Southey, who has collated all the best authorities in his admirable naval work,(130) says:-"The bodies which had been thrown overboard in the action, or sunk in the enemies" ships, rose and floated about them in great numbers; and the English may have deemed it a relief from the contemplation of that ghastly sight, to be kept upon the alert by some galleys, which taking advantage of the calm, ventured as near them as they dare by day and night, and endeavoured to burn the ships with wildfire."
He adds that the first mention of wildfire he had found is by Hardyng, one of the earliest of our poets, in the following pa.s.sage referring to this event:-
"With oars many about us did they wind, With wildfire oft a.s.sayled us day and night, To brenne our ships in that they could or might."
Next year we read of Henry preparing to again attack France. The enemy had increased their naval force by hiring a number of Genoese and other Italian vessels. The king sent a preliminary force against them under his kinsman, the Earl of Huntingdon, who, near the mouth of the Seine, succeeded in sinking three and capturing three of the great Genoese carracks, taking the Admiral Jacques, the b.a.s.t.a.r.d of Bourbon, "and as much money as would have been half a year"s pay for the whole fleet." These prizes were brought to Southampton, "from whence the king shortly set forth with a fleet of 1,500 ships, the sails of his own vessel being of purple silk, richly embroidered with gold." The remainder of Henry"s brief reign-for he died the same year-is but the history of a series of successes over his enemies.
It must never be forgotten that the navies of our early history were not permanently organised, but drawn from all sources. A n.o.ble, a city or port, voluntarily or otherwise, contributed according to the exigencies of the occasion. As we shall see, it is to Henry VIII. that we owe the establishment of a Royal Navy as a permanent inst.i.tution. In 1546 King Henry"s vessels are cla.s.sified according to their "quality," thus: "ships," "galleases," "pynaces," "roe-barges." A list bearing date in 1612 exhibits the cla.s.ses as follows:-"Shipps royal," measuring downwards from 1,200 to 800 tons; "middling shipps," from 800 to 600 tons; "small shipps," 350 tons; and pinnaces, from 200 to 80 tons. According to the old definition, a ship was defined to be a "large hollow building, made to pa.s.s over the seas with sails," without reference to size or quality.
Before the days of the _Great Harry_, few, if any, English ships had more than one mast or one sail; that ship had three masts, and the _Henri Grace de Dieu_, which supplanted her, four. The galleas was probably a long, low, and sharp-built vessel, propelled by oars as well as by sails; the latter probably not fixed to the mast or any standing yard, but hoisted from the deck when required to be used, as in the lugger or felucca of modern days. The pinnace was a smaller description of galleas, while the row-barge is sufficiently explained by its t.i.tle.
The history of the period following the reign of Henry V. has much to do with shipping interests of all kinds. The constant wars and turbulent times gave great opportunity for piracy in the Channel and on the high seas. Thus we read of Hannequin Leeuw, an outlaw from Ghent, who had so prospered in piratical enterprises that he got together a squadron of eight or ten vessels, well armed and stored. He not only infested the coast of Flanders, and Holland, and the English Channel, but scoured the coasts of Spain as far as Gibraltar, making impartial war on any or all nations, and styling himself the "Friend of G.o.d, and the enemy of all mankind." This pirate escaped the vengeance of man, but at length was punished by the elements: the greater part of his people perished in a storm, and Hannequin Leeuw disappeared from the scene. Shortly afterwards we find the Hollanders and Zeelanders uniting their forces against the Easterling pirates, then infesting the seas, and taking twenty of their ships. "This action," says Southey, "was more important in its consequences than in itself; it made the two provinces sensible, for the first time, of their maritime strength, and gave a new impulse to that spirit of maritime adventure which they had recently begun to manifest."
Previously a voyage to Spain had been regarded as so perilous, that "whoever undertook it settled his worldly and his spiritual affairs as if preparing for death, before he set forth," while now they opened up a brisk trade with that country and Portugal. Till now they had been compelled to bear the insults and injuries of the Easterlings without combined attempt at defence; now they retaliated, captured one of their admirals on the coast of Norway, and hoisted a besom at the mast-head in token that they had swept the seas clean from their pirate enemies.
And now, in turn, some of them became pirates themselves, more particularly Hendrick van Borselen, Lord of Veere, who a.s.sembled all the outlaws he could gather, and committed such depredations, that he was enabled to add greatly to his possessions in Walcheren, by the purchase of confiscated estates. He received others as grants from his own duke, who feared him, and thought it prudent at any cost to retain, at least in nominal obedience, one who might render himself so obnoxious an enemy.
