[Footnote 11: For proof of this, as to vocabulary, see Professor B.H.
Chamberlain"s Grammars and other philological works; Mr. J.H. Gubbins"s Dictionary of Chinese-j.a.panese Words, with Introduction, three vols., T[=o]ki[=o] 1892; and for change in structure, Rev. C. Munzinger, on The Psychology of the j.a.panese Language in the Transactions of the Gorman Asiatic Society of j.a.pan. See also Mental Characteristics of the j.a.panese, T.A.S.J., Vol. XIX., pp. 17-37.]
[Footnote 12: See The Ghost of Sakura, in Mitfoid"s Tales of Old j.a.pan, Vol. II, p. 17.]
[Footnote 13: M.E., 277-280. See an able a.n.a.lysis of j.a.panese feudal society, by M.F. d.i.c.kins, Life of Sir Harry Parkes, pp. 8-13; M.E., pp.
277-283.]
[Footnote 14: This subject is discussed in Professor Chamberlain"s works; Mr. Percival Lowell"s The Soul of the Far East; Dr. M.L. Gordon"s An American Missionary in j.a.pan; Dr. J.H. De Forest"s The Influence of Pantheism, in The j.a.pan Evangelist, 1894.]
[Footnote 15: T.A.S.J., Vol. XVII., p. 96.]
[Footnote 16: The Forty Seven-R[=o]nins, Tales of Old j.a.pan, Vol. I.; Chiushiugura, by F.V. d.i.c.kens; The Loyal R[=o]nins, by Edward Greey; Chiushiugura, translated by Enouye.]
[Footnote 17: See Dr. J.H. De Forest"s article in the Andover Review, May, June, 1893, p. 309. For details and instances, see the j.a.panese histories, novels, and dramas; M.E.; Rein"s j.a.pan; S. and H.; T.A.S.J., etc. Life of Sir Harry Parkes, p. 11 _et pa.s.sim_.]
[Footnote 18: M.E. pp. 180-192, 419. For the origin and meaning of hara-kiri, see T.J., pp. 199-201; Mitford"s Tales of Old j.a.pan, Vol. I., Appendix; Adams"s History of j.a.pan, story of Shimadz[)u].]
[Footnote 19: M.E., p. 133.]
[Footnote 20: For light upon the status of the j.a.panese family, see F.O.
Adams"s History of j.a.pan, Vol. II., p. 384; Kinse Shiriaku, p. 137; Naomi Tamura, The j.a.panese Bride, New York, 1893; E.H. House, Yone Santo, A Child of j.a.pan, Chicago, 1888; j.a.panese Girls and Women, by Miss A.M. Bacon, Boston, 1891; T.J., Article Woman, and in Index, Adoption, Children, etc.; M.E., 1st ed., p. 585; Marriage in j.a.pan, T.A.S.J., Vol. XIII., p. 114; and papers in the German Asiatic Society of j.a.pan.]
[Footnote 21: See Mr. F.W. Eastlake"s papers in the Popular Science Monthly.]
[Footnote 22: See Life of Sir Harry Parkes, Vol. II, pp. 181-182. "It is to be feared, however, that this reform [of the Yoshiwara system], like many others in j.a.pan, never got beyond paper, for Mr. Norman in his recent book, The Real j.a.pan [Chap. XII.], describes a scarcely modified system in full vigor." See also j.a.panese Girls and Women, pp. 289-292.]
[Footnote 23: See Pung Kw.a.n.g Yu"s paper, read at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, and The Chinese as Painted by Themselves, by Colonel Tcheng-Ki-Tong, New York and London, 1885. Dr. W.A.P. Martin"s scholarly book, The Chinese, New York, 1881, in the chapter Remarks on the Ethical Philosophy of the Chinese, gives in English and Chinese a Chart of Chinese Ethics in which the whole scheme of philosophy, ethics, and self-culture is set forth.]
[Footnote 24: See an exceedingly clear, able, and accurate article on The Ethics of Confucius as Seen in j.a.pan, by the veteran scholar, Rev.
J.H. De Forest, The Andover Review, May, June, 1893. He is the authority for the statements concerning non-attendance (in Old j.a.pan) of the husband at the wife"s, and older brother at younger brother"s funeral.]
[Footnote 25: A j.a.panese translation of Mrs. Caudle"s Curtain Lectures, in a T[=o]ki[=o] morning newspaper "met with instant and universal approval," showing that Douglas Jerrold"s world-famous character has her counterpart in j.a.pan, where, as a j.a.panese proverb declares, "the tongue three inches long can kill a man six feet high." Sir Edwin Arnold and Mr. E.H. House, in various writings, have idealized the admirable traits of the j.a.panese woman. See also Mr. Lafcadio Hearn"s Glimpses of Unfamiliar j.a.pan, Boston, 1894; and papers (The Eternal Feminine, etc.), in the Atlantic Monthly.]
[Footnote 26: Summary of the j.a.panese Penal Codes, T.A.S.J., Vol. V., Part II.; The Penal Code of j.a.pan, and The Code of Criminal Procedure of j.a.pan, Yokohama.]
