COUNTERFORTS. Masonry adjuncts, advantageous to all retaining walls, but especially to those which, like the escarps of fortresses, are liable to be battered. They are attached at regular intervals to the hinder face of the wall, and perpendicular to it; having various proportions, but generally the same height as the wall; they hold it from being thrust forward from behind, and, even when it is battered away, retain the earth at the back at such a steep slope that the formation of a practicable breach remains very difficult. When arches are turned between the counterforts, the strength of the whole structure is much increased: it is then called a _counter-arched revetement_.
COUNTERGUARD. In fortification, a smaller rampart raised in front of a larger one, princ.i.p.ally with the intention of delaying for a period the besieger"s attack. Other means, however, are generally preferred in modern times, except when a rapid fall in the ground renders it difficult to cover the main escarp by ordinary resources.
COUNTER-LINE. A word often used for _contravallation_.
COUNTERMARCH. To change the direction of a march to its exact opposite.
In some military movements this involves the changing of front and wings.
COUNTERMINES. Military defensive mines: they may be arranged on a system for the protection of the whole of a front of fortification by the discovering and blowing up not only the subterranean approaches of the besieger, but also his more important lodgments above.
COUNTER-MOULD. The converse of _mould_ (which see).
COUNTER-RAILS. The bal.u.s.trade work, or ornamental moulding across a square stern, where the counter terminates.
COUNTERSCARP. In fortification, the outer side of the ditch next the country; it is usually of less height, and less strongly revetted than the escarp, the side which forms the face of the rampart.
COUNTER-SEA. The disturbed state of the sea after a gale, when, the wind having changed, the sea still runs in its old direction.
COUNTERSIGN. A particular word or number which is exchanged between sentinels, and intrusted to those on duty. (_See_ PAROLE.)
COUNTER-SUNK. Those holes which are made for the heads of bolts or nails to be sunk in, so as to be even with the general surface.
COUNTER-TIMBERS. Short right-aft timbers for the purpose of strengthening the counter, and forming the stern.
COUNTER-TRENCHES. _See_ COUNTER-APPROACHES.
COUNTRY. A term synonymous with _station_. The place whither a ship happens to be ordered.
COUP DE GRACE. The finishing shot which brings an enemy to surrender; or the wound which deprives an adversary of life or resistance.
COUP DE MAIN. A sudden and vigorous attack.
COUP D"IL. The skill of distinguishing, at first sight, the weakness of an enemy"s position, as Nelson did at the Nile.
COUPLE, TO. To bend two hawsers together; coupling links of a cable; coupling shackles.
COUREAU. A small yawl of the Garonne. Also, a narrow strait or channel.
COURSE. The direction taken by anything in motion, shown by the point of the compa.s.s _towards_ which they run, as water in a river, tides, and currents; but of the wind, as similarly indicated by the compa.s.s-point _from_ which it blows. Course is also the ship"s way. In common parlance, it is the point of the compa.s.s upon which the ship sails, the direction in which she proceeds, or is intended to go. When the wind is foul, she cannot "lie her course;" if free, she "steers her course."
COURSES. A name by which the sails hanging from the lower yards of a ship are usually distinguished, viz. the main-sail, fore-sail, and mizen: the staysails upon the lower masts are sometimes also comprehended in this denomination, as are the main staysails of all brigs and schooners. A ship is under her courses when she has no sail set but the fore-sail, main-sail, and mizen. _Trysails_ are courses (which see), sometimes termed _bentincks_.
COURSET. The paper on which the night"s course is set for the officer in charge of the watch.
