"Fly! Vanish! Unheard of impudence! What, still there!
In this enlightened age too, when you have been Proved not to exist?"--_Sh.e.l.ley"s Translation_.
Do we not see the doughty reviewer before us magisterially waving his hand and commanding the apparitions to vanish?--then with despondent astonishment exclaiming:
Das Teufels.p.a.ck es fragt nach keiner Regel.
Wir sind so klug und dennoch spukt"s in Tegel.
So wise we are! yet what fantastic fooleries still stream forth from my contemporary"s brains; how are we still haunted! The speech of Faust concerning him is mis-translated by Sh.e.l.ley, who understood the humour of the piece, as well as the poetry, but not the particular humours of it. Nothing can be more expressive of a conceited, narrow-minded reviewer. "Oh he!--he is absolutely everywhere,--What others dance, he must decide upon. If he can"t chatter about every step, "tis as good as not made at all. _Nothing provokes him so much as when we go forward_.
If you"d turn round and round in a circle, as he does in his old mill, he"d approve of that perhaps; especially if you"d consult him about it."
"A man of such spirited habitudes," says Mr. Carlyle, after affirming that Nicolai wrote against Kant"s philosophy without comprehending it, and judged of poetry, as of Brunswick Mum, by its utility, "is now by the Germans called a _Philister_. Nicolai earned for himself the painful pre-eminence of being _Erz Philister_, Arch Philistine." "He, an old enemy of Goethe"s," says Mr. Hill, in explanation of the t.i.tle in which he appears in the _Walpurgisnacht_, "had published an account of his phantasmal illusions, pointing them against Fichte"s system of idealism, which he evidently confounded with what Coleridge would have called Subjective Idolism."
Such was this wondrous _disenchanter_ in the eyes of later critics than Klopstock: a man strong enough to maintain a long fight against genius, not wise enough to believe in it and befriend it. How many a controversialist seems a mighty giant to those who are predisposed to his opinions, while, in the eyes of others, he is but a blind floundering Polyphemus, who knows not how to direct his heavy blows; if not a menacing scarecrow, with a stake in his hand, which he has no power to drive home! I remember reading a thin volume in which all metaphysicians that had ever left their thoughts behind them were declared utterly in the wrong--all up to, but not including, the valiant author himself. The world had lain in darkness till he appeared, like a new Phoebus, on the scene. This great man despatched Kant"s system--(never having read a syllable of any work of Kant"s)--in a page and a quarter! and the exploit had its celebraters and admirers. Yet strange to say, the metaphysical world went on just as if nothing had happened!--after the sun was up, it went groping about, as if it had never been enlightened, and actually ever since has continued to talk as if Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, and other metaphysicians understood the nature of the things they wrote about rather _more_ than the ma.s.s of mankind, instead of _less! Verschwindet doch_! might this author say, as Nicolai said to the spectres of the Brocken and the phantoms of literature,
Verschwindet doch! _Wir haben ja aufgeklart_.
Engel opposed Kant in philosophical treatises, one of which is ent.i.tled _Zwei Gerprache den Werth der Kritik betreffend_. He too occupied a considerable s.p.a.ce in Literature--his works fill twelve volumes, besides a few other pieces. "To him," says Jordens, "the criticism of taste and of art, speculative, practical, and popular philosophy, owe many of their later advances in Germany." Jordens p.r.o.nounces his romance, ent.i.tled _Lorenz Stark_, a masterpiece in its way, and says of his plays, that they deserve a place beside the best of Lessing"s. He was the author of a miscellaneous work, ent.i.tled The Philosopher for the World, and is praised by Cousin as a meritorious anthropologist. Engel was born September 11, 1741, at Parchim, of which his father was pastor, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin; died June 28, 1802. Neither Nicolai nor Engel is noticed by Cousin among the adversaries of Kant"s doctrine: the intelligent adversaries,--who a.s.sailed it with skill and knowledge, rather proved its strength than discovered its weakness. _Fortius acri ridiculum_; but this applies only to transient triumphs, where the object of attack, though it furnishes _occasion_ for ridicule, affords no just _cause_ for it. S.C.
