The Romance of the Red Triangle.
by Arthur Keysall Yapp.
CHAPTER I
THE COMING OF THE RED TRIANGLE
His Majesty congratulates the a.s.sociation on the successful results of its war work, which has done everything conducive to the comfort and well-being of the armies, supplying the special and peculiar needs of men drawn from countries so different and distant. It has worked in a practical, economical and unostentatious manner, with consummate knowledge of those with whom it has to deal. At the same time the a.s.sociation, by its spirit of discipline, has earned the respect and approbation of the military authorities.--HIS MAJESTY THE KING.
IT was in the summer of 1901, in the old volunteer days, that the Y.M.C.A. for the first time had its recreation tents at Conway in North Wales. The Lancashire Fusiliers were in camp, and the men had thronged the marquee all day, turning up in great force for the service that Sunday evening. It seemed as if they would never tire of singing the old familiar hymns, and when the time came for the address the attention of every man was riveted from start to finish. At length the tent cleared, and the men retired for the night. Now and then the chorus of a hymn could be heard coming from a bell tent, but soon the "Last Post"
sounded, and a few minutes later the plaintive notes of the bugle gave the signal for "Lights Out." Thereupon two of the Y.M.C.A. leaders, leaving the camp behind, walked up and down the sands of Morfa. It was a perfect night; not a sound was to be heard except the gentle ripple of the waves, three or four hundred yards away. The moon was near the full; everything seemed almost as light as day, and the bold outline of the Conway Mountain stood in clear relief against the sky. "I wonder what all this means," said one of the two, referring to the impressive service of the evening and to the crowds that had thronged the tents all day. "I have been wondering," said he, "if there is a great European war looming in the distance, and if G.o.d is preparing the Y.M.C.A. for some great work it is destined to perform then." How often have those words come back since the beginning of the war! G.o.d was indeed preparing the a.s.sociation for a work infinitely bigger than any of its leaders knew or even dared to hope. In those days H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught became Patron of our Military Camp Department, and he has ever since been a warm friend.
How far distant now seem those early days of August 1914. For weeks there had been rumours of war, but all arrangements had been completed for the work of the Y.M.C.A. in the Territorial camps to proceed as usual during the August holidays. Then came the order for mobilisation, and on August the 4th a council of war was held at Headquarters, attended by a.s.sociation leaders from all parts of the country. Many of the districts were in financial difficulties, owing to the sudden break up of the summer camps, and the only possible policy was the one agreed upon at the meeting--a common programme and a common purse. No one knew where the men, or the money, were to come from, but it was decided to go right ahead, and from that resolve there could be no turning back. It is still true that "He that saveth his life shall lose it, and he that loseth his life shall find it." In that great crisis, had the leaders of the Y.M.C.A. stopped to consider first the immediate or future interests of the a.s.sociation, then the a.s.sociation would have gone under, and deservedly so. Britain was in danger, and her interests had to be considered first.
What stirring days those were! We think of one tiny village to the south-west of Salisbury Plain, with a normal population of two or three hundred. Within a few days of the opening of hostilities, thirty-four thousand men were dumped down in the immediate vicinity. They had no tents, no uniforms, no rifles, nowhere to go, and nothing to do, for the simple reason that England did not desire war and had not prepared for it. The General in command had known the Y.M.C.A. in India, and came to London to ask our help, which was gladly given. Huge recreation tents were opened there, and all over the country. North, South, East, and West, Britain was suddenly transformed into one armed camp, and the Y.M.C.A. was never more needed than it was in those early days. Some of the centres were very small, others very large. At the Y.M.C.A. in the White City, for instance, it was no uncommon thing to see four or five thousand men gathered together in the great hall. At the Crystal Palace, too, and in many of the camps, the work was carried out on a very large scale, whilst in other centres a farm building, a private house, or a tiny tent met the need.
