After the blessing and Last Post, Garter King of Arms proclaimed the Styles and t.i.tles of Queen Elizabeth, which served to remind the congregation of the great history of her country in which she had so memorably played her part: Thus it hath pleased Almighty G.o.d to take out of this transitory life into His Divine Majesty the late Most High, Most Mighty, and Most Excellent Princess Elizabeth, Queen Dowager and Queen Mother, Lady of the Most n.o.ble Order of the Garter, Lady of the Most Ancient and Most n.o.ble Order of the Thistle, Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India, Grand Master and Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order upon whom had been conferred the Royal Victorian Chain, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John, Relict of His Majesty King George the Sixth and Mother of Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth The Second by the Grace of G.o.d of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, Sovereign of the Most n.o.ble Order of the Garter, whom may G.o.d preserve and bless with long life, health and honour and all worldly happiness.
As Queen Elizabeth"s coffin was borne from the Abbey by the Irish Guardsmen, the organ played Bach"s Prelude and Fugue in E flat, while high above the bells of the Abbey were rung half m.u.f.fled to a peal of Stedman Caters, comprising 5,101 changes. Outside the Abbey, pipers from all her regiments played the forlorn lament, "Oft in the Stilly Night".
Followed by the royal cortege, her coffin was driven up the crowded Mall towards Buckingham Palace as two Spitfires and a Lancaster bomber flew overhead in a final wartime tribute. Along the route to St George"s Chapel in Windsor Castle thousands of people had gathered to watch her pa.s.s by for the last time. Some people crossed themselves, some bowed, others waved or threw flowers or raised gla.s.ses in a last toast.
That evening, in the King George VI Memorial Chapel, in the presence of her daughter, her grandchildren and her great-nephew Lord Strathmore, Queen Elizabeth was laid to rest beside the King, together with the casket containing the ashes of their daughter Princess Margaret, her epic journey finally completed.
* Each year Queen Elizabeth presented a book to the prizewinner, who would come to Sandringham with the Head Teacher to receive it. Springwood is a long-established comprehensive school in King"s Lynn.
* The Royal Collection includes paintings, drawings, ma.n.u.scripts, books, furniture, ceramics, gold, silver, gla.s.s, clocks and many other works of art collected by British monarchs and other members of the Royal Family over centuries. It is unique in the sense that, unlike the collections of other European royal houses, the British Royal Collection is the property of the Crown, not the state.
* Hon. Jean Elphinstone (191599), second daughter of sixteenth Lord Elphinstone and Lady Mary Bowes Lyon, married 1936 Major John Wills. Major Wills, born in 1910, died a few weeks before his wife, in September 1999.
* Guests this summer included Queen Elizabeth"s factor Martin Leslie and his wife Catriona, her former equerry Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton and his wife Susannah, Ashe Windham and his wife Arabella, her racing manager Michael Oswald and his wife Lady Angela, and John Perkins, a friend from Norfolk.
* The Brig O"Dee was built in 1748 as part of the military pacification programme after the 45 Rebellion.
EPILOGUE.
ELIZABETH BOWES LYON might reasonably have expected to live a pleasant and relatively privileged but inconspicuous life, marrying into a family like her own, raising children, supporting her husband, her community and her charitable causes, and ending her days quietly, rich in good works and grandchildren. Instead, fate dealt her an extraordinary hand. This book has attempted to show what she made of it, to discern the qualities which enabled this young Scottish aristocrat, who surprised herself by marrying into the Royal Family, play such a central role, as wife and mother, as grandmother and great-grandmother, in the life of the nation.
Queen Elizabeth"s century, the twentieth, started (as the historian John Roberts pointed out)* with both optimism about the march of progress and pessimism about the tide of materialism. No one could then have predicted either the horrors or the scientific and social advances to come. One hundred years later, Roberts wrote, facts are more accessible than ever but the events of the twentieth century will go on acquiring new meanings "as they drop below the horizon of memory". All we can do now is look back upon these years "and search them for guidance".1 In that respect, the long life of Queen Elizabeth offers a fruitful study.
"England Expects" was the watchword of the Age of Empire into which she was born. She was of the last generation of aristocrats who felt able to accept their superior social position with no feeling of guilt but rather a sense of duty and of obligation. Her own Christian principles, instilled by her parents, gave her grace and an inner strength throughout her life. Allied to that was her sense of joy. The happy, mischievous spirit in her letters to Beryl Poignand was still there more than eight decades later.
It would not be quite correct to say that she had a common touch rather that she had an innate ability, inherited and learned, to mix with everyone. This was first apparent in her friendships with the wounded soldiers at Glamis during the First World War. Throughout her life she dealt without condescension to those less fortunate or less prominent than herself, and treated those in higher positions, like King George V and Queen Mary, with respect.
After she married the Duke of York she immediately transformed his life, bringing him the love, understanding, sympathy and support for which he had always craved. She inspired him, she calmed him and she enabled him for the first time in his life to believe in himself. Her sense of humour awoke his own, her natural gaiety lightened him. Their marriage was a rare union in which each complemented and enhanced the other. Their joy in each other and in their children fulfilled public expectations in an age when the Royal Family was seen as a model and an ideal.
In 1936, without the added confidence which his wife had imparted to him, and the loyal and loving support which she and their children continued to give him, the Duke of York might never have been able to make a success of his unwanted kingship after his brother"s abrupt departure. Even before her coronation the unexpected Queen adapted to the new demands and responsibilities that were upon her. "We are not afraid. I feel that G.o.d has enabled us to face the situation calmly," she wrote at the time.2 Thereafter she discovered how well her vivid and open personality was suited to the role.
In the thirty-two months they had before the war broke out, the King and Queen came to embody the cause of the democracies both at home and abroad, in their visits to France, Canada and the United States. The Queen was a triumph wherever she went, though the affection she and the King won in America did not quickly translate into wartime support. On their return from Canada in summer 1939, the nation cheered them home. Harold Nicolson expressed a widely shared belief when he wrote, "She is in truth one of the most amazing Queens since Cleopatra."3 Her horror at the prospect of another war so soon after 1918 led her, like the King, to support Chamberlain"s efforts to avoid it, but once war was declared she committed herself totally to victory. "Humanity must fight against bad things if we are to survive, and the spiritual things are stronger than anything else, and cannot be destroyed, thank G.o.d."4 No one can measure the importance of the Queen"s presence alongside the King in London throughout the war. During the brutal days of the Blitz their unannounced appearances among the rubble of bombed homes brought immense comfort. There could perhaps never be a better symbol of the difference between const.i.tutional monarchy and dictatorship than the way in which the King and Queen endured the war alongside their people until victory was achieved. "For him we had admiration, for her adoration" summed up the views of many.5 And for her part she never faltered in her belief in the British people.
Peace in 1945 brought new anxieties, particularly for the King, as Britain"s Labour government embarked upon not only reconstruction but also radical reform. The Queen was not naturally predisposed to such changes, but she never lost her optimism; she and the King looked forward eagerly to the future and when he fell ill she always believed that he would recover.
When the King died in February 1952, grief overwhelmed her. Perhaps only her family and a few close friends knew how much she had depended on her husband and how much his loss undermined her. Her anguish was profound. Her spontaneous purchase of the Castle of Mey was a symptom of her grief, but it was a happy decision. Though impractical and expensive to run, the only home she ever owned gave her and her friends much pleasure for the rest of her life.