COURT-MARTIAL. A tribunal held under an act of parliament, of the year 1749, and not, like the mutiny act, requiring yearly re-enactment. It has lately, 6th August, 1861, been changed to the "Naval Discipline Act." At present a court may be composed of five, but must not exceed nine, members. No officer shall sit who is under twenty-one years of age. No flag-officer can be tried unless the president also be a flag-officer, and the others flag, or captains. No captain shall be tried unless the president be of higher rank, and the others captains and commanders. No court for the trial of any officer, or person below the rank of captain, shall be legal, unless the president is a captain, or of higher rank, nor unless, in addition, there be two other officers of the rank of commander, or of higher rank. Any witness summoned--civil, naval, or military--by the judge-advocate, refusing to attend or give evidence, to be punished as for same in civil courts. The admiralty can issue commissions to officers to hold courts-martial on foreign stations, without which they cannot be convened. A commander-in-chief on a foreign station, holding such a commission, may under his hand authorize an officer in command of a detached portion to hold courts-martial. Formerly all officers composing the court, attendants, witnesses, &c., were compelled to appear in their full-dress uniforms; but by recent orders, the undress uniform, with c.o.c.ked hat and sword, is to be worn.
COUTEL. A military implement which served both for a knife and a dagger.
COUTERE. A piece of armour which covered the elbow.
COVE. An inlet in a coast, sometimes extensive, as the Cove of Cork. In naval architecture, the arched moulding sunk in at the foot or lower part of the taffrail.--_My cove_, a familiar friendly term.
COVER. Security from attack or interruption, as under cover of the ship"s guns, under cover of the parapet. In the field exercise and drill of troops, one body is said to cover another exactly in rear of it.
Covers for sails when furled (to protect them from the weather when loosing and airing them is precluded), are made of strong canvas painted.
COVERED WAY. In fortification, a s.p.a.ce running along the outside of the ditch for the convenient pa.s.sage of troops and guns, covered from the country by a palisading and the parapet of the glacis. It is of importance to an active defence, as besides enabling a powerful musketry fire to be poured on the near approaches of the besieger, it affords to the garrison a secure base from which to sally in force at any hour of the day or night.
COVERING-BOARD. _See_ PLANK-SHEER.
COVERING-PARTY. A force detached to protect a party sent on especial duty.
COVERT-WAY. _See_ COVERED WAY.
COW. Applied by whalers to the female whale.--_To cow._ To depress with fear.
COWARDICE, AND DESERTION OF DUTY IN FIGHT. Are criminal by law, even in the crew of a merchant-ship. Such poltroonery is very rare.
COWD. To float slowly. A Scotch term, as "the boat cowds braely awa."
COW-HITCH. A slippery or lubberly hitch.
COWHORN. The seaman"s appellation of the coehorn.
COWIE. A name among Scotch fishermen for the porpoise.
COWL. The cover of a funnel.
COWRIE. Small sh.e.l.ls, _Cypraea moneta_, used for money or barter in Africa and the East Indies.
c.o.xSON, OR c.o.xON. _See_ c.o.c.kSWAIN.
c.o.x"S TRAVERSE. Up one hatchway and down another, to elude duty. (_See_ TOM c.o.x.)
C.P. Mark for men sent by civil power.
CRAB. A wooden pillar, the lower end of which being let down through a ship"s decks, rests upon a socket like the capstan, and having in its upper end three or four holes at different heights, long oars are thrust through them, each acting like two levers. It is employed to wind in the cable, or any other weighty matter. Also, a portable wooden or cast-iron machine, fitted with wheels and pinions similar to those of a winch, of use in loading and discharging timber-vessels, &c.--_The crab with three claws_, is used to launch ships, and to heave them into the dock, or off the key.--_To catch a crab._ To pull an oar too light or too deep in the water; to miss time in rowing. This derisive phrase for a false stroke may have been derived from the Italian _chiappar un gragno_, to express the same action.
CRABBING TO IT. Carrying an over-press of sail in a fresh gale, by which a ship crabs or drifts sideways to leeward.
CRABBLER. _See_ KRABLA.
CRAB-BOAT. Resembles a large jolly-boat.
CRAB-CAPSTAN. _See_ CRAB.
CRAB-WINDLa.s.s. A light windla.s.s for barges.
CRAB-YAWS. _See_ YAW.