"This did not prevent the admiral-for he held that rank under the duke-from infesting the coast of Flanders, carrying off cattle from Cadsant, and selling them publicly in Zeeland. His excuse was that the terrible character of his men compelled him to act as he did; and the duke admitted the exculpation, being fain to overlook outrages which he could neither prevent nor punish." A statute of the reign of Henry VI. sets forth the robberies committed upon the poor merchants of this realm, not merely on the sea, but even in the rivers and ports of Britain, and how not merely they lost their goods, but their persons also were taken and imprisoned. Nor was this all, for "the king"s poor subjects dwelling nigh the sea-coasts were taken out of their own houses, with their chattels and children, and carried by the enemies where it pleased them." In consequence, the Commons begged that an armament might be provided and maintained on the sea, which was conceded, and for a time piracy on English subjects was partially quashed.
Meantime, we had pirates of our own. Warwick, the king-maker, was unscrupulous in all points, and cared nothing for the lawfulness of the captures which he could make on the high seas. For example, when he left England for the purpose of securing Calais (then belonging to England) and the fleet for the House of York, he having fourteen well-appointed vessels, fell in with a fleet of Spaniards and Genoese. "There was a very sore and long continued battle fought betwixt them," lasting almost two days. The English lost a hundred men; one account speaks of the Spanish and Genoese loss at 1,000 men killed, and another of six-and-twenty vessels sunk or put to flight. It is certain that three of the largest vessels were taken into Calais, laden with wine, oil, iron, wax, cloth of gold, and other riches, in all amounting in value to no less than 10,000.
The earl was a favourite with the sailors, probably for the license he gave them; when the Duke of Somerset was appointed by the king"s party to the command of Calais, from which he was effectually shut out by Warwick, they carried off some of his ships and deserted with them to the latter.
Not long after, when reinforcements were lying at Sandwich waiting to cross the Channel to Somerset"s aid, March and Warwick borrowed 18,000 from merchants, and dispatched John Dynham on a piratical expedition. He landed at Sandwich, surprised the town, took Lord Rivers and his son in their beds, robbed houses, took the princ.i.p.al ships of the king"s navy, and carried them off, well furnished as they were with ordnance and artillery. For a time Warwick carried all before him, but not a few of his actions were most unmitigated specimens of piracy, on nations little concerned with the Houses of York and Lancaster, their quarrels or wars.
But as this is not intended to be even a sketch of the history of England, let us pa.s.s to the commencement of the reign of Henry VII., when the "great minishment and decay of the navy, and the idleness of the mariners," were represented to his first Parliament, and led to certain enactments in regard to the use of foreign bottoms. The wines of Southern France were forbidden to be imported hither in any but English, Irish, or Welsh ships, manned by English, Irish, or Welsh sailors. This Act was repeated in the fourth year of Henry"s reign, and made to include other articles, while it was then forbidden to freight an alien ship from or to England with "any manner of merchandise," if sufficient freight were to be had in English vessels, on pain of forfeiture, one-half to the king, the other to the seizers. "Henry," says Lord Bacon, "being a king that loved wealth, and treasure, he could not endure to have trade sick, nor any obstruction to continue in the gate-vein which disperseth that blood." How well he loved riches is proved by the fact that when a speedy and not altogether creditable peace was established between England and France, and the indemnity had been paid by the latter, the money went into the king"s private coffers; those who had impoverished themselves in his service, or had contributed to the general outfit by the forced "benevolence," were left out in the cold. From Calais Henry wrote letters to the Lord Mayor and aldermen ("which was a courtesy," says Lord Bacon, "that he sometimes used), half bragging what great sums he had obtained for the peace, as knowing well that it was ever good news in London that the king"s coffers were full; better news it would have been if their benevolence had been but a loan."
[Ill.u.s.tration: SIR ANDREW WOOD"S VICTORY.]
Scotch historians tell us that Sir Andrew Wood, of Largo, Scotland, had with his two vessels, the _Flower_ and _Yellow Carvel_, captured five chosen vessels of the royal navy, which had infested the Firth of Forth, and had taken many prizes from the Scotch previously, during this reign.
Henry VII. was greatly mortified by this defeat, and offered to put any means at the disposal of the officer who would undertake this service, and great rewards if Wood were brought to him alive or dead. All hesitated, such was the renown of Wood, and his strength in men and artillery, and maritime and military skill. At length, Sir Stephen Bull, a man of distinguished prowess, offered himself, and three ships were placed under his command, with which he sailed for the Forth, and anch.o.r.ed behind the Isle of May, waiting Wood"s return from a foreign voyage. Some fishermen were captured and detained, in order that they should point out Sir Andrew"s ships when they arrived. "It was early in the morning when the action began; the Scots, by their skilful manuvring, obtained the weather-gage, and the battle continued in sight of innumerable spectators who thronged the coast, till darkness suspended it. It was renewed at day-break; the ships grappled; and both parties were so intent upon the struggle, that the tide carried them into the mouth of the Tay, into such shoal water that the English, seeing no means of extricating themselves, surrendered. Sir Andrew brought his prizes to Dundee; the wounded were carefully attended there; and James, with royal magnanimity is said to have sent both prisoners and ships to Henry, praising the courage which they had displayed, and saying that the contest was for honour, not for booty."
Few naval incidents occurred under the reign of Henry VII., but it belongs, nevertheless, to the most important age of maritime discovery.
