HOOK OF THE DECKS. _See_ BREAST-HOOKS.
HOOK-POTS. Tin cans fitted to hang on the bars of the galley range.
HOOK-ROPES. A rope 6 or 8 fathoms long, with a hook and thimble spliced at one end, and whipped at the other: it is used in coiling hempen cables in the tiers, dragging chain, &c.
HOOK-SCARPH. In ship-carpentry, the joining of two pieces of wood by a strong method of hook-b.u.t.ting, which mode of connecting is termed _hook and b.u.t.t_.
HOOP. The princ.i.p.al hoops of different kinds used for nautical purposes, are noticed under their several names, as mast-hoops, clasp-hoops, &c.
In wind-bound ships in former times the left hands of several boys were tied to a hoop, and their right armed with a nettle, they being naked down to the waist. On the boatswain giving one a cut with his cat, the boy struck the one before him, and each one did the same, beginning gently, but, becoming irritated, they at last laid on in earnest. Also, a nautical punishment for quarrelsome fighters was, that two offenders, similarly fastened, thrashed each other until one gave in. The craven was usually additionally punished by the commander.
HOOPS. The strong iron bindings of the anchor-stock to the shank, though square, are called hoops.
HOPE. A small bay; it was an early term for valley, and is still used in Kent for a brook, and gives name to the adjacent anchorages. Johnson defines it to be any sloping plain between two ridges of hills.
HOPPER-PUNT. A flat-floored lighter for carrying soil or mud, with a _hopper_ or receptacle in its centre, to contain the lading.
HOPPO. The chief of the customs in China.
HOPPO-MEN. Chinese custom-house officers.
HORARY ANGLE. The apparent time by the sun, or the sidereal time of the moon, or planets, or stars, from the meridian.
HORARY MOTION. The march or movement of any heavenly body in the s.p.a.ce of an hour.
HORARY TABLES. Tables for facilitating the determination of horary angles.
HORIE-GOOSE. A northern name for the _Anser bernicla_, or brent-goose.
HORIOLae. Small fishing-boats of the ancients.
HORIZON. The apparent or visible circle which bounds our vision at sea; it is that line which is described by the sky and water appearing to meet. This is designated as the _sensible_ horizon; the _rational_, or _true_ one, being a great circle of the heavens, parallel to the sensible horizon, but pa.s.sing through the centre of the earth.
HORIZON-GLa.s.sES. Two small speculums on one of the radii of a quadrant or s.e.xtant; the one half of the fore horizon-gla.s.s is silvered, while the other half is transparent, in order that an object may be seen directly through it: the back horizon-gla.s.s is silvered above and below, but in the middle there is a transparent stripe through which the horizon can be seen.
HORIZONTAL. A direction parallel to the horizon, or what is commonly termed lying flat. One of the greatest inconveniences navigators have to struggle with is the frequent want of a distinct sight of the horizon.
To obviate this a _horizontal spinning speculum_ was adopted by Mr.
Lerson, who was lost in the _Victory_ man-of-war, in which ship he was sent out to make trial of his instrument. This was afterwards improved by Smeaton, and consists of a well-polished metal speculum about 3-1/2 inches in diameter, inclosed within a circular rim of bra.s.s, so fitted that the centre of gravity of the whole shall fall near the point on which it spins. This is the end of a steel axis running through the centre of the speculum, above which it finishes in a square for the convenience of fitting a roller on it, bearing a piece of tape wound round it. The cup in which it spins is made of agate flint, or other hard substance. s.e.xtants, with spirit-levels attached, have latterly been used, as well as Becher"s horizon; but great dexterity is demanded for anything like an approximation to the truth; wherefore this continues to be a great desideratum in navigation.
HORIZONTAL FIRE. From artillery, is that in which the piece is laid either direct on the object, or with but small elevation above it, the limit on land being 10, and afloat still less. It is the most telling under ordinary circ.u.mstances, and includes all other varieties, with the exception of vertical fire, which has elevations of from 30 and upwards; and, according to some few, curved fire, an intermediate kind, of limited application.
HORIZONTAL PARALLAX. _See_ PARALLAX.
HORIZONTAL PLAN. In ship-building, the draught of a proposed ship, showing the whole as if seen from above.
HORIZONTAL RIBBAND LINES. A term given by shipwrights to those lines, or occult ribbands, by which the cant-timbers are laid off, and truly bevelled.
HORN. The arm of a cleat or kevel.
HORN-CARD. Transparent graduated horn-plates to use on charts, either as protractors or for meteorological purposes, to represent the direction of the wind in a cyclone.
HORNED ANGLE. That which is made by a right line, whether tangent or secant, with the circ.u.mference of a circle.
HORNEL. A northern term for the largest species of sand-launce or sand-eel.
