[Footnote 11: Corea the Hermit Nation, Chaps. XII.-XXI., pp. 121-123; Mr. W.G. Aston"s Hideyoshi"s Invasion of Korea, T.A.S.J., Vol. VI., p.
227; IX, pp. 87, 213; XI., p. 117; Rev. G.H. Jones"s The j.a.panese Invasion, The Korean Repository, Seoul, 1892.]
[Footnote 12: Brave Little Holland and What She Taught Us, Boston, 1893, p. 247.]
[Footnote 13: See picture and description of this temple--"fairly typical of j.a.panese Buddhist architecture," Chamberlain"s Handbook for j.a.pan, p. 26; G.A. Cobbold"s, Religion in j.a.pan, London, 1894, p. 72.]
[Footnote 14: T.A.S.J., see Vol. VI., pp. 46, 51, for the text of the edicts.]
[Footnote 15: M.E., p. 262, Chamberlain"s Handbook for j.a.pan, p. 59.]
[Footnote 16: The Origin of Spanish and Portuguese Rivalry in j.a.pan, by E.M. Satow, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVIII., p. 133.]
[Footnote 17: See Chapter VIII., W.G. Dixon"s Gleanings from j.a.pan.]
[Footnote 18: T.A.S.J., Vol. VI., pp. 48-50.]
[Footnote 19: In the inscription upon the great bell, at the temple containing the image of Dai Buts[)u] or Great Buddha, reared by Hideyori and his mother, one sentence contained the phrase _Kokka anko, ka_ and _Lo_ being Chinese for _Iye_ and _yas[(u]_, which the Yedo ruler professed to believe mockery. In another sentence, "On the East it welcomes the bright moon, and on the West bids farewell to the setting sun," Iyeyas[)u] discovered treason. He considered himself the rising sun, and Hideyori the setting moon.--Chamberlain"s Hand-book for j.a.pan, p. 300.]
[Footnote 20: I have found the Astor Library in New York especially rich in works of this sort.]
[Footnote 21: Nitobe"s United States and j.a.pan, p. 13, note.]
[Footnote 22: This insurrection has received literary treatment at the hands of the j.a.panese in Shimabara, translated in The Far East for 1872; Woolley"s Historical Notes on Nagasaki, T.A.S.J., Vol. IX., p. 125; Koeckebakker and the Arima Rebellion, by Dr. A.J.C. Geerts, T.A.S.J., Vol. XI., 51; Inscriptions on Shimabara and Amakusa, by Henry Stout, T.A.S.J., Vol. VII, p. 185.]
[Footnote 23: "Persecution extirpated Christianity from j.a.pan."--History of Rationalism, Vol. II, p. 15.]
[Footnote 24: T.A.S.J., Vol. VI., Part I., p. 62; M.E. pp. 531, 573.]
[Footnote 25: Political, despite the attempt of many earnest members of the order to check this tendency to intermeddle in politics; see Dr.
Murray"s j.a.pan, p. 245, note, 246.]
[Footnote 26: See abundant ill.u.s.tration in Leon Pages" Histoire de la Religion Chretienne en j.a.pon, a book which the author read while in j.a.pan amid the scenes described.]
[Footnote 27: _The j.a.pan Evangelist_, Vol. I., No. 2, p. 96.]
CHAPTER XII
TWO CENTURIES OF SILENCE
[Footnote 1: See Diary of Richard c.o.c.ks, and Introduction by R.M.
Thompson, Hakluyt Publications, 1883.]
[Footnote 2: For the extent of j.a.panese influence abroad, see M.E., p.
246; Rein, Nitobe, and Hildreth; Modern j.a.panese Adventurers, T.A.S.J., Vol. VII., p. 191; The Intercourse between j.a.pan and Siam in the Seventeenth Century, by E.M. Satow, T.A.S.J., Vol. XIII., p. 139; Voyage of the Dutch Ship Grol, T.A.S.J., Vol. XI., p. 180.]
[Footnote 3: The United States and j.a.pan, p. 16.]
[Footnote 4: See Professor J.H. Wigmore"s elaborate work, Materials for the Study of Private Law in Old j.a.pan, T.A.S.J., T[=o]ki[=o], 1892.]
[Footnote 5: See the Legacy of Iyeyas[)u], by John Frederic Lowder, Yokohama, 1874, with criticisms and discussions by E.M. Satow and others in the _j.a.pan Mail_; Dixon"s j.a.pan, Chapter VII.; Professor W.E.
Grigsby, in T.A.S.J., Vol. III., Part II., p. 131, gives another version, with a.n.a.lysis, notes, and comments; Rein"s j.a.pan, pp. 314, 315.]
[Footnote 6: Old j.a.pan in the days of its inclusiveness was a secret society on a vast scale, with every variety and degree of selfishness, mystery, secrecy, close-corporationism, and tomfoolery. See article Esotericism in T.J., p. 143.]
