COMMUTE, TO. To lighten the sentence of a court-martial, on a recommendation of the court to the commander-in-chief.
COMPANION. The framing and sash-lights upon the quarter-deck or round-house, through which light pa.s.ses to the cabins and decks below; and a sort of wooden hood placed over the entrance or staircase of the master"s cabin in small ships. Flush-decked vessels are generally fitted with movable companions, to keep the rain or water from descending, which are unshipped when the capstan is required.
COMPANION-LADDER. Denotes the ladder by which the officers ascend to, and descend from, the quarter-deck.
COMPANION-WAY. The staircase, porch, or berthing of the ladder-way to the cabin.
COMPANY. The whole crew of any ship, including her officers, men, and boys. In the army, a small body of foot, or subdivision of a regiment, commanded by a captain.
COMPARATIVE RANK. _See_ RANK.
COMPARISON WATCH. The job-watch for taking an observation, compared before and after with the chronometer.
COMPARTMENT BULK-HEADS. Some of the iron ships have adopted the admirable Chinese plan of dividing the hold athwart-ship by strong water-tight bulk-heads, into compartments, so that a leak in any one of them does not communicate with the others--thus strengthening a vessel, besides adding to its security. Compartment bulk-heads were first directed to be fitted under the superintendence of Commander Belcher in H.M. ships _Erebus_ and _Terror_ at Chatham, for Arctic service in 1835.
H.M.S. _Terror_, Commander Back, was saved entirely owing to this fitment, the after section being full of water all the pa.s.sage home; and lately the mail packet _Samphire_ was similarly saved.
COMPASANT. A corruption of _corpo santo_, a ball of electric light observed flickering about the masts, yard-arms, and rigging, during heavy rain, thunder, and lightning.
COMPa.s.s. An instrument employed by navigators to guide the ship"s course at sea. It consists of a circular box, containing a fly or paper card, which represents the horizon, and is suspended by two concentric rings called gimbals. The fly is divided into thirty-two equal parts, by lines drawn from the centre to the circ.u.mference, called points or rhumbs; the interval between the points is subdivided into 360 degrees--consequently, the distance or angle comprehended between any two rhumbs is equal to 11 degrees and 15 minutes. The four cardinal points lie opposite to each other; the north and south points form top and bottom, leaving the east on the right hand, and the west on the left; the names of all the inferior points are compounded of these according to their situation.
This card is attached to a magnetic needle, which, carrying the card round with it, points north, excepting for the local annual variation and the deviation caused by the iron in the ship; the angle which the course makes with that meridian is shown by the lubber"s point, a dark line inside the box. (_See_ ADJUSTMENT OF THE COMPa.s.s.)
COMPa.s.s, TO. To curve; also to obtain one"s object.
COMPa.s.sING. (_See_ COMPa.s.s-TIMBERS.)
COMPa.s.sIONATE ALLOWANCES. Grants are made on the compa.s.sionate fund to the legitimate children of deceased officers, on its being shown to the Admiralty that they deserve them.
COMPa.s.s-SAW. A narrow saw, which, inserted in a hole bored by a centre-bit, follows out required curves.
COMPa.s.s-TIMBERS. Such as are curved, crooked, or arched, for ship-building.
COMPENSATION. If a detained vessel is lost by the negligence and misconduct of the prize-master, compensation must be rendered, and the actual captors are responsible. The princ.i.p.al being answerable in law for the agent"s acts.
COMPENSATOR OF THE COMPa.s.s. _See_ MAGNETIC COMPENSATOR.
COMPLAIN, TO. The creaking of masts, or timbers, when over-pressed, without any apparent external defect. One man threatening to complain of another, is saying that he will report misconduct to the officer in charge of the quarter-deck.
COMPLEMENT. The proper number of men employed in any ship, either for navigation or battle. In navigation the complement of the course is what it wants of eight points; of lat.i.tude, what it is short of 90. (_See_ CO-LAt.i.tUDE.)
COMPLEMENT OF LONGITUDE. _See_ SUPPLEMENT OF LONGITUDE.