[Footnote 27: See T.A.S.J., Vol. XIII., p. 114; the Chapter on Marriage and Divorce, in j.a.panese Girls and Women, pp. 57-84. The following figures are from the Resume Statistique de L"Empire du j.a.pon, published annually by the Imperial Government:
MARRIAGES. DIVORCES.
Number. Per 1,000 Number. Per 1,000 Persons. Persons.
1887....334,149 8.55 110,859 2.84 1888....330,246 8.34 109,175 2.76 1889....340,445 8.50 107,458 2.68 1890....325,141 8.04 197,088 2.70 1891....352,051 8.00 112,411 2.76 1892....348,489 8.48 113,498 2.76 ]
[Footnote 28: This was strikingly brought out in the hundreds of English compositions (written by students of the Imperial University, 1872-74, describing the home or individual life of students), examined and read by the author.]
[Footnote 29: h.o.m.o sum: humani nil a me alienum puto--Heauton Tomoroumenos, Act--, Scene 1, line 25, where Chremes inquires about his neighbor"s affairs. For the golden rule of Jesus and the silver rule of Confucius, see Doolittle"s Social Life of the Chinese.]
[Footnote 30: "What you do not want done to yourselves, do not do to others." Legge, The Religions of China, p. 137; Doolittle"s Social Life of the Chinese; The Testament of Iyeyas[)u];, Cap. LXXI., translated by J.C. Lowder, Yokohama, 1874.]
[Footnote 31: Die politische Bedeutung der amerikanischer Expedition nach j.a.pan, 1852, by Tetsutaro Yoshida, Heidelberg, 1893; The United States and j.a.pan (p. 39), by Inazo Nitobe, Baltimore, 1891; Matthew Calbraith Perry, Chap. XXVIII.; T.J., Article Perry; Life and Letters of S. Wells Williams, New York, 1889.]
[Footnote 32: See Life of Matthew Calbraith Perry, pp. 363, 364.]
[Footnote 33: Lee"s Jerusalem Ill.u.s.trated, p. 88.]
CHAPTER V
CONFUCIANISM IN ITS PHILOSOPHICAL FORM
[Footnote 1: See On the Early History of Printing in j.a.pan, by E.M.
Satow, T.A.S.J., Vol. X., pp. 1-83, 252-259; The Jesuit Mission Press in j.a.pan, by E.M. Satow (privately printed, 1888), and Review of this monograph by Professor B.H. Chamberlain, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVII., pp.
91-100.]
[Footnote 2: The Tokugawa Princes of Mito, by Ernest W. Clement, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVIII., pp. 1-24, and Letters in The j.a.pan Mail, 1889.]
[Footnote 3: Effect of Buddhism on the Philosophy of the Sung Dynasty, p. 318, Chinese Buddhism, by Rev. J. Edkins, Boston, 1880.]
[Footnote 4: C.R.M., p. 200; The Middle Kingdom, by S. Wells Williams, Vol. II., p. 174.]
[Footnote 5: C.R.M., p. 34. He was the boy-hero, who smashed with a stone the precious water-vase in order to save from drowning a playmate who had tumbled in, so often represented in Chinese popular art.]
[Footnote 6: C.R.M., pp. 25-26; The Middle Kingdom, Vol. I., pp. 113, 540, 652-654, 677.]
[Footnote 7: This decade in Chinese history was astonishingly like that of the United States from 1884 to 1894, in which the economical theories advocated in certain journals, in the books Progress and Poverty, Looking Backward, and by the Populists, have been so widely read and discussed, and the attempts made to put them into practice. The Chinese theorist of the eleventh century, w.a.n.g Ngan-shih was "a poet and author of rare genius."--C.R.M., p. 244.]
[Footnote 8: John xxi. 25.]
[Footnote 9: This is the opinion of no less capable judges than Dr.
George Wm. Knox and Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain.]
[Footnote 10: The United States and j.a.pan, pp. 25-27; Life of Takano Choyei by Kato Sakaye, T[=o]ki[=o], 1888.]
[Footnote 11: Note on j.a.panese Schools of Philosophy, by T. Haga, and papers by Dr. G.W. Knox, Dr. T. Inoue, T.A.S.J., Vol. XX, Part I.]
[Footnote 12: A religion, surely, with men like Yokoi Heishiro.]
[Footnote 13: See pp. 110-113.]
[Footnote 14: _Kinno_--loyalty to the Emperor; T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., p.
147.]
[Footnote 15: "Originally recognizing the existence of a Supreme personal Deity, it [Confucianism] has degenerated into a pantheistic medley, and renders worship to an impersonal _anima mundi_ under the leading forms of visible nature."--Dr. W.A.P. Martin"s The Chinese, p.
108.]
[Footnote 16: Ki, Ri, and Ten, Dr. George Wm. Knox, T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., pp. 155-177.]
[Footnote 17: T.J., p. 94.]