(_b_) PERSONAL REMINISCENCES (1836), BY THE HON. MR. JUSTICE COLERIDGE.
In the summer of 1836 I went on the Northern Circuit with Baron Parke.
We took Bowness and Storrs, in our way from Appleby to Lancaster; and I visited Wordsworth, and my dear friend Arnold from Storrs. It was my fortune to have to try the great Hornby Castle cause, as it was called; this I did at the end of the circuit, returning from Liverpool to Lancaster for the purpose. Arnold was kind enough to lend me his house (Foxhow) for the vacation; and when the circuit ended, my wife and children accompanied me to it, and we remained there six weeks. During that time Mr. and Mrs. Wordsworth were our only neighbours, and we scarcely saw any one besides; but we needed no other addition to the lovely and loveable country in which we were. He was extremely kind, both in telling us where to go, and very often going with us. He was engaged in correcting the press for a new edition of his poems. The London post, I think, went out at 2 P.M., and then, he would say, he was at our service. A walk with him in that country was a real treat: I never met with a man who seemed to know a country and the people so well, or to love them better, nor one who had such exquisite taste for rural scenery: he had evidently cultivated it with great care; he not only admired the beauties, but he could tell you what were the peculiar features in each scene, or what the incidents to which it owed its peculiar charm. He combined, beyond any man with whom I ever met, the unsophisticated poetic delight in the beauties of nature with a somewhat artistic skill in developing the sources and conditions of them. In examining the parts of a landscape he would be minute; and he dealt with shrubs, flower-beds, and lawns with the readiness of a practiced landscape-gardener. His own little grounds afforded a beautiful specimen of his skill in this latter respect; and it was curious to see how he had imparted the same faculty in some measure to his gardener--James Dixon, I think, was his name. I found them together one morning in the little lawn by the Mount. "James and I," said he, "are in a puzzle here.
The gra.s.s here has spots which offend the eye; and I told him we must cover them with soap-lees. "That," he says, "will make the green there darker than the rest." "Then," I said, "we must cover the whole." He objected: "That will not do with reference to the little lawn to which you pa.s.s from this." "Cover that," I said. To which he replies, "You will have an unpleasant contrast with the foliage surrounding it.""
Beside this warm feeling and exquisite taste, which made him so delightful a guide, his favourite spots had a human interest engrafted on them,--some tradition, some incident, some connection with his own poetry, or himself, or some dear friend. These he brought out in a striking way. Apart from these, he was well pleased to discourse on poetry or poets; and here appeared to me to be his princ.i.p.al scholarship. He was extremely well read in English poetry; and he would in his walk review a poem or a poet with admirable precision and fairness. He did not intrude his own poetry or himself, but he did not decline to talk about either; and he spoke of both simply, unboastingly, and yet with a manly consciousness of their worth. It was clear he thought he had achieved a high place among poets: it had been the aim of his life, humanly speaking; and he had taken worthy pains to accomplish and prepare himself for the enterprise. He never would sacrifice anything he thought right on reflection, merely to secure present popularity, or avert criticism which he thought unfounded; but he was a severe critic on himself, and would not leave a line or an expression with which he was dissatisfied until he had brought it to what he liked.
He thought this due to the gift of poetry and the character of the poet.
Carelessness in the finish of composition he seemed to look on almost as an offence. I remember well, that after speaking with love and delight of a very popular volume of poetry, he yet found great fault with the want of correctness and finish. Reciting one of the poems, and pointing out inaccuracies in it, he said, "I like the volume so much, that, if I was the author, I think I should never rest till I had nearly rewritten it." No doubt he carried this in his own case to excess, when he corrected so largely, in the decline of life, poems written in early manhood, under a state of feelings and powers which it was impossible to reproduce, and yet which was necessary, generally speaking, for successful alteration. I cannot but agree with many who think that on this account the earlier copies of his poems are more valuable than the later.
1836. _September_. Wednesday 21.--Wordsworth and I started in my carriage for Lowther, crossed Kirkstone to Paterdale, by Ulleswater, going through the Glenridding Walks,[236] and calling at Hallsteads. We reached the castle time enough before dinner for him to give me a walk.