Henry had really a.s.sented to the propositions of Columbus after Portugal had refused them; had not the latter"s brother, Bartholomew, been captured by pirates on his way to England, and detained as a slave at the oar, the Spaniards would not have had the honour of discovering the New World.
This, and the grand discoveries of Cabot (directly encouraged by Henry), who reached Newfoundland and Florida; the various expeditions down the African coast inst.i.tuted by Dom John; the discovery of the Cape and new route to India by Diaz and Vasco de Gama; the discovery of the Pacific by Balboa, and Cape Horn and the Straits by Magellan, will be detailed in another section of this work. They belong to this and immediately succeeding reigns, and mark the grandest epoch in the history of geographical discovery.
"The use of fire-arms," says Southey, "without which the conquests of the Spaniards in the New World must have been impossible, changed the character of naval war sooner than it did the system of naval tactics, though they were employed earlier by land than by sea." It is doubtful when cannon was first employed at sea; one authority(131) says that it was by the Venetians against the Genoese, before 1330. Their use necessitated very material alterations in the structure of war-ships. The first port-holes are believed to have been contrived by a ship-builder at Brest, named Descharges, and their introduction took place in 1499. They were "circular holes, cut through the sides of the vessel, and so small as scarcely to admit of the guns being traversed in the smallest degree, or fired otherwise than straightforward." Hitherto there had been no distinctions between the vessels used in commerce and in the king"s service; the former being constantly employed for the latter; but now we find the addition of another tier, and a general enlargement of the war-vessels. Still, when any emergency required, merchant vessels, not merely English, but Genoese, Venetian, and from the Hanse Towns, were constantly hired for warfare. So during peace the king"s ships were sometimes employed in trade, or freighted to merchants. Henry was very desirous of increasing and maintaining commercial relations with other countries. In the commission to one of his amba.s.sadors, he says, "The earth being the common mother of all mankind, what can be more pleasant or more humane than to communicate a portion of all her productions to all her children by commerce?" Many special commercial treaties were made by him, and one concluded with the Archduke Philip after a dispute with him, which had put a stop to the trade with the Low Countries, was called the great commercial treaty (_intercursus magnus_). "It was framed with the greatest care to render the intercourse between the two countries permanent, and profitable to both."
The first incident in the naval history of the next reign, that of Henry VIII., grew out of an event which had occurred long before. A Portuguese squadron had, in the year 1476, seized a Scottish ship, laden with a rich cargo, and commanded by John Barton. Letters of marque were granted him, which he had not, apparently, used to any great advantage, for they were renewed to his three sons thirty years afterwards. The Bartons were not content with repaying themselves for their loss, but found the Portuguese captures so profitable that they became confirmed pirates, "and when they felt their own strength, they seem, with little scruple, to have considered ships of any nation as their fair prize." Complaints were lodged before Henry, but were almost ignored, "till the Earl of Surrey, then Treasurer and Marshal of England, declared at the council board, that while he had an estate that could furnish out a ship, or a son that was capable of commanding one, the narrow seas should not be so infested." Two ships, commanded by his two sons, Sir Thomas and Sir Edward Howard, were made ready, with the king"s knowledge and consent. The two brothers put to sea, but were separated by stress of weather; the same happened to the two pirate ships-the _Lion_, under Sir Andrew Barton"s own command, and the _Jenny Perwin_, or _Bark of Scotland_. The strength of one of them is thus described in an old ballad, by a merchant, one of Sir Andrew"s victims, who is supposed to relate his tale to Sir Thomas Howard:-
"He is bra.s.s within, and steel without, With beams on his top-castle strong; And thirty pieces of ordnance He carries on each side along; And he hath a pinnace dearly dight, St. Andrew"s Cross it is his guide; His pinnace beareth nine score men, And fifteen cannons on each side.
Were ye twenty ships, and he but one, I swear by Kirk, and bower and hall, He would overcome them every one If once his beams they do down fall."
But it was not so to be. Sir Thomas Howard, as he lay in the Downs, descried the former making for Scotland, and immediately gave chase, "and there was a sore battle. The Englishmen were fierce, and the Scots defended themselves manfully, and ever Andrew blew his whistle to encourage his men. Yet, for all that, Lord Howard and his men, by clean force, entered the main deck. There the English entered on all sides, and the Scots fought sore on the hatches; but, in conclusion, Andrew was taken, being so sore wounded that he died there, and then the remnant of the Scots were taken, with their ship." Meantime Sir Edward Howard had encountered the other piratical ship, and though the Scots defended themselves like "hardy and well-stomached men," succeeded in boarding it.
