CHAIN. When mountains, hills, lakes, and islands are linked together, or follow each other in succession, so that their whole length greatly exceeds their breadth, they form what is termed a chain. A measuring chain is divided into links, &c., made of stout wire, because line is apt to shrink on wet ground and give way. The chain measure is 66 feet.
CHAINAGE OF SHIP. An old right of the admiral.
CHAIN-BOLT. A large bolt to secure the chains of the dead-eyes through the toe-link, for the purpose of securing the masts by the shrouds.
Also, the bolts which fasten the channel-plates to the ship"s side.
CHAIN-CABLE COMPRESSOR. A curved arm of iron which revolves on a bolt through an eye at one end, at the other is a larger eye in which a tackle is hooked; it is used to bind the cable against the pipe through which it is pa.s.sing, and check it from running out too quickly.
CHAIN-CABLE CONTROLLER. A contrivance for the prevention of one part of the chain riding on another while heaving in.
CHAIN-CABLES. Are not new; Caesar found them on the sh.o.r.es of the British Channel. In 1818 I saw upwards of eighty sail of vessels with them at Desenzano, on the Lago di Garda. They have all but superseded hemp cables in recent times; they are divided into parts 15 fathoms in length, which are connected by shackles, any one of which may be slipped in emergency; at each 7-1/2 fathoms a swivel used to be inserted, but in many cases they are now dispensed with.
CHAIN-CABLE SHACKLES. Used for coupling the parts of a chain-cable at various lengths, so that they may be disconnected when circ.u.mstance demands it.
CHAIN-HOOK. An iron rod with a handling-eye at one end, and a hook at the other, for hauling the chain-cables about.
CHAIN-PIPE. An aperture through which a chain-cable pa.s.ses from the chain-well to the deck above.
CHAIN-PLATES. Plates of iron with their lower ends bolted to the ship"s sides under the channels, and to these plates the dead-eyes are fastened; other plates lap over and secure them below. Formerly, and still in great ships, the dead-eyes were linked to chain-pieces, and from their being occasionally made in one plate they have obtained this appellation.
CHAIN-PUMP. This is composed of two long metal tubes let down through the decks somewhat apart from each other, but joined at their lower ends, which are pierced with holes for the admission of water. Above the upper part of the tubes is a sprocket-wheel worked by crank handles; over this wheel, and pa.s.sing through both tubes, is an endless chain, furnished at certain distances with bucket valves or pistons, turning round a friction-roller. The whole, when set in motion by means of the crank handles, pa.s.sing down one tube and up the other, raises the water very rapidly.
CHAINS, properly CHAIN-WALES, or CHANNELS. Broad and thick planks projecting horizontally from the ship"s outside, to which they are fayed and bolted, abreast of and somewhat behind the masts. They are formed to project the chain-plate, and give the lower rigging greater out-rig or spread, free from the top-sides of the ship, thus affording greater security and support to the masts, as well as to prevent the shrouds from damaging the gunwale, or being hurt by rubbing against it. Of course they are respectively designated fore, main, and mizen. They are now discontinued in many ships, the eyes being secured to the timber-heads, and frequently within the gunwale to the stringers or lower shelf-pieces above the water-way.--_In the chains_, applies to the leadsman who stands on the channels between two shrouds to heave the hand-lead.
CHAIN-SHOT. Two b.a.l.l.s connected either by a bar or chain, for cutting and destroying the spars and rigging of an enemy"s ship.
CHAIN-SLINGS. Chains attached to the sling-hoop and mast-head, by which a lower yard is hung. Used for boat or any other slings demanded.
CHAIN-STOPPER. There are various kinds of stoppers for chain-cables, mostly acting by clamping or compression.
CHAIN, TOP. A chain to sling the lower yards in time of battle, to prevent them from falling down when the ropes by which they are hung are shot away.
CHAIN-WELL, OR LOCKER. A receptacle below deck for containing the chain-cable, which is pa.s.sed thither through the deck-pipe.
CHALAND. A large flat-bottomed boat of the Loire.
CHALDERS. Synonymous with _gudgeons_ of the rudder.
CHALDRICK. An Orkney name for the sea-pie (_Haematopus ostralegus_).
CHALDRON. A measure of coals, consisting of 36 bushels; a cubic yard = 19 cwts. 19 lbs.