Thanks to the loyal co-operation and energy of a.s.sociation leaders and workers, two hundred and fifty of these centres were established within ten days. They were dotted down all over the country, and every week that pa.s.sed by showed an increase in strength and in the number of centres, until the sign of the Red Triangle was to be found in more than two thousand centres in all parts of the United Kingdom, in every part of the Empire, on every battle-front, and in some places where the Allied flags do not yet fly. The hands of the Military in those days were so full up with other things that they had little time to devote to the recreation of the troops, and our help was warmly welcomed. We have acted throughout in close co-operation with the Military, and we should like to add our tribute of praise to the efficiency of the Military machine, as we have come in touch with it. Much has been said during the war as to the marvels of German organisation, and possibly not too much.
At the same time there is quite as much to be said in praise of British organisation. Germany wanted a war whilst we did not. Germany prepared for war, tirelessly, ceaselessly; with her eye on the goal--world-wide dominion--she brought all her organising ability to bear on the preparation for the war she was determined to force on humanity.
Britain, on the other hand, has had to improvise her war organisation since war has been actually forced on her. A run round the great base camps in France will show how wonderfully complete is that organisation--transport, supply, commissariat. Of course there have been mistakes, but singularly few under the circ.u.mstances. Many people are very critical of the War Office, but those who know most of the difficulties that have been overcome and the successes achieved, will be the least inclined to join hands with the critics.
It is like a nightmare to think of that first winter of the war, with its gales, rain and mud, and it was when the weather was at its worst that the men of the first Canadian Contingent were encamped on Salisbury Plain. It is difficult to conceive what they would have done, but for the timely help of the Red Triangle. The roads were almost impa.s.sable, and the mud in the vicinity of the camps appalling, but the Canadians stuck it, and so did our leaders and workers. The tents were crowded to their utmost capacity, but it was soon found that no tent could weather the gales of Salisbury Plain in winter. That discovery led to the evolution of the Y.M.C.A. hut. Wooden frames covered with canvas were tried first of all, but they, too, were incapable of withstanding the fury of the gales, and something much stronger had to be provided.
It meant a great deal to the country during that first winter of the war that the men were happy and contented, because they had their leisure hours pleasantly occupied, and because the most popular place in camp was almost without exception the one that bore the sign of the Red Triangle. And what did they find at the sign of the Red Triangle? They found there an open house, a warm welcome, a place of recreation and enjoyment, where they could meet their friends on terms thoroughly cordial and unofficial. Coffee and buns were always a great attraction, and as for music--the piano was hardly ever silent. Tommy Atkins loves a good tune and loves a crowd; the quiet place does not so much appeal to him. At the Y.M.C.A. he found diversion for his hours of leisure; opportunity for study if he cared for it; libraries, cla.s.ses, and lectures. There, too, he found an expression of religious life that appealed to him, the inspiration that comes from religion without the controversy and sectarian bitterness which, alas! too often accompany it, a religion to work by and a religion that can do things. Before the war n.o.body had heard of our mystic sign, but within a few weeks letters bearing it had found their way into hundreds of thousands of homes, bringing joy and consolation wherever they went. That, in brief, is the story of the coming of the Red Triangle. And what is its significance?
As the emblem of the war work of the Y.M.C.A. it has not been chosen by chance, but because it exactly typifies the movement it represents. The threefold needs of men are its concern, and its programme is adapted to meet the needs of body, mind, and spirit, whilst its colour symbolises sacrifice. In an old book of signs and wonders called _Mysterium Magnum_ the inverted triangle appears as a symbol of the divine spirit, and in the third year of the war a famous Belgian painter asked "Qu"est-ce-que c"est--cet Y.M.C.A.?" and without waiting for an answer went on to say that the Red Triangle meant emblematically--"Spirit informing and penetrating matter," which was, he supposed, the function of the Y.M.C.A. "The Y.M.C.A. is attempting the impossible," said one of its critics; "it is building on the apex of the triangle." Thank G.o.d it is. Yes! and thank G.o.d it has achieved the impossible. If any one had dared to foretell four years ago, a t.i.the of what has already been accomplished, no one would have believed it. The secret of the inverted triangle is that it is upheld by invisible hands, and it is the full programme of the Red Triangle that appeals so irresistibly to the men.