Once she had recovered her equilibrium, she brought to her new role a distinctive combination of wisdom, sympathy and vivacity, underpinned by a st.u.r.dy determination. She sometimes said to friends, "I am not as nice as I seem," and as a young woman she had written, "What a lot of our life we spend in acting."6 But that"s true enough of most of humanity, after all; what matters is the use to which the "seeming niceness" and the acting are put. Queen Elizabeth"s natural charm and inbred good manners undoubtedly helped her achieve what she wanted, both personally and in her public role. But it would be wrong to dismiss those qualities as a facade. In personal terms, the devotion of her family, friends and, perhaps above all, employees speaks for itself. In public the enduring, unflagging interest and sympathy she showed for others over so many decades no doubt with occasional bouts of acting surely reveals a genuine engagement, answered by the genuine popularity she earned. Her unaffected enjoyment of the good things of life, especially dry martinis and champagne, and her indulgence in horseracing, both the most aristocratic of sports and the most popular form of gambling, won her great affection. Her joie de vivre was such that all of her life she lit up not only rooms that she entered but every occasion in which she took part. The name which she took, Queen Mother, she did not at first like but the t.i.tle came quickly to symbolize the role she played in both her family and the nation.
She loved to preserve. The England in which she grew up was a home, filled with familiar and well-loved rituals. Many of these became unfashionable in the second half of her life. But she still treasured them in her regiments, her ships, her universities and her 300 or so charities and other organizations. By celebrating traditions, she both enriched and prolonged them in a more impatient age. The remarkable breadth of her patronages gave her a public presence and, indeed, influence in many areas of national life. This could have been difficult for the Queen but her mother never usurped her daughter"s position. Deeply conscious of the monarch"s role, Queen Elizabeth always remained in the picture but never placed herself in the centre of the frame. She was always aware that it is a princ.i.p.al task of a hereditary monarch to pa.s.s the crown to someone well prepared for this unique responsibility, and she rejoiced in the success of her daughter. Indeed, during the Queen"s Golden Jubilee, which was celebrated only weeks after her mother"s death, millions of people across the country displayed their enthusiasm for Elizabeth II, providing remarkable proof of the affection which the monarch and the inst.i.tution still enjoyed. They sensed that both Queens embodied the Shakespearean royal ideal of "Christian service and true chivalry".
Queen Elizabeth"s dislike of change may have slowed down the pace of royal reform which is always necessary to retain consent. There were changes which the Queen and her advisers might have chosen to make earlier, had there been no concern about upsetting Queen Elizabeth. Against this must be weighed the fact that her remarkable popularity helped soften criticism of the monarchy, particularly in the miseries of the 1990s. The press had become unforgiving of almost everyone else in the family, but she remained largely above criticism. Even her extravagance was accepted, and usually with a smile because of who she was. In those family crises, she was sometimes criticized for not intervening directly in the lives of her grandchildren. But that is never easy in any family; she saw her task rather to support and sustain the Queen in any way she could throughout not only the annus horribilis but the rest of that painful decade.
The core of her popularity and the major feature of the second half of her life was surely her permanence, both in her principles and in the pattern of her life. As she grew older, she showed great courage in not allowing the infirmities of the years to compel her into retirement. There was something immensely rea.s.suring in her insistence on carrying out her commitments year after year, and the stamina which enabled her to do so. Britain changed enormously but she remained constant. This had particular resonance for all those who were feeling rudderless in the wake of the immense social upheavals of the late twentieth century. Her high spirits and her love of the traditions and the quirkiness of Britain were an inspiration to millions.
In closing, one could recall that at the beginning of the Second World War, the Archbishop of Canterbury wrote to her, "I feel inclined to say to Your Majesty what was said in the Bible story to Queen Esther "Who knoweth whether thou art come to the Kingdom for such a time as this." "7 That was true in 1939 and it remained so to the end of her life.
* See above, this page.
Queen Elizabeth"s Patronages Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Society 19372002 Patroness 19371958; Patron 19582002 R. Academy of Arts American a.s.sociates (Sir Hugh and Lady Ca.s.son Fund) 1996.
R. Academy of Dramatic Art 19312002 R. Academy of Music 19372002 Adelaide Festival of Arts 19601999 Aged Christian Friend Society 19372002 As d.u.c.h.ess of York, Countess of Inverness Patron of Inverness Branch 19361937 Albany, The 19372002 Formerly the Deptford Fund and the Princess Alice New Albany Foundation Aldeburgh Festival 19742002 Ancoats Hospital 19262002 Archer House Convalescent Fund 19311965
19651968
Formerly Archer House Home for Nurses. Subsequently administered by National Fund for Nurses R. Agricultural Society of England 1959.
Trustee 1960.
President 1998.
Hon. Trustee a.s.sociated Board of the Royal Schools of Music 19532002 President R. a.s.sociation for Disability & Rehabilitation 19762002 Formerly Central Council for the Care of Cripples, then Central Council for the Disabled (19291976), amalgamated with the British Council for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled Australian Red Cross Society 19412002 Bar Musical Society 19572002 Barnardo"s 19362002 Formerly Dr Barnardo"s Barrowmore Village Settlement 19532002 Bath Club, Ladies" Section 19371958?
Hon. Member 1936 Patroness 1937 until the Club closed Battle of Britain Fighter a.s.sociation 19772002 Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Historic Churches Trust 19922002 Benenden Healthcare Society 19522002 Formerly (Post Office and) Civil Service Sanatorium Society Benevolent Society of St Patrick 19552002 Bible Reading Fellowship 19522002 Bible Society 19432002 Formerly British and Foreign Bible Society Birkbeck College 19372002 Birmingham Royal Inst.i.tution for the Blind 19372002 R. Blind Asylum and School, Edinburgh 19372002 Bomber Command a.s.sociation 19872002 Botanical Society of the British Isles 19652002 Botanical Society of Scotland 19502002 Brendoncare Foundation 19832002 Bridewell Royal Hospital (King Edward"s School, Witley) 19532002 President Britain in Bloom Compet.i.tions 19761989 British-American Benevolent a.s.sociation 19371977 Formerly Queen Victoria Hospital, Nice British & International Sailors" Society 19372002 Formerly British Sailors Society British Commonwealth Ex-Services League (Women"s Auxiliaries) 19492002 British Commonwealth Nurses War Memorial Fund 19461995 Formerly British Empire Nurses War Memorial Fund British Dental Hospital 19261948 British Equine Veterinary a.s.sociation 19682002 British Home and Hospital for Incurables, Streatham 19252002 British Homeopathic a.s.sociation 19822002 British Hospital for Mothers and Babies, Woolwich 19531984 Hospital closed R. British Legion Women"s Section 19242002 President R. British Legion Scotland (Women"s Section) 19362002 Grand President British Orthopaedic a.s.sociation 19592002 British Records a.s.sociation 19522002 British Red Cross Society 19372002 President 19371952 Vice/Deputy President 19521998 President 19982002 British Sporting Art Trust 19772002 British Theatre a.s.sociation 19521990 Formerly British Drama League R. Brompton National Heart & Lung Hospital 19372002 Formerly Brompton Hospital for Diseases of the Chest Bud Flanagan Leukaemia Fund 19822002 Caithness Agricultural Society 19702002 Caithness Heritage Trust 19912002 R. Caledonian Horticultural Society 19372002 R. Caledonian Schools Trust 19372002 Patroness R. Cambrian Academy of Art 19372002 Cambridge Arts Theatre Trust 19812002 Canada Memorial Foundation 19891994 Patron-in-Chief Canadian Merchant Navy Prisoner of War a.s.sociation 19942002 Canadian Mothercraft Society 19312002 Canadian Red Cross Society 19392002 Careers for Women 19391993 Formerly Women"s Employment Federation (1972) then National Advisory Centre on Careers for Women (1990) Ca.s.sel Hospital 19542002 Formerly Ca.s.sel Hospital for Functional Nervous Disorders Cavalry & Guards Club (Ladies Side) 19762002 Formerly Guards" Club (Ladies" Annexe) 19371972 Centre for Policy on Ageing 19502002 Formerly National Corporation for the Care of Old People Charing Cross Hospital 19372002 Chelsea Physic Garden 19842002 First Patron Children"s Country Holidays Fund 19252002 Children"s Hospital at Westmead, The 19272002 Formerly Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney Children"s Society, The 19242002 Formerly the Church of England Children"s Society Church Army 19432002 Church of England Soldiers", Sailors and Airmen"s Clubs 19372002 Church of England Temperance Society 19371967 Cinque Ports Mayors a.s.sociation 19802002 First Patron R. Cinque Ports Yacht Club 19782002 President City & Metropolitan Welfare Charity 19371972 Formerly Metropolitan Convalescent Inst.i.tution Civil Defence Welfare Fund 19401950s?