The prizes were taken to Blackwall, and the prisoners, 150 in number, being all left alive, "so b.l.o.o.d.y had the action been," were tried at Whitehall, before the Bishop of Winchester and a council. The bishop reminded them that "though there was peace between England and Scotland, they, contrary to that, as thieves and pirates, had robbed the king"s subjects within his streams, wherefore they had deserved to die by the law, and to be hanged at the low-water mark. Then, said the Scots, "We acknowledge our offence, and ask mercy, and not the law," and a priest, who was also a prisoner, said, "My lord, we appeal from the king"s justice to his mercy." Then the bishop asked if he were authorised by them to say thus, and they all cried, "Yea, yea!" "Well, then," said the bishop, "you shall find the king"s mercy above his justice; for, where you were dead by the law, yet by his mercy he will revive you. You shall depart out of this realm within twenty days, on pain of death if ye be found after the twentieth day; and pray for the king."" James subsequently required rest.i.tution from Henry, who answered "with brotherly salutation" that "it became not a prince to charge his confederate with breach of peace for doing justice upon a pirate and thief." But there is no doubt that it was regarded as a national affair in Scotland, and helped to precipitate the war which speedily ensued.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE DEFEAT OF SIR ANDREW BARTON.]
Some of the edicts of the period seem strange enough to modern ears. The Scotch Parliament had pa.s.sed an Act forbidding any ship freighted with staple goods to put to sea during the three winter months, under a penalty of five pounds. In 1493, a generation after the Act was pa.s.sed, another provided that _all_ burghs and towns should provide ships and busses, the least to be of twenty tons, fitted according to the means of the said places, provided with mariners, nets, and all necessary gear for taking "great fish and small." The officers in every burgh were to make all the "stark idle men" within their bounds go on board these vessels, and serve them there for their wages, or, in case of refusal, banish them from their burgh. This was done with the idea of training a maritime force, but seems to have produced little effect. James IV. built a ship, however, which was, according to Scottish writers, larger and more powerfully armed than any then built in England or France. She was called the _Great Michael_, and "was of so great stature that she wasted all the oak forests of Fife, Falkland only excepted." Southey reminds us that the Scots, like the Irish of the time, were constantly in feud with each other, and consequently destroyed their forests, to prevent the danger of ambuscades, and also to cut off the means of escape. Timber for this ship was brought from Norway, and though all the shipwrights in Scotland and many others from foreign countries were busily employed upon her, she took a year and a day to complete. The vessel is described as twelve score feet in length, and thirty-six in breadth of beam, within the walls, which were ten feet each thick, so that no cannon-ball could go through them. She had 300 mariners on board, six score gunners, and 1,000 men-of-war, including officers, "captains, skippers, and quarter-masters." Sir Andrew Wood and Robert Barton were two of the chief officers. "This great ship c.u.mbered Scotland to get her to sea. From the time that she was afloat, and her masts and sails complete, with anchors offering thereto, she was counted to the king to be thirty thousand pounds expense, by her artillery, which was very costly." The _Great Michael_ never did enough to have a single exploit recorded, nor was she unfortunate enough to meet a tragic ending.
In 1511 war was declared against France, and Henry caused many new ships to be made, repairing and rigging the old. After an action on the coast of Brittany, where both claimed the advantage, and where two of the largest vessels-the _Cordelier_, with 900 Frenchmen, and the _Regent_, with 700 Englishmen, were burned-nearly all on board perishing, Henry advised "a great ship to be made, such as was never before seen in England," and which was named the _Henri Grace de Dieu_, or popularly the _Great Harry_.(132) There are many ancient representations of this vessel, which is said to have cost 11,000, and to have taken 400 men four whole days to work from Erith, where she was built, to Barking Creek. "The masts," says a well-known authority, "were five in number," but he goes on clearly to show that the fifth was simply the bowsprit; they were in one piece, as had been the usual mode in all previous times, although soon to be altered by the introduction of several joints or top-masts, which could be lowered in time of need. The rigging was simple to the last degree, but there was a considerable amount of ornamentation on the hull, and small flags were disposed almost at random on different parts of the deck and gunwale, and one at the head of each mast. The standard of England was hoisted on the princ.i.p.al mast; enormous pendants, or streamers, were added, though ornaments which must have been often inconvenient. The _Great Harry_ was of 1,000 tons, and in-so far as the writer can discover-the only skirmish she was concerned in the Channel, for it could not be dignified by the name of an engagement, carried 700 men. She was burned at Woolwich, at the opening of Mary"s reign, through the carelessness of the sailors.
[Ill.u.s.tration: OLD DEPTFORD DOCKYARD.]
In the reign of Henry VIII. a navy office was first formed, and regular a.r.s.enals were established at Portsmouth, Woolwich, and Deptford. The change in maritime warfare consequent on the use of gunpowder rendered ships of a new construction necessary, and more was done for the improvement of the navy in this reign than in any former one. Italian shipwrights, then the most expert, were engaged, and at the conclusion of Henry"s reign the Royal Navy consisted of seventy-one vessels, thirty of which were ships of respectable burden, aggregating 10,550 tons. Five years later, it had dwindled to less than one-half. Six years after Henry"s death, England lost Calais, a fort and town which had cost Edward III., in the height of his power, an obstinate siege of eleven months. But on Elizabeth"s accession to the throne, the star of England was once more in the ascendant.