If we were merely out to run a canteen, others could perhaps have done the canteen work as well, or nearly as well, as the Y.M.C.A. Others could run lectures for the troops, and others cater for their spiritual needs, but it has been left to the Y.M.C.A. to formulate the appeal to the whole man--Body, Mind, and Spirit--and the appeal to every man, irrespective of creed or party. Every man is equally welcome in the Y.M.C.A.--Protestant, Romanist, Anglican, Free-churchman, Jew, Mohammedan, Buddhist, Hindoo, or Brahmin--the men of every religion and no religion, and yet the religious note is ever dominant, though no man"s religion will ever be attacked from a Y.M.C.A. platform.
The story of the Red Triangle is, indeed, one of the great romances of the war. Its work has never been regarded as an end in itself, but rather as auxiliary to that of other organisations. It is auxiliary to the Church, and its doors have been thrown wide open to the Padres of all denominations. Protestants, Catholics, Jews--even Mohammedans--have worshipped G.o.d in their own way within the hospitable walls of the a.s.sociation. It has been auxiliary to the official medical services of the Army, the R.A.M.C., and the Red Cross--in hospitals and convalescent camps, and with the walking wounded at the clearing stations at the Front. It has arranged concerts and entertainments by the thousand for patients and nurses; has looked after the friends of dangerously wounded men, and has often handed over its huts to be used as emergency hospitals; while in hosts of other ways which can never be recorded, it has been able to render vitally important service. It has been auxiliary to the Military machine at every turn of the war. In the midst of the camp though not of it, its secretaries and workers conform to military rules and are subject to discipline, although they are themselves civilians. In this way the a.s.sociation has provided the human touch, and officers and men alike have appreciated the fact that there is one place in camp where discipline through being temporarily relaxed, has been permanently strengthened.
The Romance of the Red Triangle, like the story of the first crusade, has been the romance of the pioneer. The Y.M.C.A. was first in the field, though now there are many other organised societies and private individuals doing similar work on the lines which it thought out and proved to be practicable. Indeed, the whole story of the Y.M.C.A. has been full of adventurous episodes of romance, not merely during the war, but long before it, commencing seventy years ago, when George Williams came as a boy from Somerset to London, and as one of a band of twelve intrepid young men, founded the first branch of a movement destined to spread to all corners of the world. It is only during these years of war that the Society has fully come into its own, and received universal recognition, but we do not forget that to those pioneers of the early Victorian days and to the Y.M.C.A. leaders, who during the years before the war hammered out a policy for work amongst soldiers in the Volunteer and Territorial camps, the widespread movement of to-day is largely due.
To know what the Army thinks of the Y.M.C.A., one need only note, on the one hand, the facilities given to the a.s.sociation by officers in high command; and on the other, how the N.C.O."s and men--officers and officer-cadets too--make use of the huts.
[Ill.u.s.tration: HUT IN THE GROUNDS OF THE RUINS OF THE HoTEL-DE-VILLE AT ARRAS]
Prior to one of our great advances in 1917, the district to be attacked was reconstructed behind the line in a large map carefully worked out on the ground, every road and path being clearly marked. Every trench, redoubt, and dug-out; every hedge and ditch was recorded, and every gun emplacement shown. "Reserved for the Y.M.C.A." was written over a vacant plot near the centre of the map.
In France "Le Triangle Rouge" is often called "Les Ygrecs" (The Y"s), and the Red Triangle will pa.s.s the a.s.sociation worker almost anywhere.
It sounds odd in the reserve trenches, amidst the roar of guns and the scream of sh.e.l.ls, to hear the sentry"s challenge as we have heard it, "Halt! who goes there?" "Y.M.C.A." "Pa.s.s, Y.M., all"s well!"