[236] I remember well, asking him if we were not trespa.s.sing on private pleasure-grounds here. He said, no; the walks had, indeed, been inclosed, but he remembered them open to the public, and he always went through them when he chose. At Lowther, we found among the visitors, the late Lord W----; and describing our walk, _he_ made the same observation, that we had been trespa.s.sing; but Wordsworth maintained his point with somewhat more warmth than I either liked, or could well account for. But afterwards, when we were alone, he told me he had purposely answered Lord W---- stoutly and warmly, because he had done a similar thing with regard to some grounds in the neighbourhood of Penrith, and excluded the people of Penrith from walking where they had always enjoyed the right before. He had evidently a pleasure in vindicating these rights, and seemed to think it a duty. J.T.C.
After luncheon, on Thursday 22d, we had an open carriage, and proceeded to Haweswater. It is a fine lake, entirely unspoilt by bad taste. On one side the bank rises high and steep, and is well clothed with wood; on the other it is bare and more sloping. Wordsworth conveyed a personal interest in it to me, by telling me that it was the first lake which my uncle[237] had seen on his coming into this country: he was in company with Wordsworth and his brother John. Wordsworth pointed out to me somewhere about the spot on the hill-side, a little out of the track, from which they first saw the lake; and said, he well remembered how his face brightened, and how much delight he appeared to feel. Yesterday morning we returned to this place. We called on our way and took our luncheon at Hallsteads, and also called at Paterdale Hall. At both it was gratifying to see the cordial manner of W."s reception: he seemed loved and honoured; and his manner was of easy, hearty, kindness to them.
[237] See _Memoirs_, vol. i. pp. 147-8.
My tour with him was very agreeable, and I wish I could preserve in my memory more of his conversation than I shall be able to do. I was anxious to get from him anecdotes of himself and my uncle, and of their works. He told me of himself, that his first verses were a Popian copy written at school on the "Pleasure of Change;" then he wrote another on the "Second Centenary of the School"s Foundation;" that he had written these verses on the holidays, and on the return to school; that he was rather the poet of the school. The first verses from which he remembered to have received great pleasure, were Miss Carter"s "Poem on Spring," a poem in the six-line stanza, which he was particularly fond of, and had composed much in, for example, "Ruth." He said there was some foundation in fact, however slight, for every poem he had written of a narrative kind; so slight indeed, sometimes, as hardly to deserve the name; for example, "The Somnambulist" was wholly built on the fact of a girl at Lyulph"s Tower being a sleep-walker; and "The Water Lily," on a ship bearing that name. "Michael" was founded on the son of an old couple having become dissolute and run away from his parents; and on an old shepherd having been seven years in building up a sheepfold in a solitary valley: "The Brothers," on a young shepherd, in his sleep, having fallen down a crag, his staff remaining suspended midway. Many incidents he seemed to have drawn from the narration of Mrs. Wordsworth, or his sister, "Ellen" for example, in "The Excursion;" and they must have told their stories well, for he said his principle had been to give the oral part as nearly as he could in the very words of the speakers, where he narrated a real story, dropping, of course, all vulgarisms or provincialisms, and borrowing sometimes a Bible turn of expression: these former were mere accidents, not essential to the truth in representing how the human heart and pa.s.sions worked; and to give these last faithfully was his object. If he was to have any name hereafter, his hope was on this, and he did think he had in some instances succeeded;[238] that the sale of his poems increased among the cla.s.ses below the middle; and he had had, constantly, statements made to him of the effect produced in reading "Michael" and other such of his poems. I added my testimony of being unable to read it aloud without interruption from my own feelings. "She was a phantom of delight" he said was written on "his dear wife," of whom he spoke in the sweetest manner; a manner full of the warmest love and admiration, yet with delicacy and reserve.
