s, "in two pages folio, with two columns on each page." Consequently, it could not have contained more printed matter than is now compressed into half a page of one of the Boston dailies. Yet it was considered a very important undertaking for the times.
When James Franklin proposed to start the third paper in America, some of his friends thought it was a wild project, and endeavoured to dissuade him from it. They saw nothing but ruin before him, and used every persuasion to lead him to abandon the enterprise. They thought that two newspapers, such as would now excite a smile by their inferior size, were quite enough for the country. Take this fact, in connection with the present abundance of papers, and the contrast presents a striking view of the progress of America since that day. At that time there was not a daily paper in the land. Now there are eight in the city of Boston alone, having an aggregate daily circulation of about _one hundred and twenty-five thousand_, which would amount to nearly FORTY MILLION sheets in a year,--more than enough to furnish every man, woman, and child in the country with one sheet each. All this from the daily press of Boston, where, one hundred and forty years ago, it was thought that a third weekly newspaper, scarcely large enough to wrap a baker"s loaf in, could not be supported! Bind them into volumes, containing one hundred sheets each, and we have an enormous library of daily newspapers, numbering _four hundred thousand volumes_, the annual production of the Boston daily press in 1860! And this only the aggregate of eight different papers, while Boston alone now has _one hundred and forty_ papers and periodicals of all sorts, and the State of Ma.s.sachusetts nearly _three hundred_! How marvellous the change since Franklin was a poor printer-boy!
But look at these eight daily papers of Boston again. Suppose they measure a yard each in width, upon an average, when opened;--here we have one hundred and twenty-five thousand yards of newspapers emanating daily from only eight presses of Franklin"s native city; which is equal to _seventy-one miles_ per day, and _four hundred and twenty-six_ miles per week, and _twenty-two thousand one hundred and fifty-two_ miles in a year! This is truly surprising. Almost paper enough from the eight daily presses of Boston alone, every year, to reach around the earth!
Or, suppose we weigh these papers. If ten of them weigh a single pound, then each day"s issue weighs _twelve thousand five hundred pounds_, each week"s issue amounts to _seventy-five thousand pounds_, which swells the annual aggregate to about _four million pounds_. Load this yearly production upon waggons, one ton on each, and we have _two thousand and two horse loads of newspapers_ from these eight presses in a year! Again, we say, how marvellous the change!
If eight daily papers of Boston throw off this vast amount of reading-matter in a year, what immense quant.i.ties are supplied by all the presses in the land! Could the actual statistics be laid before us in round numbers, doubtless the most credulous even would be amazed at the result.
But to return. James decided to issue his paper, notwithstanding the advice of some of his friends to the contrary, and he thus opened the subject to Benjamin:--
"I have resolved to issue a paper, and it will require our united exertions to make it go. No doubt I shall meet with opposition, and perhaps shall fail in the attempt, but I have determined to fail _trying_."
"What particular service can I render?" inquired Benjamin.
"Aside from your usual work of type-setting, you are qualified to look after the composition and spelling of the articles in each number, and a part of your work shall be to deliver the paper to subscribers from week to week."
"And be collector, too, I suppose," added Benjamin, rather fancying the idea of issuing a paper from the office.
"As you like about that," answered his brother, "though it may be convenient, often, to have you render such a service."
"I suppose you don"t mean to make me editor also?" he added, rather jestingly; probably not dreaming that he should ever conduct the publication.