Formerly Civil Defence (Services) Comforts Fund Civil Service Retirement Fellowship 19772002 Clan Sinclair Trust 20002002 Colditz a.s.sociation 19922002 R. College of Midwives 19382002 Formerly Midwives Inst.i.tute R. College of Music 19381952 Patron 19521992 President 19932002 President Emerita R. College of Nursing 19632002 R. College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 19462002 And Hon. Fellow R. College of Speech & Language Therapists 19592002 Formerly College of Speech Therapists R. Commonwealth Society 19372002 Commonwealth Trust 19892002 Contemporary Art Society 19482002 Cookery & Food a.s.sociation 19532002 Coronation Planting Committee 19361938 Countess of Dufferin"s Fund, New Delhi 19371948 Courtauld Inst.i.tute of Art Trust 19832002 Crathie District Nursing a.s.sociation 19381945 Honorary President Crathie Women"s Rural Inst.i.tute Pre-19532000?
c.u.mberland Lodge (King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Foundation of St Catharine"s, c.u.mberland Lodge) 19682002 Formerly St Catharine"s c.u.mberland Lodge Darwin Caledonian Pipe Band 19842002 Dispensaire Francais 19832002 Dockland Settlements 19242002 Douglas Bader Foundation 19831991 Dover College 19792002 Dover Museum 19912002 Downpatrick Race Club 19892002 Duchy Health Charity Limited 19832002 Formerly Duchy Hospital Truro and Cornwall Independent Hospital Trust Dundee Dental Hospital 19342002 Dundee University Operatic Society 19701981 East Grinstead Medical Research Trust 19772002 Formerly East Grinstead Research Trust East Ham Memorial Hospital 19312002 Eastern Arts Board 19732002 Formerly Eastern Arts a.s.sociation Edinburgh Angus Club 19532002 R. Edinburgh Hospital for Sick Children 19372002 Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama 19482002 R. Edinburgh Repository & Self-Aid Society 19372002 Royal Repository for the Sale of Gentlewomen"s Work, Edinburgh, and Royal Scottish Society for the Self-Aid of Gentlewomen amalgamated in 1977 Elizabeth Finn Trust 19532002 Formerly Distressed Gentlefolk"s Aid a.s.sociation Emily McPherson College, Melbourne 19701980 Entertainment Artistes Benevolent Fund 19462002 Formerly Variety Artistes Benevolent Fund Ex-Services Mental Welfare Society 19422002 Also known as Combat Stress Ex-Flying Squad Officers" a.s.sociation 2000.
Patron for one year only Family Service Units 19552002 Federated Caledonian Society of Southern Africa 19582002 Patron-in-Chief R. Female Orphanage, Beddington 19371968 The Beddington Fund was incorporated in the Shaftesbury Society Fleming Memorial Fund for Medical Research 19591969 Florence Nightingale Aid-in-Sickness Trust 19662002 Formerly Florence Nightingale Hospital R. Foundation of St Katharine, in Ratcliffe 19532002 Franco-British Society 19442002 Friendly Almshouses 19382002 Friends of Aberbrothock 19331948 Friends of the Ashmolean Museum 19692002 Friends of the Bowes Museum 19622002 Friends of Canterbury Cathedral 19782002 Friends of the Elderly 19372002 Formerly Friends of the Poor and Gentlefolk"s Help Friends of the Imperial War Museum 19862002 Patron-in-Chief Friends of Lusaka Cathedral, Zambia 19622002 Friends of Manchester Cathedral 19522002 Friends of Norwich Cathedral 19512002 Friends of the Norwich Museums 19592002 Friends of Old St Peter"s Church, Thurso 19662002 Friends of St Magnus Cathedral, Orkney 19722002 Friends of St Martin-in-the-Fields 19522002 Friends of St Mary s, Haddington 19712002 Friends of St Paul"s Cathedral 19522002 Friends of the Tate Gallery 19582002 Friends of York Minster 19282002 Future Fisherman Foundation, Auckland NZ 19891993 Garden Society 19522002 Garden Society of Scotland 19572002 R. Gardeners Orphan Fund 19532002 Gardeners Royal Benevolent Society 19691992 General Lying-in Hospital 19371972 Georgian Group 19472002 Girls" Brigade, England & Wales 19672002 Formed on amalgamation of Girls" Life Brigade, Girls" Brigade Ireland and Girls" Guildry Girls" Brigade Scotland 19232002 Formerly the Girls" Guildry HM was Patron before she was married Girls" Friendly Society 19372002 Girls" Friendly Society of Scotland 19371990 Glasgow Angus a.s.sociation 19521959 Glasgow Angus & Mearns Benevolent Society 19271978 Glasgow Caithness Benevolent a.s.sociation 19561997 Grand Antiquity Society of Glasgow 19272002 Grand Military Race Committee 19692002 Greater London Fund for the Blind 19312002 Grenfell a.s.sociation of Great Britain & Ireland 19341981 The Duke and d.u.c.h.ess of York granted their Patronage pre-1934 Grosvenor House Antiques Fair 19532002 Formerly Antique Dealers" Fair Guide a.s.sociation 19372002 Formerly The Girl Guides a.s.sociation Guild of Gla.s.s Engravers 19802002 Guy"s Hospital Ladies a.s.sociation 1923-?.