He very much and repeatedly regretted that my uncle had written so little verse; he thought him so eminently qualified, by his very nice ear, his great skill in metre, and his wonderful power and happiness of expression. He attributed, in part, his writing so little, to the extreme care and labour which he applied in elaborating his metres. He said, that when he was intent on a new experiment in metre, the time and labour he bestowed were inconceivable; that he was quite an epicure in sound. Latterly he thought he had so much acquired the habit of a.n.a.lysing his feelings, and making them matter for a theory or argument, that he had rather dimmed his delight in the beauties of nature and injured his poetical powers. He said he had no idea how "Christabelle"
was to have been finished, and he did not think my uncle had ever conceived, in his own mind, any definite plan for it; that the poem had been composed while they were in habits of daily intercourse, and almost in his presence, and when there was the most unreserved intercourse between them as to all their literary projects and productions, and he had never heard from him any plan for finishing it. Not that he doubted my uncle"s _sincerity_ in his subsequent a.s.sertions to the contrary; because, he said, schemes of this sort pa.s.sed rapidly and vividly through his mind, and so impressed him, that he often fancied he had arranged things, which really and upon trial proved to be mere embryos.
I omitted to ask him, what seems obvious enough now, whether, in conversing about it, he had never asked my uncle how it would end. The answer would have settled the question. He regretted that the story had not been made to end the same night in which it begun. There was difficulty and danger in bringing such a personage as the witch to the daylight, and the breakfast-table; and unless the poem was to have been long enough to give time for creating a second interest, there was a great probability of the conclusion being flat after such a commencement.
[238] You could not walk with him a mile without seeing what a loving interest he took in the play and working of simple natures. As you ascend Kirkstone from Paterdale, you have a bright stream leaping down from rock to rock, on your right, with here and there silent pools. One of Wordsworth"s poor neighbours worked all the week over Kirkstone, I think in some mines; and returning on Sat.u.r.day evenings, used to fish up this little stream. We met him with a string of small trout. W. offered to buy them, and bid him take them to the Mount. "Nay," said the man, "I cannot sell them, Sir; the little children at home look for them for supper, and I can"t disappoint them." It was quite pleasant to see how the man"s answer delighted the Poet. J.T.C.
A great number of my uncle"s sonnets, he said, were written from the "Cat and Salutation," or a public-house with some such name, in Smithfield, where my uncle imprisoned himself for some time; and they appeared in a newspaper, I think he said the _Morning Chronicle_.
He remembered his writing a great part of the translation of "Wallenstein," and he said there was nothing more astonishing than the ease and rapidity with which it was done.
_Sept. 29th, Foxhow_.--We are just setting out, in a promising day, for a second trip to Keswick, intending, if possible, to penetrate into Wastdale, over the Sty Head. Before I go, I wish to commemorate a walk with the Poet, on a drizzly muddy day, the turf sponging out water at every step, through which he stalked as regardless as if he were of iron, and with the same fearless, unchanged pace over rough and smooth, slippery and sound. We went up by the old road[239] from Ambleside to Keswick, and struck off from the table-land on the left, over the fell ground, till he brought me out on a crag, bounded, as it were, by two ascents, and showing me in front, as in a frame, Grasmere Lake, "the one green island," the church, village, &c., and the surrounding mountains.
It is a lovely scene, strikingly described in his verses beginning,
"When to the attractions of the busy world, Preferring studious leisure," &c.[240]
_Oct. 7th_.--Yesterday Wordsworth drove me to Low-wovel; and then we ascended a great way towards Kirkstone by Troutbeck, pa.s.sing by many interesting cots, barns, and farm-houses, where W. had constantly something to point out in the architecture, or the fringes of moss, fern, &c., on the roofs or walls. We crossed the valley, and descended on Troutbeck Church, whence we came down to the turnpike road, and I left the Poet, who was going on to a.s.sist Sir T. Pasley in laying out his grounds. I turned homeward, till I met my horse.
[239] This old road was very steep, after the fashion of former days, crossing the hill straight over its highest point. A new cut had been made, somewhat diminishing the steepness, but still leaving it a very inconvenient and difficult ascent. At length another alteration was made, and the road was carried on a level round the foot of the hill. My friend Arnold pointed these out to me, and, quizzing my politics, said, the first denoted the old Tory corruption, the second bit by bit, the third Radical Reform. J.T.C.
[240] See Poems on the naming of Places.