[Ill.u.s.tration: ONE OF MANY Y.M.C.A. HUTS BUILT UNDER Sh.e.l.l-FIRE]
One of our workers in the valley of the Somme in 1917 was left behind, as the troops advanced to follow up the line of the great German retreat. For weeks he shared his Y.M.C.A. shanty with the rats, and late one evening went for a two miles walk. A sentry challenged him, and evidently regarded him with suspicion. After he had convinced the guard of his ident.i.ty, it was explained to him that three German prisoners were at large, and one of them was known to be wearing a Y.M.C.A.
uniform. When he awoke that night in his rat-infested shanty it seemed to him that if the three Huns chanced to know of his whereabouts, it would not be a difficult thing for them to possess themselves of yet another Y.M.C.A. uniform!
In the early days of the war it was agreed that no request for the help of the a.s.sociation, which on investigation proved a definite need to exist, should be refused, and G.o.d honoured the faith of those who dared to make the resolve. The way the movement has grown and is growing still is nothing short of a romance, and the following pages tell the story of service rendered under the sign of the Red Triangle to the men of His Majesty"s Forces, irrespective of cla.s.s, creed, or party, in England and north of the Border, in Wales and Ireland, on every battle-front and in every base; amongst men of every colour and creed who are serving under our great Flag--the Flag that stands for Freedom.
Possibly the greatest romance of all will be that dealing with the work of the Red Triangle after the war. Who knows?
CHAPTER II
BLAZING THE TRAIL WITH THE RED TRIANGLE
Few organisations have done so much in caring for the comfort and well-being of our soldiers as your a.s.sociations. They have given invaluable help to the Army, and have immeasurably lightened the hardships which have to be endured by our troops.
In recognising the excellent work that has already been done, I should like to wish you success in that which you still propose to undertake. I consider that your plans for after the war are not the least important of your activities.--THE RIGHT HON. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE, M.P.
THE Red Triangle is often to be found in unexpected places. "A wonderful, friendly old octopus, this Y.M.C.A." was the way an Australian put it, and it was not at all a bad description of the ubiquitous Red Triangle. Tommy recognises it to-day as his club, his meeting house, his home from home. It is his, and he knows it! It touches him at every point and in almost every place. The recruit finds it at his depot, near his billet, and in the training camp where he learns to be a soldier; indeed, it is part of the training, and an important part, too. Pa.s.sing through London or a great provincial city, he can stay the night in one of the Y.M.C.A. hostels; he meets it again at the English ports before he embarks for one of the fighting fronts; it is there to greet him on the other side, not only at the ports of entry and in the base camps, but on the lines of communication in France, Italy, Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and right up the line, in cellar or dug-out as well as in rest-camp and at railhead. If he should have the misfortune to be wounded he may expect to find the a.s.sociation at the casualty clearing station or in the hospital, and later on in the convalescent camp, or, if invalided out of the army, it will still stick to him and befriend him at a time when he is likely to need a friend.
If he is numbered amongst the missing and finds himself in a prisoner of war camp in Germany, even then he may not be beyond the outreach of the a.s.sociation. There is at least one redeeming feature to the prisoner of war camp in Ruhleben in Germany, for right in the heart of it there is a little brown hut with the Red Triangle and the letters "Y.M.C.A." on the roof--one of several in Germany erected with American Y.M.C.A. money, at a time when America was a neutral state, and run entirely by British prisoners of war for the benefit of their fellow-Britishers, who also have the misfortune to be prisoners of war.
It is little we can do for these brave lads who are wearing their hearts out longing to hear the voices of those they love in the Homeland, but the Y.M.C.A. does what it can.
This girdle of loving-kindness is completed in the Internment Camps of Switzerland--at Murren, Leysin, Interlaken, Meiringen, and Seeburg, and in those of Holland at Scheveningen, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Groningen. None need our help more than the officers and men of those internment camps. It was one of the latter who said he would rather be in Germany than in the internment camp in Switzerland, for in Germany, said he, one has, at any rate, the excitement of trying to escape; but now, working hand-in-hand with the British Red Cross, the Red Triangle provides recreation and employment for the long hours of leisure, and there can be no doubt as to the appreciation of those it seeks to serve.