HORN-FISC. Anglo-Saxon for the sword-fish.
HORN-FISTED. Having hands inured to hauling ropes.
HORNING. In naval architecture, is the placing or proving anything to stand square from the middle line of the ship, by setting an equal distance thereon.
HORN-KECK. An old term for the _green-back_ fish.
HORNOTINae. Ancient vessels which were built in a year.
HORNS. The points of the jaws of the booms. Also, the outer ends of the cross-trees. Also, two extreme points of land inclosing a bay.
HORNS OF THE MOON. The extremities of the lunar crescent, in which form she is said to be horned.
HORNS OF THE RUDDER. _See_ RUDDER-HORN.
HORNS OF THE TILLER. The pins at the extremity.
HORN-WORK. In fortification, a form of outwork having for its head a bastioned front, and for its sides two long straight faces, which are flanked by the guns of the body of the place. Sometimes it is a detached outwork.
HOROLOGIUM UNIVERSALE. An old bra.s.s nautical instrument, one of which was supplied to Martin Frobisher, at an expense of 2, 6_s._ 8_d._, when fitting out on his first voyage for the discovery of a north-west pa.s.sage.
HORS DE COMBAT. A term adopted from the French, signifying so far disabled as to be incapable of taking farther share in the action.
HORSE. A foot-rope reaching from the opposite quarter of a yard to its arms or shoulders, and depending about two or three feet under the yard, for the sailors to tread on while they are loosing, reefing, or furling the sails, rigging out the studding-sail booms, &c. In order to keep the horse more parallel to the yard, it is usually attached thereto at proper distances, by certain ropes called stirrups, which have an eye spliced into their lower ends, through which the horse pa.s.ses. (_See_ STIRRUPS and FOOT-ROPES.) Also, a rope formerly fast to the fore-mast fore-shrouds, with a dead-eye to receive the spritsail-sheet-pendant, and keep the spritsail-sheets clear of the flukes of the anchor. Also, the breast-rope which is made fast to the shrouds to protect the leadsman. Also, applied to any pendant and thimble through which running-rigging was led, now commonly called a lizard. Also, a thick rope, extending in a perpendicular direction near the fore or after side of a mast, for the purpose of hoisting some yard, or extending a sail thereon; when before the mast, it is used for the square-sail, whose yard is attached to the horse by means of a traveller or bull"s-eye, which slides up and down. When it is abaft the mast, it is intended for the trysail of a snow; but is seldom used in this position, except in those sloops of war which occasionally a.s.sume the appearance of snows to deceive the enemy. Also, the name of the sawyer"s frame or trestle.
Also, the round iron bar formerly fixed to the main-rail at the head with stanchions; a fir rail is now used, and the head berthed up. Also, in cutters or schooners, one horse is a stout iron bar, with a large thimble, which spans the vessel from side to side close to the deck before the fore-mast. To this the forestaysail-sheet is hauled, and traverses. The other horse is a similar bar abaft, on which the main-boom sheet traverses. Also, cross-pieces on the tops of standards, on which the booms or spare-spars or boats are lashed between the fore and main masts. Horses are also termed jack-stays, on which sails are hauled out, as gaff-sails. Horse is a term of derision where an officer a.s.sumes the grandioso, demanding honour where honour is not his due.
Also, a strict disciplinarian, in nautical parlance. Also, tough salt beef--_salt horse_.--_Flemish horse_ is the horse which has an iron thimble in one end, which goes over the iron point of the yard-arm before the studding-sail boom-iron is put on; in the other, a lashing eye, which is secured near the head earing of the top-sail. It is intended for the men at the earing in reefing, or when setting the top-gallant-studding-sails.
HORSE-ARTILLERY. A branch of field artillery specially equipped to manuvre with cavalry, having lighter guns, and all its gunners mounted on horseback. Its service demands a rare combination of soldierly qualities.
HORSE-BUCKETS. Covered buckets for carrying spirits or water in.
HORSE-BUCKLE. The great whelk.
HOUSE-c.o.c.kLE. _See_ GAWKY.
HORSE-FOOT. A name of the _Limulus polyphemus_ of the sh.o.r.es of America, where from its shape it is called the horse-shoe or lantern crab.
HORSE-LAt.i.tUDES. A s.p.a.ce between the westerly winds of higher lat.i.tudes and the trade-winds, notorious for tedious calms. The name arose from our old navigators often throwing the horses overboard which they were transporting to America and the West Indies.
HORSE-MACKEREL. A large and coa.r.s.e member of the s...o...b..r family, remarkably greedy, and therefore easily taken, but unwholesome.
HORSE-MARINE. An awkward lubberly person. One out of place.
HORSE-MUSSEL. _See_ DUCK-MUSSEL.