CHALINK. A kind of Ma.s.soolah boat.
CHALK, TO. To cut.--_To walk one"s chalks_, to run off; also, an ordeal for drunkenness, to see whether the suspected person can move along the line. "Walking a deck-seam" is to the same purpose, as the man is to proceed without overstepping it on either side.
CHALKS. Marks. "Better by chalks:" wagers were sometimes determined by he who could reach furthest or highest, and there make a chalk-mark.--_Long chalks_, great odds.
CHALLENGE. The demand of a sentinel to any one who approaches his post.
Also, the defiance to fight.
CHAMADE. To challenge attention. A signal made by beat of drum when a conference is desired by the enemy on having matter to propose. It is also termed beating a parley.
CHAMBER, OR CHAMBER-PIECE. A charge piece in old ordnance, like a _paterero_, to put into the breech of a gun prepared for it. (_See_ MURDERER.) Used by the Chinese, as in _gingals_ (which see).
CHAMBER OF A MINE. The seat or receptacle prepared for the powder-charge, usually at the end of the gallery, and out of the direct line of it; and, if possible, tamped or buried with tight packing of earth, &c., to increase the force of explosion.
CHAMBER OF A PIECE OF ORDNANCE. The end of the bore modified to receive the charge of powder. In mortars, howitzers, and sh.e.l.l-guns, they are of smaller diameter than the bore, for the charges being comparatively small, more effect is thus expected. The gomer chamber (which see) is generally adopted in our service. In rifled guns the powder-chamber is not rifled; it and the bullet-chamber differ in other minute respects from the rest of the bore. Patereroes for festive occasions are sometimes called chambers; as the small mortars, formerly used for firing salutes in the parks, termed also pint-pots from their shape and handles.
CHAMBERS. Clear s.p.a.ces between the riders, in those vessels which have floor and futtock riders.
CHAMFER. The cutting or taking off a sharp edge or angle from a plank or timber. It is also called camfering.
CHAMPION. The great champion of England, who at the coronation of the sovereign throws down his gauntlet, and defies all comers. Held at the coronations of George IV., William IV., and Victoria, by a naval officer, a middy in 1821.
CHANCERY, IN. When a ship gets into irons. (_See_ IRONS.)
CHANCY. Dangerous.
CHANDLER, SHIP. Dealer in general stores for ships.
CHANGE. In warrantry, is the voluntary subst.i.tution of a different voyage for a merchant ship than the one originally specified or agreed upon, an act which discharges the insurers. (_See_ DEVIATION.)
CHANGEY-FOR-CHANGEY. A rude barter among men-of-war"s men, as bread for vegetables, or any "swap."
CHANNEL. In hydrography, the fair-way, or deepest part of a river, harbour, or strait, which is most convenient for the track of shipping.
Also, an arm of the sea, or water communication running between an island or islands and the main or continent, as the British Channel. In an extended sense it implies any pa.s.sage which separates lands, and leads from one ocean into another, without distinction as to shape.
CHANNEL-BOLTS. The long bolts which pa.s.s through all the planks, and connect the channel to the side.
CHANNEL-GROPERS. The home-station ships cruising in the Channel; usually small vessels to watch the coast in former times, and to arrest smugglers.
CHANNEL-GROPING. The carrying despatches, and cruising from port to port in soundings.
CHANNEL-PLATES. _See_ CHAIN-PLATES.
CHANNEL-WALES. Strakes worked between the gun-deck and the upper deck ports of large ships. Also, the outside plank which receives the bolts of the chain-plates. The wale-plank extends fore and aft to support the channels.
CHANTICLEER. A name in the Frith of Forth for the dragonet or gowdie (_Callionymus lyra_). The early or vigilant c.o.c.k, from which several English vessels of war have derived their names.
CHAP. A general term for a man of any age after boyhood; but it is not generally meant as a compliment.
CHAPE. The top locket of a sword scabbard.
CHAPELLING A SHIP. The act of turning her round in a light breeze, when she is close hauled, without bracing the head-yards, so that she will lie the same way that she did before. This is commonly occasioned by the negligence of the steersman, or by a sudden change of the wind.
CHAPLAIN. The priest appointed to perform divine service on board ships in the royal navy.
CHAPMAN. A small merchant or trader; a ship"s super-cargo.