[Footnote 7: Since the abolition of feudalism, with the increase of the means of transportation, the larger freedom, and, at many points, improved morality, the population of j.a.pan shows an unprecedented rate of increase. The census taken in 1744 gave, as the total number of souls in the empire, 26,080,000 (E.J. Reed"s j.a.pan, Vol. I., p. 236); that of 1872, 33,110,825; that of 1892, 41,089,910, showing a greater increase during the past twenty years than in the one hundred and thirty-eight years previous. See Resume Statistique de l"Empire du j.a.pon, T[=o]ki[=o], 1894; Professor Garrett Droppers" paper on The Population of j.a.pan during the Tokugawa Period, read June 27th, 1894; T.A.S.J., Vol. XXII.]
[Footnote 8: For the notable instance of Pere Sidotti, see M.E, p. 63; Sei Y[=o] Ki Buu, by S.R. Brown, D.D., a translation of Arai Hakuseki"s narrative, Yedo, 1710, T.N.C.A.S.; Capture and Captivity of Pere Sidotti, T.A.S.J., Vol. IX., p. 156; Christian Valley, T.A.S.J., Vol.
XVI., p. 207.]
[Footnote 9: T.A.S.J., Vol. I., p. 78, Vol. VII., p. 323.]
[Footnote 10: See Matthew Calbraith Perry, Boston, 1887.]
[Footnote 11: See the author"s Townsend Harris, First American Minister to j.a.pan, _The Atlantic Monthly_, August, 1891.]
[Footnote 12: See Honda the Samurai, Boston, 1890; Nitobe"s United States and j.a.pan; The j.a.pan Mail _pa.s.sim_; Dr. G.F. Verbeck"s History of Protestant Missions in j.a.pan, Yokohama, 1883; Dr. George Wm. Knox"s papers on j.a.panese Philosophy, T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., p. l58, etc. Recent j.a.panese literature, of which the writer has a small shelf-full, biographies, biographical dictionaries, the histories of New j.a.pan, Life of Yoshida Shoin, and recent issues of The Nation"s Friend (Kok.u.min no Tomo), are very rich on this fascinating subject.]
[Footnote 13: A typical instance was that of Rin Shihei, born 1737, author of _Sun Koku Tsu Ran to Setsu_, translated into French by Klaproth, Paris, 1832. Rin learned much from the Dutch and Prussians, and wrote books which had a great sale. He was cast into prison, whence he never emerged. The (wooden) plates of his publications were confiscated and destroyed. In 1876, the Mikado visited his grave in Sendai, and ordered a monument erected to the honor of this far-seeing patriot.]
[Footnote 14: Rein, pp. 336, 337]
[Footnote 15: Rein, p. 339; The Early Study of Dutch in j.a.pan, by K.
Mitsukuri, T.A.S.J., Vol. V., p. 209; History of the Progress of Medicine in j.a.pan, T.A.S.J., Vol. XII., p. 245; Vijf Jaren in j.a.pan, J.L.C. Pompe van Meerdervoort, 2d Ed., Leyden, 1808.]
[Footnote 16: Honda the Samurai, pp. 249-251; Nitobe, 25-27.]
[Footnote 17: The Tokugawa Princes of Mito, by Professor E. W. Clement, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVIII, p. 14; Nitobe"s United States and j.a.pan, p. 25, note.]
[Footnote 18: M.E. (6 Ed.), p. 608; Adams"s History of j.a.pan, Vol. II., p. 171.]
[Footnote 19: See the text of the anti-Christian edicts, M.E., p. 369.]
[Footnote 20: T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., p. 17.]
[Footnote 21: T.A.S.J., Vol. IX., p. 134.]
[Footnote 22: Tales of Old j.a.pan, Vol. II., p. 125; A j.a.panese Buddhist Preacher, by Professor M.K. Shimomura, in the New York Independent; other sermons have been printed in The j.a.pan Mail; Kino Dowa, two sermons and vocabulary, has been edited by Rev. C.S. Eby, Yokohama.]
[Footnote 23: On Sunday, November 29, 1857, Mr. Harris, resting at Kawasaki, over Sunday, on his way to Yedo and audience of the Sh[=o]gun, having Mr. Heusken as his audience and fellow-worshipper, read service from the Book of Common Prayer.]
[Footnote 24: See a paper written by the author and read at the World"s Columbian Exhibition Congress of Missions, Chicago, September, 1893, on The Citizen Rights of Missionaries.]
[Footnote 25: This emba.s.sy was planned and first proposed to the Junior premier, Tomomi Iwakura, and the route arranged by the Rev. Guido F.
Verbeck, then President of the Imperial University. One half of the members of the emba.s.sy had been Dr. Verbeck"s pupils at Nagasaki.]
[Footnote 26: A somewhat voluminous native j.a.panese literature is the result of the various emba.s.sies and individual pilgrimages abroad, since 1860. Immeasurably superior to all other publications, in the practical influence over his fellow-countrymen, is the Seiyo Jijo (The Condition of Western Countries) by f.u.kuzawa, author, educator, editor, decliner of numerously proffered political offices, and "the intellectual father of one-half of the young men who now fill the middle and lower posts in the government of j.a.pan." For the foreign side, see The j.a.panese in America, by Charles Lanman, New York, 1872, and in The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, London, 1894, and for an amusing piece of literary ventriloquism, j.a.panese Letters, Eastern Impressions of Western Men and Manners, London and New York, 1891.