President R. Gwent Hospital 19372002 Haddo House Choral Society 19582002 Hepburn Starey Blind Aid Society 19352001 Heritage Craft Schools, Chailey 19402002 Hertford British Hospital, Paris 19372002 Hertfordshire Society, CPRE 19702002 Highland Home Industries 19231974 Hillington & District Nursing a.s.sociation 19371948 R. Holloway and Bedford New College 19852002 Formerly Patron of Bedford College 19531985 R. Horticultural Society 19372002 R. Hospital for Neuro-Disability 19232002 Formerly Royal Hospital and Home for Incurables, Putney R. Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow 19232002 R. Household Cricket Club 19372002 Hunters Improvement Society 19601961 Injured Jockeys Fund 19732002 Formerly Injured National Hunt Jockeys Fund Inst.i.tute of Journalists Orphan Fund 19532002 Inst.i.tute of Leisure & Amenity Management 19612002 Formerly Inst.i.tute of Park and Recreation Administration International Students Trust 19652002 Jockey Club 19682002 Patron National Hunt Committee 19541968 Keats-Sh.e.l.ley Memorial a.s.sociation 19502002 King"s Lynn Festival 19532002 King"s Lynn Preservation Trust 19722002 Kingston-on-Thames Victoria Hospital 1923 Patroness League for the Exchange of Commonwealth Teachers 19772002 League of Remembrance 19532002 R. Liverpool Seamen"s Orphan Inst.i.tution 19372002 London Angus a.s.sociation 19331968 London Caithness a.s.sociation 19562002 London Children"s Flower Society 19742002 Formerly London Flower Lovers League London Gardens Society 19472002 London Hospitals Street Collections: Hospitals Week 19371948 London Library 19522002 London Schools Guild of Arts & Crafts 19371955 Longhope Lifeboat Museum Trust 20012002 Lord Mayor"s Air Raid Distress Fund 19411954 Including Empire Air Raid Distress Fund Patron 1942 Magdalen Hospital, Streatham 19531972 Manor Gardens Centre 19232002 Formerly North Islington Infant Welfare Centre Marie Curie Cancer Care 19562002 Formerly Marie Curie Memorial Foundation Mathilda Verne College of Music 1924 Patroness R. Medical Benevolent Fund Guild 19271972 R. Mencap Society 19622002 Formerly R. (National) Society for Mentally Handicapped Children and Adults R. Military Benevolent Fund 19531960 Moor House School 19572002 Mothercraft Training Society 19231952 President Mothers Union 19372002 Mothers Union, Scotland 19261983 Museums a.s.sociation 19552002 National a.s.sociation of Hospital & Community Friends 19522002 Formerly National a.s.sociation of Leagues of Hospital Friends National Children Adoption a.s.sociation 19231978 National Council of Nurses of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 19521963 National Deaf Children"s Society 19612002 National Gardens Scheme 19792002 R. National Hospital for Diseases of the Chest 19371964 Formerly R. National Hospital for Consumption, Ventnor R. National Inst.i.tute for the Blind 19372002 R. National Lifeboat Inst.i.tution 19372002 National Operatic and Dramatic a.s.sociation 19602002 R. National Orthopaedic Hospital 19372002 R. National Pension Fund for Nurses 19532001 R. National Rose Society 19652002 National Savings Committee 19431978 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 19242002 National Training College of Domestic Subjects 19371962 National Trust 19532002 President National Trust for Scotland 19522002 National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain 19532002 R. Naval and R. Marine Children"s Home, Portsmouth 19531997 Naval Home Industry 19371965 Patroness Norfolk Nursing a.s.sociation 19461950 Norfolk Record Society 19532002 Norwich Philharmonic Society 19482002 Nuffield Foundation 19452002 Nuffield Trust 19452002 Formerly Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust Octavia Housing and Care 19612002 Formerly St Marylebone Housing a.s.sociation Officers" Families Fund 19531989 Old Contemptibles, London and South East Area 19871999 Patron-in-Chief Ontario Jockey Club 19872002 Oriana Madrigal Society 19261961 Patroness Our Dumb Friends League 19261930 Patroness Peter Pears Award 19891991 R. Philharmonic Orchestra 19622002 Post Office Arts Club 1932.
Poultry Club 19782002 Princess Royal Maternity Hospital 19272002 Formerly Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital Hon President 19271937 Patron 19372002 Professional Cla.s.ses Aid Council 19552002 Patroness Queen Alexandra Hospital Home, Worthing 19532002 President Queen Charlotte"s and Chelsea Hospitals 19372002 Formerly Queen Charlotte"s Maternity Hospital Queen Elizabeth Club for Officers 19411947 Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, Hackney 19421998 Queen Elizabeth"s Foundation 19532002 Formerly Queen Elizabeth"s Training College for the Disabled, and then for Disabled People Queen Elizabeth"s Overseas Nursing Service a.s.sociation 19532002 Queen Mary"s Clothing Guild 19532002 Formerly Queen Mary"s London Needlework Guild Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, East Grinstead 19492002 Queens College, Cambridge 19482002 Patroness Queen"s College, London 19372002 Queen"s College, Oxford 19372002 Patroness Queen"s Nursing Inst.i.tute 19532002 Formerly the Queen"s Inst.i.tute of District Nursing Queen"s Nursing Inst.i.tute, Scotland 19282002 Formerly the Queen"s Inst.i.tute of District Nursing Scotland President 19281953 Patron 19532002 Racing Welfare 19912002 Formerly Racing Welfare Charities Railway Benevolent Inst.i.tution 19372002 Regular Forces Employment Agency 19372002 Formerly National a.s.sociation for Employment of Regular Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen Research into Ageing 19762002 Formerly British Foundation for Age Research, then Age Action Trust Roads Beautifying a.s.sociation 19301965 Patroness Robert Mayer Concerts for Children 19371979 Sadler"s Wells Foundation 19372002 And Sadler"s Wells Trust from 1980 Sailors Families Society 19372002 Formerly Sailors Orphans Home, Hull, then Sailors Children"s Society R. Sailors Rests (Portsmouth & Devonport) 19372002 St Albans Cathedral Music Trust 19962002 Patron-in-Chief St Andrew"s Ambulance a.s.sociation 19372002 St John Ambulance a.s.sociation & Brigade (Nursing Corps and Divisions) 19372002 Commandant-in-Chief St Mary"s Hospital, Paddington 19302002 President St. Mary"s Hospital Medical School 19542002 Salmon & Trout a.s.sociation 19532002 Sandringham District Nursing a.s.sociation 19371948 Sandringham Women"s Inst.i.tute 19372002 President R. School (for Daughters of 19321937 President Officers of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines) 19372002 Patron R. School for Deaf Children, Margate 19372002 R. School of Church Music 19502002 R. School of Needlework 19231937 President 19372002 Patron Schoolmistresses" & Governesses" Benevolent Inst.i.tution 19372002 Formerly Governesses" Benevolent Inst.i.tution Schools Music a.s.sociation 19612002 Scotland"s Churches Scheme 19952002 R. Scottish Academy of Music and Drama 19442002 Scottish Children"s League of Pity 1924 Patroness Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations 19502002 Formerly Scottish Council of Social Service Scottish Disability Foundation 19832002 Scottish National Inst.i.tution for the War Blinded 19372002 Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone Trust 19612002 Scottish Orthopaedic Council 19421955 R. Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children 19372002 R. Scottish Society of Arts 19382002 R. Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolours 19372002 Scottish Women"s Hospitals (Memorial) a.s.sociation 19231958 President Shaftesbury Homes and "Arethusa"
19372002 Shaftesbury Society 19372002 Shetland Pony Stud Book Society 19802002 Silk & Man-made Fibre Users a.s.sociation 19531970 Formerly Silk and Rayon Users a.s.sociation Sir George Thalben-Ball Memorial Trust 19892002 President Sir Peter O Sullevan Charitable Trust 2002.
Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Trust 19792002 R. Smithfield Club 1983.
President of the Show 1987.
President of the Show 1988.
President of the Show 1989.
President of the Show 1994.
Vice-President R. Society for India, Pakistan and Ceylon 19531975 R. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 19522002 Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings 19772002 Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists 19812002 Formerly the Society of Chiropodists R. Society of Edinburgh 19482002 R. Society of Musicians of Great Britain 19372002 R. Society of Painters in Water-colours 19472002 South London Hospital for Women 19251948 President 19481984 Hon. President Special Forces Club 19872002 SSAFA Forces Help 19232002 Formerly Soldiers", Sailors and Airmen"s Families a.s.sociation and Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops, amalgamated in 1997 Sunningdale Ladies Golf Club 19382002 Captain 1932 Teachers Housing a.s.sociation 19372002 Formerly National Union of Teachers Benevolent & Orphan Fund Teesdale Buildings Preservation Trust 19771999 Textile Benevolent a.s.sociation (1970) 19672002 Thistle Foundation 19452002 Three Choirs Festival 19382002 Tidy Britain Group 19602001 Formerly Keep Britain Tidy Group Toc H 19312002 Tower Hill Improvement Trust 19352002 President, Ladies Council 1934 Trefoil Guild 19602002 Trinity Hospice 19262002 Formerly The Hostel of G.o.d UK Youth 19272002 President, Girls Clubs 1927 Patron, Girls Clubs 1937 Patron, Girls & Mixed Clubs 1945 Patron. Nat. a.s.soc. Youth Clubs 1961 Patron, Youth Clubs UK 1988 Patron, UK Youth 2001 Unicorn Preservation Society 19742002 United a.s.sociations of Great Britain and France 19371952 Patron with The King R. United Kingdom Beneficent a.s.sociation (Rukba) 19372002 United Nursing Services (South Street) Club 19251992 United Society for Christian Literature 19502002 University College Hospital 19252002 University of Aberdeen Development Trust 19822002 University of Oxford Development Programme 19882002 Vacani School of Dancing 19272002 R. Veterinary College Animal Care Trust 19822002 Victoria Cross and George Cross a.s.sociation 19832002 President R. Victoria Hall Foundation 19372002 Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship 19232002 Victoria League in Scotland 19512002 Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada 19552002 Grand President Virginia Water & Long Cross District Nursing a.s.sociation 19371948 R. Wanstead Foundation 19392002 Formerly R. Wanstead School West c.u.mbria Health Care NHS Trust 19702002 Formerly West c.u.mberland Hospital West Ham Central Mission 19292002 Formerly Child Haven, then Greenwood Children"s Home Westminster Abbey Special Choir 19251985 Westminster Children"s Society 19332002 Formerly City of Westminster Health Society Widows Friend Society 19362002 Windsor District Nursing a.s.sociation 19451948 R. Wolverhampton School 19372002 Women"s College Hospital, Toronto 19622002 Women"s Land Army Benevolent Fund 19411957 HM sent messages for reunions until the final one in 2001 Women"s Royal Voluntary Service 19392002 President World Angus Secretariat 19992002 Young Women"s Christian a.s.sociation of Great Britain 19231937 19372002 Patroness, Girls Section Patron, National a.s.sociation Young Women"s Christian a.s.sociation Central Club 19372002 MISCELLANEOUS APPOINTMENTS.
R. Agricultural Society 1959.
Trustee 1960.
President 1998.
Hon. Trustee Charterhouse, The 19532002 Royal Governor Cinque Ports 19782002 Lord Warden and Constable of Dover Castle Girton College, Cambridge 19482002 Visitor Middle Temple, the Honourable 19442002 Master of the Bench Society of the 1949.
Treasurer Hospital of Sir John Hawkins, Kt, in Chatham (Almshouses) 19782002 Governor as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports St John of Jerusalem, Order of the Hospital of 1927.
Dame Grand Cross University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 19541971 President University of Dundee 19671977 Chancellor University of London 19551980 Chancellor
NOTES.
Abbreviations BUA Birmingham University Archives CAC Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge CHAR Chartwell Papers FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office FO Foreign Office GLLD Papers of first Baron Lloyd of Dolobran LAC/BAC Library and Archives Canada/Bibliotheque et Archives Canada LASL Papers of Sir Alan Lascelles NLS National Library of Scotland RA Royal Archives RCIN Royal Collection Inventory Number SPW St Paul"s Walden Bury
PROLOGUE.
1 Birthday card, RA QEQM/PRIV/RF 2 Prince of Wales to Queen Elizabeth, 6 August 2000, RA QEQM/PRIV/RF
ONE: AN EDWARDIAN CHILDHOOD 19001914
1 The Book of Record: A Diary written by Patrick Third Earl of Kinghorne and First of Strathmore and other doc.u.ments relating to Glamis Castle 16841689. Rendered into modern spelling and punctuation from the edition published by the Scottish History Society in 1890 by David M. Gauld, privately printed, 2004 2 Charles E. Hardy, John Bowes and the Bowes Museum, Friends of the Bowes Museum, 1989, p. 10 3 James Wentworth Day, The Queen Mother"s Family Story, Robert Hale, 1967, pp. 223 4 Ibid., p. 24 5 J. Foot, Lives of Andrew Robinson Bowes Esq. and the Countess of Strathmore... (1810), quoted in Hardy, p. 10 6 Wentworth Day, p. 27 7 Streatlam and Gibside, the Bowes and Strathmore Families in County Durham, Durham County Council, 1980 8 Wendy Moore, Wedlock: How Georgian Britain"s Worst Husband Met His Match, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2009, p. 93 9 Wentworth Day, p. 36 10 Moore, p. 239 11 Ibid., p. 253 12 Rosalind K. Marshall, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, article on Mary Eleanor Bowes 13 Wentworth Day, p. 85; Stafford M. Linsley, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, article on John Bowes 14 Harry Gordon Slade, Glamis Castle, Society of Antiquaries of London, 2000, p. 11 15 Lord Frederick Hamilton, The Days before Yesterday, Hodder & Stoughton, 1920, p. 247 16 Ibid., pp. 2423, 245 17 Letters between Lord Glamis and Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck, undated, Glamis Archives 18 Thirteenth Earl of Strathmore, diary, 16 July 1881, Glamis Archives 19 1901 Census return for The Bury, St Paul"s Walden 20 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, pa.s.sport issued on 23 May 1921, Glamis Archives 21 Diana Lyttelton to Editor, Woman"s Weekly, 6 & 11 July 1950; to Jennifer Ellis, 8 August 1952, RA QEQMH/PRS/4 22 Russell T. Grant to Queen Elizabeth, 14 October 1978, RA QEQMH/GEN/1978/British Astrological Society 23 Thirteenth Earl of Strathmore, diary, 21 August 1900, Glamis Archives 24 Grania Forbes, My Darling Buffy, Headline, 1999, pp. 37 25 Dorothy Laird, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Coronet, 1985, p. 39 26 Hugo Vickers, Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Hutchinson, 2005, pp. 12 27 Rev. Canon Dendle French to Elizabeth Leeming, 5 February 2005. See also Canon Dendle French to Lucy Murphy, 12 January 1983, RA QEQMH/GEN/1983/St Paul"s Walden 28 J. M. Roberts, History of the World, Hutchinson, 1976, p. 885 29 Ibid.