As we walked, I was admiring the never-ceasing sound of water, so remarkable in this country. "I was walking," he said, "on the mountains, with ----, the Eastern traveller; it was after rain, and the torrents were full. I said, "I hope you like your companions--these bounding, joyous, foaming streams." "No," said the traveller, pompously, "I think they are not to be compared in delightful effect with the silent solitude of the Arabian Desert." My mountain blood was up. I quickly observed that he had boots and a stout great-coat on, and said, "I am sorry you don"t like this; perhaps I can show you what will please you more." I strode away, and led him from crag to crag, hill to vale, and vale to hill, for about six hours; till I thought I should have had to bring him home, he was so tired."
_October 10th_.--I have pa.s.sed a great many hours to-day with Wordsworth, in his house. I stumbled on him with proof sheets before him. He read me nearly all the sweet stanzas written in his copy of the "Castle of Indolence,"[241] describing himself and my uncle; and he and Mrs. W. both a.s.sured me the description of the latter at that time was perfectly accurate; that he was almost as a great boy in feelings, and had all the tricks and fancies there described. Mrs. W. seemed to look back on him, and those times, with the fondest affection. Then he read me some lines, which formed part of a suppressed portion of "The Waggoner;" but which he is now printing "on the Rock of Names," so called because on it they had carved out their initials:
W.W. Wm. Wordsworth.
M.H. Mary W.
D.W. Dorothy Wordsworth.
S.T.C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
J.W. John Wordsworth.
S.H. Sarah Hutchinson.
[241] Poems founded on the Affections.
This rock was about a mile beyond Wythburn Chapel, to which they used to accompany my uncle, in going to Keswick from Grasmere, and where they would meet him when he returned. This led him to read much of "The Waggoner" to me. It seems a very favourite poem of his, and he read me splendid descriptions from it. He said his object in it had not been understood. It was a play of the fancy on a domestic incident and lowly character: he wished by the opening descriptive lines to put his reader into the state of mind in which he wished it to be read. If he failed in doing that, he wished him to lay it down. He pointed out, with the same view, the glowing lines on the state of exultation in which Ben and his companions are under the influence of liquor. Then he read the sickening languor of the morning walk, contrasted with the glorious uprising of Nature, and the songs of the birds. Here he has added about six most exquisite lines.
We walked out on the turf terrace, on the Loughrigg side of Rydal Water.
Most exquisitely did the lake and opposite bank look. Thence he led me home under Loughrigg, through lovely spots I had never seen before. His conversation was on critical subjects, arising out of his attempts to alter his poems. He said he considered "The White Doe" as, in conception, the highest work he had ever produced. The mere physical action was all unsuccessful; but the true action of the poem was spiritual--the subduing of the will, and all inferior pa.s.sions, to the perfect purifying and spiritualising of the intellectual nature; while the Doe, by connection with Emily, is raised as it were from its mere animal nature into something mysterious and saint-like. He said he should devote much labour to perfecting the execution of it in the mere business parts, in which, from anxiety "to get on" with the more important parts, he was sensible that imperfections had crept in, which gave the style a feebleness of character.
He talked of Milton, and observed how he sometimes indulged himself, in the "Paradise Lost," in lines which, if not in time, you could hardly call verse, instancing,
"And Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old;"
and then noticed the sweet-flowing lines which followed, and with regard to which he had no doubt the unmusical line before had been inserted.
"Paradise Regained" he thought the most perfect in _execution_ of anything written by Milton; that and the "Merchant of Venice," in language, he thought were almost faultless: with the exception of some little straining in some of the speeches about the caskets, he said, they were perfect, the genuine English expressions of the ideas of their own great minds. Thomson he spoke of as a real poet, though it appeared less in his "Seasons" than in his other poems. He had wanted some judicious adviser to correct his taste; but every person he had to deal with only served to injure it. He had, however, a true love and feeling for Nature, and a greater share of poetical imagination, as distinguished from dramatic, than any man between Milton and him. As he stood looking at Ambleside, seen across the valley, embosomed in wood, and separated from us at sufficient distance, he quoted from Thomson"s "Hymn on Solitude," and suggested the addition, or rather insertion, of a line at the close, where he speaks of glancing at London from Norwood.
The line, he said, should have given something of a more favourable impression:
"Ambition---- [242] and pleasure vain."