FORMS. The moulds for making wads by. (_See_ FORMER.)
FORT. In fortification, an inclosed work of which every part is flanked by some other part; though the term is loosely applied to all places of strength surrounded by a rampart.
FORTALEZZA [Sp.] A fort on the coast of Brazil.
FORTALICE. A small fortress or fortlet; a bulwark or castle.
FORTH. An inlet of the sea.
FORTIFICATION. The art by which a place is so fortified that a given number of men occupying it may advantageously oppose a superior force.
The same word also signifies the works that cover and defend a place.
Fortification is _defensive_ when surrounding a place so as to render it capable of defence against besiegers; and _offensive_ when comprehending the various works for conducting a siege. It is _natural_ when it opposes rocks, woods, marshes, ravines, &c., to impede the progress of an enemy; and _artificial_, when raised by human ingenuity to aid the advantages of the ground. The latter is again subdivided into _permanent_ and _field_ fortification: the one being constructed at leisure and of permanent materials, the other raised only for temporary purposes.
FORTIFYING. The strengthening a ship for especial emergency, by doubling planks, chocks, and additional timbers and knees, strongly secured.
FORT-MAJOR. An officer on the staff of a garrison or fortress, who has, under the commanding officer, general charge of the routine duties and of the works.
FORTUNE OF WAR. The usual consolation in reverses--"Fortune de la guerre," or the chances of war.
FORTY-THIEVES. A name given to forty line-of-battle ships ordered by the Admiralty at one fell swoop, to be built by contract, towards the end of the Napoleon war, and which turned out badly. The writer served in one, the _Rodney 74_, which fully exposed her weakness in the first gale she experienced, and was sent home, thereby weakening the blockading fleet.
Many never went to sea as ships of the line, but were converted into good frigates.
FORWARD. In the fore-part of the ship; the same as _afore_. Also, the word of command when troops are to resume their march after a temporary interruption.
FORWARD THERE! The hail to the forecastle.
FOSSE [Ital.] Synonymous with _moat_ or _ditch_.
FOTHER [Anglo-Saxon _foder_]. A burden; a weight of lead equal to 19-1/2 cwts. Leaden pigs for ballast.
FOTHERING. Is usually practised to stop a leak at sea. A heavy sail, as the sprit-sail, is closely thrummed with yarn and oak.u.m, and drawn under the bottom: the pressure of the water drives the thrumming into the apertures. If one does not succeed others are added, using all the sails rather than lose the ship.
FOUGADE, OR FOUGa.s.s. A small charged mine, from 6 to 8 feet under a post in danger of falling into the enemy"s hands.
FOUL. Generally used in opposition to _clear_, and implies entangled, embarra.s.sed, or contrary to: as "a ship ran foul of us," that is, entangled herself among our rigging. Also, to contaminate in any way.
FOUL AIR. May be generated by circ.u.mstances beyond control: decomposing fungi, timber injected with coal tar, hatches battened down, and ashes or coal washed about. Whole crews on the coast of Africa, and in the West Indies, have been thus swept away, despite every precaution. But generally it may be avoided by cleanliness.
FOUL ANCHOR. An anchor is said to be _foul_, or _fouled_, either when it hooks some impediment under water, or when the ship, by the wind shifting, entangles her slack cable a turn round the stock, or round the upper fluke thereof. The last, from its being avoidable by a sharp look-out, is termed the seaman"s disgrace.
FOUL BERTH. When a ship anchors in the hawse of another she gives the latter a foul berth; or she may anchor on one tide so near as to swing foul on the change either of wind or tide.
FOUL BILL. _See_ BILL OF HEALTH.
FOUL BOTTOM. A ship to which sea-weed, sh.e.l.ls, or other enc.u.mbrances adhere. Also, the bottom of the sea if rocky, or unsafe from wrecks, and thence a danger of fouling the anchor.
FOUL COAST. One beset with reefs and breakers, offering dangerous impediments to navigation.
FOUL FISH. Applied to salmon in the sp.a.w.ning state, or such as have not for the current year made their way to the sea for purification; shedders.
FOUL GROUND. Synonymous with _foul bottom_.
FOUL HAWSE. When a vessel is riding with two anchors out, and the cables are crossed round each other outside the stem by the swinging of the ship when moored in a tide-way. (_See_ ELBOW IN THE HAWSE.)
FOUL ROPE. A rope entangled or unfit for immediate use.
FOUL WEATHER. That which reduces a ship to snug-sail.
FOUL-WEATHER BREEDER. A name given to the Gulf Stream from such a volume of warm water occasioning great perturbations in the atmosphere while traversing the Atlantic Ocean.
FOUL-WEATHER FLAG. Denotes danger for boats leaving the sh.o.r.e; watermen"s fares increase with these signals.
FOUL WIND. That which prevents a ship from laying her course.
FOUNDER. The fall of portions of cliff, as along the coasts of Hampshire and Dorsetshire, occasioned by land-springs.
FOUNDER, TO. To fill with water and go down.
FOUR-CANT. A rope composed of four strands.
FOWAN. The Manx term for a dry scorching wind; it is also applied by the northern fishermen to a sudden blast.
FOX. The old English broadsword. Also, a fastening formed by twisting several rope-yarns together by hand and rubbing it with hard tarred canvas; it is used for a seizing, or to weave a paunch or mat, &c.
(_See_ SPANISH FOX.)
FOXEY. A defect in timber which is over-aged or has been indifferently seasoned, and gives the defective part a reddish hue. The word is very old, and meant tainted or incipient rot.
FOY. A local term for the charge made for the use of a boat.
FOYING. An employment of fishermen or seamen, who go off to ships with provisions, or to help them in distress.
FOYST. An old name for a brigantine. The early voyagers applied the name to some large barks of India, which were probably _grabs_.
FRACTURES. Defects in spars which run across the fibres, being short fractures marked by jagged lines. (_See_ SPRUNG.)
FRAISES. Princ.i.p.ally in field fortification, palisades placed horizontally, or nearly so, along the crest of the escarp, or sometimes of the counterscarp; being generally concealed from direct artillery fire they very materially increase the difficulty of either of those slopes to an a.s.sailant. They project some 5 feet above the surface, and are buried for about the same length in the ground.
FRAME. The outer frame timbers of a vessel consist of the keel, stem, stern-posts, and ribs, which when moulded and bolted form the frame.
(_See_ TIMBERS.)
FRAME OF THE MARINE STEAM-ENGINE, is the strong supporter of the paddle-shafts and intermediate shaft; it rests on columns, and is firmly bolted to the engine bottom.
FRAMES. The bends of timbers const.i.tuting the shape of the ship"s body--when completed a ship is said to be _in frame_.
FRAME-TIMBERS. These consist of the floor-timbers, futtocks, and top-timbers; they are placed upon the keel at right angles to it, and form the bottom and sides of the ship.
FRAMING. The placing, scarphing, and bolting of the frame-timbers of a ship. (_See_ WARPING.)
FRANC. A French silver coin of the value of 9-1/2_d._, and consisting of 100 centimes. The 20-franc piece in gold, formerly called _Louis_, now _Napoleon_, is current for 15_s._ 10-1/2_d._ English.