30 Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House, Yale University Press, 1978, p. 298 31 Richard Beaumont, Purdey"s: The Guns and the Family, David & Charles, 1994, p. 104 32 Jill Franklin, The Gentleman"s Country House and Its Plan 18351914, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, p. 81 33 Notes on the Strathmore family and its homes compiled for the author by Elizabeth Leeming, elder daughter of the seventeenth Earl of Strathmore 34 Lady Cynthia Asquith, The d.u.c.h.ess of York, Hutchinson, [1927], p. 45 35 Ibid., p. 33 36 Asquith, The Queen, Hutchinson, 1937, pp. 223 37 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 38 Asquith, The Queen, p. 24 39 Ibid., p. 25 40 Ibid., p. 49 41 Queen Elizabeth to Rachel Bowes Lyon, 19 July 1988, Bowes Lyon Papers, SPW 42 Laird, p. 40 43 Asquith, The Queen, p. 45 44 Ibid., pp. 456 45 Gordon Slade, pp. 312; notes on Glamis Castle by Elizabeth Leeming 46 Leeming notes 47 Gordon Slade, pp. 1056 48 Ibid., p. 76 49 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 50 Thirteenth Earl of Strathmore, diary 2 October 1903, Glamis Archives 51 Lady May Bowes Lyon, diary, February 1904, private collection 52 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 53 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [20 November 1914], Poignand Papers 54 Leeming notes 55 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 56 Leeming notes 57 Laird, p. 37 58 Leeming notes 59 Laird, p. 36 60 Leeming notes 61 Laird, p. 36 62 Raymond Asquith to Katharine Horner, 25 September 1905 (copy), RA QEQM/PRIV/HIST, quoted in Raymond Asquith: Life and Letters, ed. John Joliffe, Collins, 1980, p. 134 63 Forbes, pp. 89 64 Christopher Dingwall, Glamis Castle: A History of the Designed Landscape, Strathmore Estates, 2000, pp. 401; the Countess of Strathmore, "Glamis, the Autumn Garden", The Gardener"s Year Book, Philip Allen, 1928, p. 52 65 Mrs Scott to Lady Glamis, 10, 16 September 1903, Glamis Archives (CH) 66 Asquith, The Queen, p. 32 67 Ibid., p. 29 68 Ibid., pp. 367 69 Ibid., p. 41 70 Ibid., pp. 467 71 Ibid., pp. 478 72 Lord Strathmore to the Dowager Lady Strathmore, 14 February 1907, Glamis Archives 73 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lord Strathmore, 22 February 1907, Glamis Archives 74 Asquith, The Queen, p. 38 75 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lord Strathmore, 10 February 1909, Glamis Archives 76 Asquith, The Queen, p. 39 77 Elizabeth"s friend Lavinia Spencer wrote several letters to her sympathizing over her troubles with Dorothy: 14 August, 17 September, 27 December 1915, 7 January 1916, 16 October 1919, Glamis Archives 78 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, diary, 1910, RA QEQM/PRIV/DIARY/1 79 Ibid.
80 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Mlle Lang, 20 [21] January 1910, Glamis Archives 81 Elizabeth Longford, The Royal House of Windsor, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974, pp. 512 82 King George V, diary, 6 May 1910, quoted in Kenneth Rose, King George V, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983, p. 76 83 Lady Strathmore, diary, 7, 20 May 1910, Glamis Archives 84 Asquith, The Queen, p. 39 85 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to May Elphinstone, 16 July 1910, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 86 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to May Elphinstone, 19 July 1910, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 87 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to May Elphinstone, 5 August 1910, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 88 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 13 December 1910, Glamis Archives (CH) 89 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 29 December 1910, Glamis Archives (CH) 90 Roberts, History of the World, p. 901 91 Exercise book, 1911, Bowes Lyon Papers, SPW 92 Ibid.
93 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 94 Ibid.
95 Asquith, The Queen, p. 42 96 Elizabeth Leeming: Notes on shooting with the Strathmores; Elizabeth Leeming interview with Ronnie Carr, 8 February 2006 97 Laird, p. 45 98 Asquith, The Queen, p. 44 99 Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton, diary, 15, 18, 19 August 1911, private collection 100 Ibid., 20, 21 August 1911 101 Hon. John Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 24 July [1911], Glamis Archives 102 Hon. John Bowes Lyon to Lady Delia Spencer, 14 October 1911, Glamis Archives 103 Mrs Scott to Lady Strathmore, 29 October 1911, Glamis Archives 104 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, diary, 1718 February 1912, RA QEQM/PRIV/DIARY/1 105 Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton, diary, 3, 4 March 1912, private collection 106 Ibid., 1315 April 1912 107 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, diary, 1912, RA QEQM/PRIV/DIARY/1 108 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 10 May 1912, Glamis Archives 109 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 12 May 1912, Glamis Archives 110 Laurel Gray to Queen Elizabeth, 1 December 1948, RA QEQMH/GEN/1948/Gray 111 Terry Wolsey, Elizabeth of Glamis, Canongate, 1990, p. 11 112 Joan Woollcombe, "A Royal Birthday", The Lady, 31 July 1969; Vickers, p. 10 113 Lady May Bowes Lyon, diary, 22 December 1904, private collection 114 Asquith, The Queen, p. 56 115 Ibid., p. 54 116 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC; Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, diary, 2, 3 June 1913, Glamis Archives 117 Author"s interview with Lady Penn 118 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 119 School reports, 30 Sloane Street, January-February 1912, March 1913, Glamis Archives, Box 270 120 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, diary, April 1913, RA QEQM/PRIV/DIARY/2 121 Kathe Kubler, Meine Schulerin die Konigin von England, Hermann Eichblatt, Leipzig, 1937, pp. 78, 10 (translation) 122 Ibid., p. 10 123 Ibid., p. 12 124 Ibid., p. 13 125 Ibid., pp. 1819 126 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to the Hon. David Bowes Lyon, 18 July [1913], Glamis Archives 127 Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton, diary, 1920 July 1913, private collection 128 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, diary, 1913, RA QEQM/PRIV/DIARY/2 129 Kubler, pp. 257 130 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to the Hon. David Bowes Lyon, 30 November 1913, Bowes Lyon Papers (SPW) 131 Kubler, pp. 1112 132 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 25 June 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 133 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 26 June 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 134 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [8 December 1914], Poignand Papers. The same story appeared in Lady Cynthia Asquith"s biography of the d.u.c.h.ess of York 135 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 25 June 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 136 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 12 June 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 137 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to the Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon, Glamis Archives (CH) 138 Kubler, p. 31 139 King George V, diary, RA GV/PRIV/GVD/1914: 3, 4 August 140 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RAQEQM/ADD/MISC
TWO: TENDING THE WOUNDED 19141918
1 Quoted in Samuel Hynes, The Auden Generation, The Bodley Head, 1976, p. 18 2 John Terraine, The First World War, Leo Cooper, 1983, p. 8 3 Winston Churchill, The World Crisis 19111918, ed. Martin Gilbert, Free Press, London, 2005, p. 109 4 King George V, diary, 3 August 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD 5 Gilbert, The First World War, HarperCollins, 1995, p. 37 6 Ibid., pp. 37, 38 7 David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, Yale University Press, 1990, p. 72 8 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 8 August 1914, Glamis Archives 9 Hon. Fergus Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 9 September 1914, Glamis Archives 10 Asquith, The Queen, p. 59 11 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 11 December [1914], Poignand Papers 12 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [5/6 December 1914], Poignand Papers 13 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 21 November 1914, Poignand Papers 14 Asquith, The Queen, p. 59 15 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [20 November 1914], Poignand Papers 16 French dictations, August-September 1914, Glamis Archives, Box 270 17 Lady Strathmore to Beryl Poignand, 16 September 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 18 Lady Strathmore to Beryl Poignand, 9 October 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 19 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [20 November 1914], Poignand Papers 20 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 21 November [1914], Poignand Papers 21 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 22 November [1914], Poignand Papers 22 Ibid.