Elizabeth commenced her reign by providing in all points for war, that she "might the more quietly enjoy peace." Arms and weapons were imported from Germany, at considerable cost, but in such quant.i.ties that the land had never before been so amply stored with "all kinds of convenient armour and weapons." And she, also, was the first to cause the manufacture of gunpowder in England, that she "might not both pray and pay for it too to her neighbours." She allowed the free exportation of herrings and all other sea-fish in English bottoms, and a partial exemption from impressment was granted to all fishermen; while to encourage their work, Wednesday and Sat.u.r.day were made "fish-days;" this, it was stated, "was meant politicly, not for any superst.i.tion to be maintained in the choice of meats." The navy became her great care, so much that "foreigners named her the restorer of the glory of shipping, and the Queen of the North Sea." She raised the pay of sailors. "The wealthier inhabitants of the sea-coast," says Camden, "in imitation of their princess, built ships of war, striving who should exceed, insomuch that the Queen"s Navy, joined with her subjects" shipping, was, in short time, so puissant that it was able to bring forth 20,000 fighting men for sea service."
The greatest and most glorious event of her reign was, without cavil, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, at one time deemed and called "The Invincible." With the political complications which preceded the invasion, we have nought to do: it was largely a religious war, inasmuch as Popish machinations were at the bottom of all. When the contest became inevitable, the Spanish Government threw off dissimulation, and showed "a disdainful disregard of secrecy as to its intentions, or rather a proud manifestation of them, which," says Southey, "if they had been successful, might have been called magnanimous." Philip had determined on putting forth his might, and accounts which were ostentatiously published in advance termed it "The most fortunate and invincible Armada." The fleet consisted of 130 ships and twenty caravels, having on board nearly 20,000 soldiers, 8,450 marines, 2,088 galley-slaves, with 2,630 great pieces of bra.s.s artillery. The names of all the saints appeared in the nomenclature of the ships, "while," says Southey, "holier appellations, which ought never to be thus applied, were strangely a.s.sociated with the Great Griffin and the Sea Dog, the Cat and the White Falcon." Every n.o.ble house in Spain was represented, and there were 180 friars and Jesuits, with Cardinal Allen at their head, a prelate who had not long before published at Antwerp a gross libel on Elizabeth, calling her "heretic, rebel, and usurper, an incestuous b.a.s.t.a.r.d, the bane of Christendom, and firebrand of all mischief." These priests were to bring England back to the true Church the moment they landed. The galleons being above sixty in number were, "exceeding great, fair, and strong, and built high above the water, like castles, easy to be fought withal, but not so easy to board as the English and the Netherland ships; their upper decks were musket-proof, and beneath they were four or five feet thick, so that no bullet could pa.s.s them.
Their masts were bound about with oak.u.m, or pieces of fazeled ropes, and armed against all shot. The galleases were goodly great vessels, furnished with chambers, chapels, towers, pulpits, and such-like; they rowed like galleys, with exceeding great oars, each having 300 slaves, and were able to do much harm with their great ordnance." Most severe discipline was to be preserved; blasphemy and oaths were to be punished rigidly; gaming, as provocative of these, and quarrelling, were forbidden; no one might wear a dagger; religious exercises, including the use of a special litany, in which all archangels, angels, and saints, were invoked to a.s.sist with their prayers against the English heretics and enemies of the faith, were enjoined. "No man," says Southey, "ever set forth upon a bad cause with better will, nor under a stronger delusion of perverted faith." The gunners were instructed to have half b.u.t.ts filled with water and vinegar, wet clothes, old sails, &c., ready to extinguish fire, and what seems strange now-a-days, in addition to the regular artillery, every ship was to carry two boats"-loads of large stones, to throw on the enemy"s decks, forecastles, &c., during an encounter.
Meantime Elizabeth and her ministers were fully aware of the danger, and the appeals made to the Lords, and through the lord-lieutenants of counties were answered n.o.bly. The first to present himself before the queen was a Roman Catholic peer, the Viscount Montague, who brought 200 hors.e.m.e.n led by his own sons, and professed the resolution that "though he was very sickly, and in age, to live and die in defence of the queen and of his country, against all invaders, whether it were Pope, king, or potentate whatsoever." The city of London, when 5,000 men and fifteen ships were required, prayed the queen to accept twice the number. "In a very short time all her whole realm, and every corner, were furnished with armed men, on horseback and on foot; and those continually trained, exercised, and put into bands in warlike manner, as in no age ever was before in this realm. There was no sparing of money to provide horse, armour, weapons, powder, and all necessaries." Thousands volunteered their services personally without wages; others money for armour and weapons, and wages for soldiers. The country was never in better condition for defence.