COMPLETE BOOK. A book which contains the names and particulars of every person borne for wages on board, as age, place of birth, rating, times of entry and discharge, &c.
COMPLIMENT, TO. To render naval or military honour where due.
COMPO. The monthly portion of wages paid to the ship"s company.
COMPOSITION NAILS. Those which are made of mixed metal, and which, being largely used for nailing on copper sheathing, are erroneously called _copper nails_.
COMPOUND. A term used in India for a lawn garden, or inclosed ground round a house.
COMPRADOR [Sp]. A Chinese contractor in shipping concerns, or in purchasing present supplies.
COMPRESS. A pad of soft linen used by the surgeon for the dressing of a wound.
COMPRESSION OF THE POLES. The amount of flattening at the polar regions of a planet, by which the polar diameter is less than the equatorial.
COMPRESSOR. A mechanism generally adopted afloat for facilitating the working of the large guns recently introduced; the gun-carriage is thus compressed to its slide or platform during the recoil, and set free again by the turn of a handle for running up. It is of various forms; one of the simpler kind used to be always applied to carronade slides.
COMPRESSOR-STOPPER. A contrivance for holding the chain-cable by compression.
COMPROMISE. The mutual agreement of a party or parties at difference, to refer to arbitration, or make an end of the matter.
COMPTROLLER OF THE CUSTOMS. The officer who controls and has a check on the collectors of customs. (_See_ CONTROLLER.)
COMPTROLLER OF THE NAVY. Formerly the chief commissioner of the navy board, at which he presided.
COMRADE. A barrack term for a fellow-soldier, serving in the same company.
CONCEALMENT, OR SUPPRESSIO VERI. Consists in the suppression of any fact or circ.u.mstance as to the state of the ship, the nature of her employ, and the time of sailing or expected arrival, material to the risk of insurance, and is fatal to the insured. But it is held immaterial to disclose the secret destination of privateers, the usages of trade, or matters equally open to both parties.
CONCENTRATED FIRE. The bringing the whole or several guns to bear on a single point.
CONCH. A large univalve, used as a horn by pilots, fishermen, &c., in fogs: a _strombus_, _triton_, or sometimes a _murex_.
CONCHS. A name for the wreckers of the Bahama reefs, in allusion to the sh.e.l.ls on those sh.o.r.es. Though plunder is their object, the _Conchs_ are very serviceable to humanity, and evince both courage and address in saving the lives of the wrecked.
CONCLUDING-LINE. A small rope hitched to the middle of the steps of the stern-ladders. Also, a small line leading through the centre of the steps of a Jacob"s ladder.
CONDEMNATION. A captured ship declared by sentence of the admiralty court to be lawful prize. But the transfer of a prize vessel carried into a neutral port, and sold without a condemnation, or the authority of any judicial proceedings, is null and void.
CONDEMNED. Unserviceable, as bad provisions, old stores, &c.
CONDENSER. The chamber of a marine engine, where the steam, after having performed its duty, is instantly reduced to water. Sailing ships frequently carry condensers, for the purpose of making fresh from salt water.
CONDER. A watcher of fishes, the same as balker, huer, and olpis. See statute (1 Jac. cap. 23) relating to his employment, which was to give notice to the fishermen from an eminence which way the herring shoals were going.
CONDITIONS. The terms of surrender.
CONDUCT-LIST. A roll to accompany the tickets of all persons sent to a hospital for medical treatment; it details their names, numbers on the ship"s books, the date of their being sent, and the nature of their ailment.
CONDUCT-MONEY. A sum advanced to defray the travelling expenses of volunteers, and of soldiers and sailors to their quarters and ships.
(_See_ SAFE-CONDUCT.)
CONDUCTOR. A thick metal wire, generally of copper, extending from above the main truck downwards into the water, or in the form of a chain with long links. Its use is to defend the ship from the effects of lightning, by conveying the electric fluid into the sea.
CONE. A solid figure having a circle for its base, and produced by the entire revolution of a right-angled triangle about its perpendicular side, which is termed the axis of the cone.