23 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 21 October 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 24 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 22, [25] November, [5/6], 11 December [1914], 13 July [1915], Poignand Papers 25 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 22 November [1914], Poignand Papers 26 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [November 1914], [8], 9, 14/15 December 1914, Poignand Papers 27 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [8 December 1914], Poignand Papers 28 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 22 November [1914], Poignand Papers 29 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 1415 December [1914], Poignand Papers 30 Asquith, The Queen, p. 61 31 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [5/6 December 1914], Poignand Papers 32 Asquith, The Queen, p. 61 33 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 11 December [1914], Poignand Papers 34 Asquith, The Queen, p. 62 35 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [5/6, 8 December 1914], Poignand Papers 36 Asquith, The Queen, p. 60 37 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [8 December 1914], Poignand Papers 38 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 14/15 December [1914], Poignand Papers 39 Lines by J. Chadwick Brooks, 1st Battalion The London Scottish, January 1915, autograph book, RA QEQM/PRIV/PERS 40 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 14/15 December [1914], Poignand Papers 41 Lady Rose Bowes Lyon to Lady Delia Peel, undated [December 1915], Glamis Archives 42 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 December 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 43 Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton, diary, 31 December 1914, private collection 44 Lady Strathmore to May Elphinstone, 3 January 1915, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 45 Lady Strathmore to May Elphinstone, 1 March 1915, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 46 Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton, diary, 17 January 1915, private collection; Beryl Poignand to her mother, 23 [February 1915], Poignand Papers 47 Lady Lavinia Spencer to the Hon. Cecil Spencer, 8 February 1915, Althorp Archives 48 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 31 March [1915], Poignand Papers 49 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [20 February 1915], Poignand Papers 50 Lady Strathmore to May Elphinstone, 24 February 1915, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 51 Lady Strathmore to May Elphinstone, 6 March 1915, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE 52 Elizabeth Leeming interview with Lady Mary Clayton 53 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 9 March [1915], Poignand Papers 54 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 55 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 30 May, 2 June [1915], Poignand Papers 56 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 15 May [1915], Poignand Papers 57 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 12 [May 1915]; 31 March [1915], Poignand Papers 58 Beryl Poignand to her mother, 13 July [1915], Poignand Papers 59 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 9 August 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 60 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 August 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 61 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 16 April 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 62 Lady Lavinia Spencer to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, n.d. [12 August 1915], Glamis Archives, Box 270 63 Lady Lavinia Spencer to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 17 September 1915, Glamis Archives, Box 270 64 Lady Katharine Hamilton to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 6 September 1916, Glamis Archives 65 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 31 July 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 66 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 6 August 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 67 Ibid.
68 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 9 August 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 69 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 9 August 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 70 Asquith, The Queen, p. 67 71 Information from Clare Elmquist, daughter of Lydie Lachaise 72 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 14 September 1915, Glamis Archives, Box 270/II 73 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 16 September 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 74 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore 19 September 1915, Glamis Archives, Box 270/II 75 Elizabeth Leeming interview with Lady Mary Clayton 76 Hon. Fergus Bowes Lyon to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 26 April 1911, Glamis Archives (CH) 77 Hon. Fergus Bowes Lyon to [Lady Strathmore], 16 February 1914, Glamis Archives (CH) 78 Hon. Fergus Bowes Lyon to [Lady Strathmore], n.d., Glamis Archives 79 Reported in letter from Beryl Poignand to her mother, 23 June [1915], Poignand Papers 80 Terraine, p. 91 81 Ibid., p. 92 82 A. J. P. Taylor, English History 191445, Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 46 83 Daily Mail (overseas edition), 23 October 1915, quoted in Lyn Macdonald, 19141918: Voices and Images of the Great War, Penguin, 1988 84 Lieutenant G. B. Gilroy to Lady Strathmore, 30 September 1915, Glamis Archives 85 Notes by Lady Strathmore of accounts of the death of Capt. The Hon. Fergus B. Lyon by Lance Corporal Andrew Ross, 10 November 1915, and Sergeant Lindsay, [10 December 1915]; Lieutenant G. B. Gilroy to Lady Strathmore, 30 September 1915; Cameron of Lochiel to Lady Strathmore, 10 October 1915, Glamis Archives 86 Lady Strathmore to Private William Vanbrick, 25 October 1916, Glamis Archives 87 Asquith, The Queen, p. 72 88 Leeming notes 89 Lady Lavinia Spencer to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 5, 17 October 1915, Glamis Archives; Beryl Poignand to her mother, [October 1915], Poignand Papers 90 Gilbert, First World War, pp. 2245 91 Ibid., p. 200 92 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Mrs Poignand, 23 October 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 93 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 30 October 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 94 Gilbert, First World War, p. 203 95 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 1 November 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 96 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 23 December 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 97 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 December 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 98 Gilbert, First World War, p. 201 99 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 31 December 1915, Glamis Archives (CH) 100 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Mrs Poignand, 6 February 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 101 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 17 March 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 102 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 24, 25 March 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 103 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 25 March 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 104 Henry Ainley to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 19 March 1916, Glamis Archives, Box 270 105 Printed form signed by Margaret E. Goodman, Local Secretary, Oxford Local Examinations Board, 1916, RA QEQM/PRIV/PERS/Education 106 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 April 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 107 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 28 March 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 108 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 4 April 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 109 Beryl Poignand to her mother, n.d. [45 April 1916], Poignand Papers 110 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 4 April 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 111 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 1 May 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 112 Elizabeth Leeming interview with Lady Mary Clayton 113 Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton, diary, 3 April 1916, private collection 114 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 27 April 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 115 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 April 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 116 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 11 May 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 117 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 21 May 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 118 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 4 June 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 119 Terraine, p. 106 120 Gilbert, First World War, p. 258 121 Ibid., p. 275 122 Terraine, pp. 11617 123 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 21 July, 11 August 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 124 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 September 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 125 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 17 September 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 126 Ibid.
127 Ibid.
128 Asquith, The Queen, p. 78 129 Forbes, p. 84 130 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 24 September 1916, Glamis Archives 131 Lady Strathmore to Beryl Poignand, 22 September 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 132 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 1 October 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 133 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 September 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 134 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 10, 20 October 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 135 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 10, 25 October 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 136 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 20 October 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 137 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 25 October 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 138 Ibid.