Some urged the queen to place no reliance on maritime defence, but to receive the enemy only on sh.o.r.e. Elizabeth thought otherwise, and determined that the enemy should reap no more advantage on the sea than on land. She gave the command of the whole fleet to Charles Lord Howard of Effingham; Drake being vice-admiral, and Hawkins and Frobisher-all grand names in naval history-being in the western division. Lord Henry Seymour was to lie off the coast of Flanders with forty ships, Dutch and English, and prevent the Prince of Parma from forming a junction with the Armada.
The whole number of ships collected for the defence of the country was 191, and the number of seamen 17,472. There was one ship in the fleet (the _Triumph_) of 1,100 tons, one of 1,000, one of 900, and two of 800 tons each, but the larger part of the vessels were very small, and the aggregate tonnage amounted to only about half that of the Armada. For the land defence over 100,000 men were called out, regimented, and armed, but only half of them were trained. This was exclusive of the Border and Yorkshire forces.
The Armada left the Tagus in the latter end of May, 1588, for Corunna, there to embark the remainder of the forces and stores. On the 30th of the same month, the Lord Admiral and Sir Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth. A serious storm was encountered, which dismasted some and dispersed others of the enemy"s fleet, and occasioned the loss of four Portuguese galleys.
One David Gwynne, a Welshman, who had been a galley-slave for eleven years, took the opportunity this storm afforded, and regained his liberty.
He made himself master of one galley, captured a second, and was joined by a third, in which the wretched slaves were encouraged to rise by his example, and successfully carried the three into a French port. After this disastrous commencement, the Armada put back to Corunna, and was pursued thither by Effingham; but as he approached the coast of Spain, the wind changed, and as he was afraid the enemy might effect the pa.s.sage to the Channel unperceived, he returned to its entrance, whence the ships were withdrawn, some to the coast of Ireland, and the larger part to Plymouth, where the men were allowed to come ash.o.r.e, and the officers made merry with revels, dancing, and bowling. The enemy was so long in making an appearance, that even Elizabeth was persuaded the invasion would not occur that year; and with this idea, Secretary Walsingham wrote to the admiral to send back four of his largest ships. "Happily for England, and most honourably for himself, the Lord Effingham, though he had relaxed his vigilance, saw how perilous it was to act as if all were safe. He humbly entreated that nothing might be lightly credited in so weighty a matter, and that he might retain these ships, though it should be at his own cost.
This was no empty show of disinterested zeal; for if the services of those ships had not been called for, there can be little doubt, that in the rigid parsimony of Elizabeth"s government, he would have been called upon to pay the costs."
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE FIRST SHOT AGAINST THE ARMADA.]
The Armada, now completely refitted, sailed from Corunna on July 12th, and when off the Lizard were sighted by a pirate, one Thomas Fleming, who hastened to Plymouth with the news, and not merely obtained pardon for his offences, but was awarded a pension for life. At that time the wind "blew stiffly into the harbour," but all hands were got on board, and the ships were warped out, the Lord Admiral encouraging the men, and hauling at the ropes himself. By the following day thirty of the smaller vessels were out, and next day the Armada was descried "with lofty turrets like castles, in front like a half-moon; the wings thereof speading out about the length of seven miles, sailing very slowly though with full sails; the wind," says Camden, "being as it were weary with wafting them, and the ocean groaning under their weight." The Spaniards gave up the idea of attacking Plymouth, and the English let them pa.s.s, that they might chase them in the rear. Next day the Lord Admiral sent the _Defiance_ pinnace forward, and opened the attack by discharging her ordnance, and later his own ship, the _Ark Royal_, "thundered thick and furiously" into the Spanish vice-admiral"s ship, and soon after, Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher, gave the Admiral Recalde a very thorough peppering. That officer"s ship was rendered nearly unserviceable, and he was obliged to crowd on sail to catch up with the others, who showed little disposition for fighting. After a smart action in which he had injured the enemy much, and suffered little hurt himself, Effingham gave over, because forty of his ships had not yet come up from Plymouth. During the night the Spaniards lost one of their ships, which was set on fire, it was believed, by a Flemish gunner, whose wife and self had been ill-treated by the officer of the troops on board. The fire was quenched, after all her upper works had been consumed; but when the Spaniards left the hulk, they abandoned fifty of their countrymen, "miserably hurt." This night was remarkable for a series of disasters and _contretemps_. A galleon, under the command of one Valdez, ran foul of another ship, broke her foremast, and was left behind. Effingham, supposing that the men had been taken out, without tarrying to take possession of the prize, pa.s.sed on with two other vessels, that he might not lose sight of the enemy. "He thought that he was following Drake"s ship, which ought to have carried the lanthorn that night; it proved to be a Spanish light, and in the morning he found himself in the midst of the enemy"s fleet;" but he managed to get away un.o.bserved, or at all events unpursued. Drake, meantime, was mistakably following in the dark and stormy night a phantom enemy, in the shape of five Easterling vessels. Meantime, the English fleet not seeing the expected light on Drake"s ship, lay-to during the night. Drake, next morning, had the good fortune to fall in with Valdez, who, after a brief parley, surrendered, and the prize was sent into Plymouth. Drake and his men divided 55,000 golden ducats among them, as part of the spoil on board. The hulk of the galleon was taken to Weymouth, and although burned almost to the water"s edge, the gunpowder in the hold remained intact and had not taken fire. The next day there was considerable manuvring and skirmishing, but with no very memorable loss on either side. A great Venetian ship and some smaller ones were taken from the enemy, while on our side Captain Cook died with honour in the midst of the Spanish ships, in a little vessel of his own. Both sides were wary; Effingham did not think good to grapple with them, because they had an army in the fleet, while he had none; our army awaited their landing. The Spaniards meant as much as possible to avoid fighting, and hold on till they could effect a junction with the Prince of Parma. Next morning there was little wind, and only the four great galleases were engaged, these having the advantage on account of their oars, while the English were becalmed; the latter, however, did considerable execution with chain-shot, cutting asunder their tacklings and cordage. But they were now constrained to send ash.o.r.e for gunpowder, with which they were either badly supplied, or had expended too freely. Off the Isle of Wight, the English battered the Spanish admiral with their great ordnance, and shot away his mainmast; but other ships came to his a.s.sistance, beat them off, and set upon the English admiral, who only escaped by favour of a breeze which sprung up at the right moment. Camden relates how the English shot away the lantern from one of the Spanish ships, and the beak-head from a second, and that Frobisher escaped by the skin of his teeth from a situation of great danger. Still this was little more than skirmishing. "The Spaniards say that from that time they gave over what they call the pursuit of their enemy; and they dispatched a fresh messenger to the Prince of Parma, urging him to effect his junction with them as soon as possible, and withal to send them some great shot, for they had expended theirs with more prodigality than effect." On the other hand the English determined to wait till they could attack the enemy in the Straits of Dover, where they expected to be joined by the squadrons under Lord Seymour and Sir William Winter. Meantime Effingham"s forces were being considerably increased by volunteers; "For the gentlemen of England hired ships from all parts at their own charge, and with one accord came flocking thither as to a set field." Among the volunteers were Sir Walter Raleigh, the Earls of Oxford, Northumberland, and c.u.mberland. On the evening of the 27th the Spaniards came to anchor off Calais, and the English ships, now 140 in number, "all of them ships fit for fight, good sailors, nimble and tight for tacking about which way they would, anch.o.r.ed within cannon-shot." A squadron of about thirty ships belonging to the States, acting in conjunction with the Admiral of Zeeland and his squadron, effectually blockaded Dunkirk, and the poor Prince of Parma, with his pressed men constantly deserting, his flat-bottomed boats leaky, and his provisions not ready, could do nothing.
The Spanish ships were almost invulnerable to the shot and ordnance of the day, and "their height was such that our bravest seamen were against any attempt at boarding them." These facts were well understood by Elizabeth"s ministers, and the Lord Admiral was instructed to convert eight of his worst vessels into fire-ships. The orders arrived so _a propos_ of the occasion, and were so swiftly executed, that within thirty hours after the enemy had cast anchor off Calais, the ships were unloaded and dismantled, filled with combustibles and all their ordnance charged, and their sides being smeared with pitch, rosin, and wildfire, were sent, in the dead of the night, with wind and tide, against the Spanish fleet. When the Spaniards saw the whole sea glittering and shining with the reflection of the flames, the guns exploding as the fire reached them, and a heavy canopy of dense smoke overhead obscuring the heavens, they remembered those terrible fire-ships which had been used so effectively in the Scheldt, and the cry resounded through the fleet, "The fire of Antwerp!"
Some of the Spanish captains let their hawsers slip, some cut their cables, and in terror and confusion put to sea; "happiest they who could first be gone, though few or none could tell which course to take." In the midst of all this fearful excitement one of the largest of the galleases, commanded by D. Hugo de Moncada, ran foul of another ship, lost her rudder, floated about at the mercy of the tide, and at length ran upon Calais sands. Here she was a.s.sailed by the English small craft, who battered her with their guns, but dared not attempt boarding till the admiral sent a hundred men in his boats, under Sir Amias Preston. The Spaniards fought bravely, but at length Moncada was shot through the head, and the galleas was carried by boarding. Most of the Spanish soldiers, 400 in number, jumped overboard and were drowned; the 300 galley-slaves were freed from their fetters. The vessel had 50,000 ducats on board, "a booty," says Speed, "well fitting the English soldiers" affections." The English were about to set the galleas on fire, but the governor of Calais prevented this by firing upon the captors, and the ship became his prize.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE FIRE-SHIPS ATTACKING THE ARMADA.]