A worker at Cambridge went to a neighbouring village to arrange a flag day on behalf of our war fund. He was advised to get in touch with the post-mistress, who was keenly interested in the movement. "Of course, I am interested," she said when he saw her, "and if you will come into my sitting-room I will show you why." There on the wall in a little room at the back of the post-office was what she called her Roll of Honour--the photographs of twelve lads from her Bible cla.s.s, all serving with His Majesty"s Forces. "Eleven out of the twelve," said she, "write me almost every week, and tell me what a boon the Y.M.C.A. is to them. That is why I am ready to do all I can to help you with your Flag Day." The sequel was interesting. Half an hour later No. 12 called to see her. "How strange," she cried; "I was just talking about you, and saying you were the only one of the boys who never wrote expressing appreciation of the Y.M.C.A." "That is easily explained," was the reply. "I have been at sea since the early days of the war, and have had no opportunity of getting ash.o.r.e and using the Y.M.C.A. until three months ago, when I was sent to Egypt and stationed at the Mena camp. There I used the a.s.sociation hut within sight of the great pyramid, and I appreciate the work as much as anyone to-day."
A young soldier who was formerly a Y.M.C.A. worker wrote from France:--"We came upon the Prussian Guard about ten days ago, and for five days and nights we fought hand to hand like demons, but in the end we gained our objective. You talk of the work of the Y.M.C.A. at home as splendid. I know it is, but here the Y.M.C.A."s are more. In this place, famous for its wonderful bell tower, the Y.M.C.A. is in full swing, although only yesterday it was sh.e.l.led heavily and shrapnel was falling pretty thick along the road. Cheero!" Another young soldier wrote from Malta, and gave his experience of the Y.M.C.A. "The a.s.sociation is the finest thing that was ever inst.i.tuted without doubt. The Army has blessed the fact many a time. I have served in France and a few other countries, and am in a position to know."
In the early days of the war Y.M.C.A. secretaries learned to adapt all kinds of premises, no matter how primitive, to meet the needs of the troops. A cow-house amid the trenches of the East Coast; a pigsty in the south-west of England, neither of them much to look at, but doing good service and helping to blaze the trail; a dug-out at Anzac and three tiny marquees at Cape h.e.l.les; a cellar at Meroc, just behind the British lines in the neighbourhood of Loos; a chateau formerly the residence of the lord of the manor at Mazingarbe, and a palatial but ruined Technical Inst.i.tute at Armentieres. It was fixed up in a convent at Aire--the first Y.M.C.A. to be opened in a forward position in France, and inside a ruined hospice at Ypres; in a Trappist monastery on the Mont des Cats; in the most southern city in the world at Invercargill; above the clouds with the British troops in Italy; inside some of the German prisoner of war camps in Germany; in the old German Consulate at Jaffa, in the heart of the Holy City, and on the Palestine lines of communication at Gaza and Beersheba. "The Jolly Farmer" near Aldershot, and the more notorious "Bolger"s" public house in Sackville Street, Dublin, made their appearance early in the war under the sign of the Red Triangle, whilst Ciro"s, the once famous night club in the heart of London, and the mansions of Viscount Wimborne and Lord Bra.s.sey have also been thrown open for the service of the a.s.sociation.
The trail of the Red Triangle was first blazed in the United Kingdom, and since then it has become familiar on every fighting front, and in all sorts of queer and unexpected places: in the jungle of India; on the banks of the Tigris, the Euphrates, and the Nile; amid the swamps of East Africa; along the valley of the Jordan; in the Egyptian desert; in the great training camps of North America; in Australasia and South Africa, as well as in the plains of Flanders and Picardy; in the valleys of the Somme, the Marne, the Meuse, and the Aisne. It is to be found on the Varda and the Struma, and we have seen for ourselves how that trail has been welcomed by men of many nationalities--Britons from the Homeland and from the outposts of Empire, from Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa; Indians, Chinese, Cape Boys and Kaffirs, Frenchmen, Portuguese, and Belgians, and wherever the trail of the Red Triangle goes it stands for reconstruction even amid the horrors and desolation of war.
An officer cadet who had spent two years in France, said he had noticed a great change in the att.i.tude of the men. "In the early days of the war," said he, "men on arriving in new billets at the Front would say, "Is there no Y.M.C.A. in the village?" Later on they took it for granted that the Red Triangle was there and asked, "Where is the Y.M.C.A.?" Now they always say, "Where is it?" and every one knows to what they refer."
It brings comfort, hope, good cheer, and inspiration with it. An English boy writing home from Egypt to his people in the Midlands, said that the Y.M.C.A. was to him as "a bit of Heaven in a world that was otherwise all h.e.l.l." A visitor to the a.s.sociation at Kantara expressed his surprise at finding such a splendid Y.M.C.A. building in that Egyptian centre, fitted up even with hot and cold baths!
A sum of 400 was taken in a single day over the refreshment counter in one of the Y.M.C.A. marquees in the heart of the Sinai Peninsula, and it will give an idea of the immense amount of work involved to the staff of the a.s.sociation, when it is remembered that all stores had to be conveyed from the railhead to the Y.M.C.A. on the backs of camels.
A British soldier writing from the "Adam and Eve" hut in Mesopotamia said, "I should like to comment upon the wonderful work the Y.M.C.A. is doing here among the troops. In almost every large camp there is a Y.M.C.A. hut, a veritable haven in the desert, not only for canteen, but religious work also. I attended a service in the hut, and it made a good impression on me. We sang the good old hymns, and I am sure we all felt refreshed."
As might be expected, the Dominions have done their full share of pioneering, and have blazed the trail in many different directions. The Canadians have done a great work at Shorncliffe, Sandling, Bramshott, and Witley; in the Forestry camps at home and right up the line in France. The Australians on Salisbury Plain, at Weymouth, and in many other home centres have served their troops splendidly; whilst in France, Egypt, the Dardanelles, and Palestine their pioneering work has been great. The New Zealanders at Sling Plantation, Hornchurch, and other centres at home, have done equally well, and their pioneering work overseas has been most efficient. The South Africans have done valuable work in the Military Expedition to Swakopmund and in East Africa. India has made a great contribution to the Empire work of the Red Triangle, first of all by catering for the needs of British troops quartered in India itself, and also in Mesopotamia and East Africa, where the work has been directed from India, as has that for the Indian troops in France. Pa.s.sing reference should also be made here to the great programme of work undertaken and planned by the Y.M.C.A."s of the United States. In the United Kingdom, in France, Russia and Italy, as well as in North America, they have projected work on an enormous scale, in fact, all the Allied countries are closely co-operating in the work of the Red Triangle. It has been the privilege of the British a.s.sociations to provide huts for the exclusive use of Belgian, Serbian, and Portuguese troops, and to cater for the needs of American and Colonial soldiers in hundreds of centres. In London, for instance, special facilities have been given to New Zealanders at the Shakespeare hut; we were able to procure for the Canadian Y.M.C.A. the magnificent Tivoli site on which their fine hostel now stands, and to hand over the group of huts to the Americans which formed the nucleus of the Eagle Hut. The Australians rented and furnished the Aldwych Theatre on their own account. The New Zealand Y.M.C.A."s made a handsome contribution towards the cost of the Shakespeare Hut, and the whole of the cost of the Eagle and Beaver Huts has been borne by the American and Canadian Y.M.C.A."s, respectively. The American and Colonial a.s.sociations have taken over a number of British huts in camps, and in some cases have enlarged them.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE FIRST Y.M.C.A. OVER THE GERMAN TRENCHES ON THE SOMME BATTLEFIELD]
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE Y.M.C.A. IN THE ORCHARD AT ALBERT]
CHAPTER III
FLOTSAM AND JETSAM