139 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 October 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 140 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 3 November, 1 December 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 141 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 3 November 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 142 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 5 September 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 143 Wolsey, p. 20 144 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 11 February 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 145 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 7 April, 19 March 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 146 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [24 March 1917], Glamis Archives (CH) 147 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 28 March 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 148 Autograph by W. H. Harrap, 12 March 1917, Glamis Archives 149 Roberts, History of the World, p. 916 150 Gilbert, First World War, p. 318 151 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 24 April [1917], Glamis Archives (CH) 152 Lord Strathmore to Lady Rose Leveson-Gower, telegram, 3 May 1917, Glamis Archives 153 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 10 May 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 154 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 3 May 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 155 Lady Strathmore to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 3 May 1917, Glamis Archives 156 Colonel A. Stephenson to Lord Strathmore, 2 May 1917, Glamis Archives 157 Colonel A. Stephenson to Lady Strathmore, 8 May 1917, Glamis Archives 158 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 6 May 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 159 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 12 May 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 160 Asquith, The Queen, p. 52 161 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 May 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 162 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 25 May 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 163 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 4 May 1917, Glamis Archives, Box 69, bundle 9 164 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 10 June 1917, RA QEQM/PRIV/BL 165 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon, diary, 23 June 1917, Glamis Archives 166 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, [22 or 29] August 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 167 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 15 September 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 168 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 17 February, 24 April 1918, Glamis Archives 169 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 17 June 1917, Glamis Archives (CH); Clerk of Forfar School Board to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 9 June 1917, Glamis Archives, Box 270 170 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 20 June 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 171 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 28 June 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 172 Ibid.
173 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 7 September 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 174 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 16 July 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 175 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, [22 or 29] August 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 176 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 7 September 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 177 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 29 September 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 178 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 9 October 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 179 Ibid.
180 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 18, 21 October 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 181 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 29 September 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 182 Private C. Morris to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, n.d. [October 1917], RA QEQM/PRIV/PAL 183 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 November 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 184 Ibid.
185 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 8 November 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 186 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 5 January 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 187 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 November 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 188 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 31 October 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 189 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22, 26 November 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 190 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 13 December 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 191 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 7 December 1917, Glamis Archives (CH) 192 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 5 January 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 193 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 9 January 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 194 Hon. Michael Bowes Lyon to Lady Strathmore, 17 February 1918, Glamis Archives 195 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 7 February 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 196 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26 February 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 197 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 13 March 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 198 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 March 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 199 Hon. Victor Cochrane Baillie to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 29 March 1918, RA QEQM/PRIV/PAL 200 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 March 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 201 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 20 April 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 202 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 29 April 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 203 George Lancelot Thirkell to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 3 May 1918, RA QEQM/PRIV/PAL 204 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 26, 29 May 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 205 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 13 June 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 206 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, [20 and 25] June, 5 July 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 207 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 25 June 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 208 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 12, 31 August, 15, 21 September 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 209 Lieutenant J. S. Reynolds to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 30 September 1918, RA QEQM/PRIV/PAL 210 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 5 October 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 211 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 October 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 212 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 213 Terraine, p. 185 214 Roberts, History of the World, p. 920 215 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 27 November 1918, Glamis Archives (CH) 216 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 5 January 1919, Glamis Archives (CH) 217 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [6 April 1919], Glamis Archives (CH) 218 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 219 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [6 April 1919], Glamis Archives (CH) 220 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [6 April 1919], 17 April 1919, Glamis Archives (CH) 221 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 25 May 1919, Glamis Archives (CH) 222 Longford, The Royal House of Windsor, p.76 223 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 11 August 1919, n.d. [August 1919], 22 August 1919, Glamis Archives (CH) 224 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 August 1919, Glamis Archives (CH) 225 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [late August-early September 1919], Glamis Archives (CH)
THREE: PRINCE ALBERT 19181923
1 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 22 November 1916, Glamis Archives (CH) 2 Lord Chamberlain"s Annual Report, 1919, RA LC/AR/1919/48 3 RA QM/PRIV/QMD/1919: 17 June; RA GV/PRIV/GVD/1919: 17 June 4 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [1 July 1919], Glamis Archives (CH) 5 Lady Katharine Hamilton to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 2 October 1919; Lady Lavinia White to Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, 16 October 1919, Glamis Archives 6 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 28 December 1919, Glamis Archives (CH) 7 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, Friday n.d. [9 January 1920], Glamis Archives (CH) 8 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [8 March 1920], Glamis Archives (CH) 9 RA QM/PRIV/QMD/1920: 9 March 10 Holyrood Palace menu, 5 July 1920, RA MRH/MISC/055/04; Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 13 July 1920, Glamis Archives (CH) 11 Viscount Stuart of Findhorn, Within the Fringe, The Bodley Head, 1967, p. 57 12 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 13 July 1920, Glamis Archives (CH) 13 Mabell Airlie, Thatched with Gold, ed. Jennifer Ellis, Hutchinson, 1962, p. 166 14 John Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, Macmillan, 1958. p. 4 15 RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1895: 14 December 16 Wheeler-Bennett, p. 8 17 Harold Nicolson, King George V, Pan Books, 1967, pp. 4734 18 Wheeler-Bennett, p. 17 19 Sarah Bradford, George VI, Penguin, 2002, p. 47 20 Nicolson, George V, p. 154 21 Bradford, George VI, p. 62 22 Wheeler-Bennett, p. 60 23 Ibid., p. 57 24 Ibid., p. 76 25 Ibid., p. 77 26 Bradford, George VI, p. 87 27 Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 956 28 Ibid., p. 117 29 Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Weekend, Faber & Faber, 1940, pp. 234 30 Frank Prochaska, The Republic of Britain 17602000, Allen Lane, 2000, p. 178 31 Ibid., p. 174 32 Wheeler-Bennett, p. 157 33 Ibid., p. 164 34 Ibid., pp. 16572 35 Ibid., pp. 12632 36 Bradford, George VI, p. 92 37 Airlie, pp. 1623 38 Princess Dimitri, "Waltzing Matilda" (unpublished memoirs of Lady Loughborough), 1948, p. 38, private collection 39 Ibid., p. 39 40 Prince Albert to Prince of Wales, 7 April 1920, RA EDW/PRIV/MAINB/50 41 Prince Albert to Prince of Wales, 13 April, 16 May 1920, RA EDW/PRIV/MAINB/51, 53 42 King George V to Prince Albert, 7 June 1920, quoted in Wheeler-Bennett, p. 140 43 Prince Albert to King George V, 6 June 1920, RA GV/PRIV/AA61/27 44 Prince Albert to Prince of Wales, 25 May 1920, RA EDW/PRIV/MAINB/54A 45 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand n.d. [in envelope with postmark 9 March 1920], Glamis Archives (CH) 46 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [29 March 1920], Glamis Archives (CH) 47 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [7 April 1920], Glamis Archives (CH) 48 Queen Elizabeth, conversations with Eric Anderson, 19945, RA QEQM/ADD/MISC 49 Forbes, p. 117 50 Ibid., p. 125 51 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, n.d. [22 March 1919, November 1919], Glamis Archives (CH) 52 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon to Beryl Poignand, 11 June and 13 July 1920, Glamis Archives (CH) 53 Helen Cecil to Captain Hardinge, n.d. [18 September 1920], Hardinge Papers, Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidston