RAKISH. Said of a ship when she has the appearance of force and fast sailing.
RALLYING SQUARE. That formed by skirmishers or dispersed troops when suddenly menaced by cavalry, each man as he runs in successively placing himself with his back close against those already formed.
RAM. A long spar, iron-hooped at the ends, used for driving out blocks from beneath a vessel"s keel, and for driving planks an end while only wedged to the ship"s side. Also, a new rating in the navy. (_See_ STEAM-RAM.)
RAMBADE. The elevated platform built across the prow of a galley, for boarding, &c.
RAMED. The state of a ship on the stocks, when all the frames are set upon the keel, the stem and stern-post put up, and the whole adjusted by the ram-line.
RAM-HEAD. An old word for halliard-block.
RAM HOME, TO. To drive home the ammunition in a gun.
RAMMER. A cylindrical block of wood nearly fitting the bore of a cannon, and fastened on a wooden staff; used in loading to drive home the charge of a cannon.
RAMP. An oblique or sloping interior road to mount the _terreplein_ of the rampart.
RAMPART. An artificial embankment surrounding a fortified place, capable of covering the buildings from view, and of resisting the cannon of an enemy. Generally having a parapet on its top, and a wall for its front.
RAMPER-EEL. A name of the _lamprey_, _Petromyzon marinus_.
RAM-REEL. Synonymous with _bull-dance_.
RAMROD. In muzzle-loading, is the implement used in charging a piece, to drive home the powder and shot.
RAMSHACKLE. Out of repair and ungainly; disorderly.
RAN. Yarns coiled on a spun-yarn winch.
RANCE. The strut or support of a Congreve rocket.
RANDAN. A mode of rowing with alternate long and short oars.
RANDOM SHOT. A shot, or _coup perdu_, made when the muzzle is highly elevated; the utmost range may be at an angle of 45, which is supposed to carry about ten times as far as the point blank; but improved gunnery has now put the term out of use.
RANGE. Placed in a line or row; a term hydrographically applied to hills, as "the coast-range." Also, _galley-range_, or fire-grate.
RANGE, TO. To sail in a parallel direction, and near to; as "we ranged the coast;" "the enemy came ranging up alongside of us."
RANGE-HEADS. The _windla.s.s-bitts_ (which see).
RANGE OF A GUN. The horizontal distance which it will send a shot, at a stated elevation, to the point of its first graze. Also, a place where gun-practice is carried on. Also, a _level range_ implies the gun lying horizontal. The various positions between this and 45 are called _intermediate ranges_.
RANGE OF CABLE. A sufficient quant.i.ty of cable left slack to allow the anchor to reach the ground before the cable is checked by the double turns round the bitts, the object being to let the anchor hook the bottom quickly, and to prevent the heavy shock which would be caused if its weight were suddenly brought upon the bitts.
RANGES, HORNED. Pieces of timber containing belaying pins, inside a ship. Also, pieces of oak placed round the hatchways to contain shot.
RANK. Degree of dignity; officers of the navy rank with those of the army according to the following table:--
1. The Admirals of the Fleet rank with Field-marshals.
2. Admirals " Generals.
3. Vice-admirals " Lieutenant-generals.
4. Rear-admirals " Major-generals.
5. Captains of the Fleet } 6. Commodores } " Brigadier-generals.
7. Captains of 3 years " Colonels.
8. Captains under 3 years " Lieutenant-colonels.
9. Commanders next to Do.
10. Lieutenants, 8 years rank with Majors.
11. Lieutenants, under 8 years " Captains.
12. Sub-lieutenants " Lieutenants.
13. Midshipmen " Ensigns.
Also, the order or straight line made by men drawn up side by side.
RANK AND FILE. This word includes corporals as well as privates, all below sergeants. (_See_ FILE.)
RANSACK, TO. To pillage; but to ransack the hold is merely to overhaul its contents.
RANSOM. Money paid for the liberty of a war-prisoner, a city, or for the restoration of a captured vessel: formerly much practised at sea. It then fell into disuse, but was revived for a time in the seventeenth century. At length the greater maritime powers prohibited the offering or accepting such ransoms. By English law, all such securities shall be absolutely void; and he who enters into any such contract shall forfeit 500 on conviction. A privateer taking ransom forfeits her letters of marque, and her commander is punishable with a heavy penalty and imprisonment.
RAPER. An old term for a rope-maker.
RAP-FULL. Applies to a ship on a wind, when "keep her rap-full!" means, do not come too close to the wind, or lift a wrinkle of the sail.
RAPID. A slope, down which water runs with more than ordinary rapidity, but not enough to be called a "fall;" and sometimes navigable by boats.
RAPPAREE. A smuggler, or one who lives on forced hospitality.
RASE. An archaism for a channel of the sea, and not a misp.r.o.nunciation of _race_ (which see).
RASEE. A line-of-battle ship with her upper works taken off, or reduced a deck, to lighten her; some of the old contract-built ships of the line, yclept "Forty Thieves," were thus converted into heavy frigates, as the _Duncan_, _America_, _Warspite_, &c.
RASH. A disease which attacks trees that have ceased to grow.
RASING. Marking timber by the _rasing-knife_, which has a peculiar blade hooked at its point, as well as a centre-pin to describe circles.
RASING-IRON. A tool for clearing the pitch and oak.u.m out of the seams, previous to their being caulked afresh.
RAT. A term for one who changes his party for interest: from rats deserting vessels about to sink. These mischievous vermin are said to have increased after the economical expulsion of cats from our dockyards. Thus, in the pet.i.tion from the ships-in-ordinary, to be allowed to go to sea, even to carry pa.s.sengers, we read:--
"Tho" it was hemigrants or sodgers-- Anything afore them rats, Which now they is our only lodgers; For well they knows, the artful dodgers, The Board won"t stand th" expense of cats."
Injury done by rats is not included in a policy of insurance. Also, a rapid stream or race, derived from sharp rocks beneath, which injure the cable.
RATCHER. An old term for a rock.
RATCHET. A saw-toothed wheel in machinery, as the winch, windla.s.s, &c., in which the paul catches.
RATE. A tariff or customs roll. Also, the six orders into which the ships of war were divided in the navy, according to their force and magnitude. Thus the _first rate_ comprehended all ships of 110 guns and upwards, having 42-pounders on the lower deck, diminishing to 6-pounders on the quarter-deck and forecastle. They were manned with 850 to 875 men, including officers, seamen, marines, servants, &c.--_Second rate._ Ships carrying from 90 to 100 guns.--_Third rate._ Ships from 80 to 84 guns.--_Fourth rate._ Ships from 60 to 74 guns; these were comprehended under the general names of frigates, and never appeared in the line of battle.--_Fifth rate._ Mounting from 32 to 40, or even 60 guns.--And _Sixth rate_. Mounting from any number, or no guns, if commanded by captains; those commanded by commanders were deemed sloops. Since the late introduction of ma.s.sive iron, a captain may command but one gun.