The Duke of Medina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish Armada, had ordered the whole fleet to weigh anchor and stand out to sea when he perceived the approaching fire-ships; his vessels were to return to their former stations when the danger should be over. When he fired a signal for the others to follow his example, few of them heard it, "because they were scattered all about, and driven by fear, some of them in the wide sea, and driven among the shoals of Flanders." When they had once more congregated, they ranged themselves in order off Gravelines, where the final action was fought. Drake and Fenner were the first to a.s.sail them, followed by many brave captains, and lastly the admiral came up with Lord Thomas Howard and Lord Sheffield. There were scarcely two or three and twenty among their ships which matched ninety of the Spanish vessels in size, but the smaller vessels were more easily handled and manuvred. "Wherefore," says Hakluyt, "using their prerogative of nimble steerage, whereby they could turn and wield themselves with the wind which way they listed, they came oftentimes very near upon the Spaniards, and charged them so sore, that now and then they were but a pike"s length asunder; and so continually giving them one broadside after another, they discharged all their shot, both great and small, upon them, spending a whole day, from morning till night, in that violent kind of conflict." During this action many of the Spanish vessels were pierced through and through between wind and water; one was sunk, and it was learnt that one of her officers, having proposed to strike, was put to death by another; the brother of the slain man instantly avenged his death, and then the ship went down. Others are believed to have sunk, and many were terribly shattered. One, which leaked so fast that fifty men were employed at the pumps, tried to run aground on the Flemish coast, where her captain had to strike to a Dutch commander. Our ships at last desisted from the contest, from sheer want of ammunition; and the Armada made an effort to reach the Straits. Here a great engagement was expected, but the fighting was over, and that which the hand of man barely commenced the hand of G.o.d completed. The Spaniards "were now experimentally convinced that the English excelled them in naval strength. Several of their largest ships had been lost, others were greatly damaged; there was no port to which they could repair; and to force their way through the victorious English fleet, then in sight, and amounting to 140 sail, was plainly and confessedly impossible." They resolved upon returning to Spain by a northern route, and "having gotten more sea room for their huge-bodied bulks, spread their mainsails, and made away as fast as wind and water would give them leave." Effingham, leaving Seymour to blockade the Prince of Parma"s force, followed what our chroniclers now termed the Vincible Armada, and pursued them to Scotland, where they did not attempt to land, but made for Norway, "where the English," says Drake, "thought it best to leave them to those boisterous and uncouth northern seas."
Meantime, it was still expected ash.o.r.e that the Prince of Parma might effect a landing, and it was at this time that Elizabeth, who declared her intention to be present wherever the battle might be fought, rode through the soldiers" ranks at Tilbury, and made her now historical speech.
"Incredible it is," says Camden, "how much she encouraged the hearts of her captains and soldiers by her presence and her words." When a false report was brought that the prince had landed, the news was immediately published throughout the camp, "and a.s.suredly," says Southey, "if the enemy had set foot upon our sh.o.r.es they would have sped no better than they had done at sea, such was the spirit of the nation." Some time elapsed before the fate of the Armada was known. It was affirmed on the Continent that the greater part of the English fleet had been taken, and a large proportion sunk, the poor remainder having been driven into the Thames "all rent and torn." It was believed at Rome that Elizabeth was taken and England conquered! Meantime, the wretched Armada was being blown hither and thither by contending winds. The mules and horses had to be thrown overboard lest the water should fail. When they had reached a northern lat.i.tude, some 200 miles from the Scottish isles, the duke ordered them each to take the best course they could for Spain, and he himself with some five-and-twenty of his best provided ships reached it in safety. The others made for Cape Clear, hoping to water there, but a terrible storm arose, in which it is believed more than thirty of the vessels perished off the coast of Ireland. About 200 of the poor Spaniards were driven from their hiding-places and beheaded, through the inhumanity of Sir William Fitzwilliam. "Terrified at this, the other Spaniards, sick and starved as they were, committed themselves to the sea in their shattered vessels, and very many of them were swallowed up by the waves."
Two of their ships were wrecked on the coasts of Norway. Some few got into the English seas; two were taken by cruisers off Roch.e.l.le. About 700 men were cast ash.o.r.e in Scotland, were humanely treated, and subsequently sent, by request of the Prince of Parma, to the Netherlands. Of the whole Armada only fifty-three vessels returned to Spain; eighty-one were lost.
The enormous number of 14,000 men, of whom only 2,000 were prisoners, were missing. By far the larger proportion were lost by shipwreck.
[Ill.u.s.tration: QUEEN ELIZABETH ON HER WAY TO ST. PAUL"S.]
"Philip"s behaviour," says Southey, "when the whole of this great calamity was known, should always be recorded to his honour. He received it as a dispensation of Providence, and gave, and commanded to be given, throughout Spain, thanks to G.o.d and the saints that it was no greater." In England, a solemn thanksgiving was celebrated at St. Paul"s, where the Spanish ensigns which had been taken were displayed, and the same flags were shown on London Bridge the following day, it being Southwark Fair.
Many of the arms and instruments of torture taken are still to be seen in the Tower. Another great thanksgiving-day was celebrated on the anniversary of the queen"s accession, and one of great solemnity, two days later, throughout the realm. On the Sunday following, the queen went "as in public, but Christian triumph," to St. Paul"s, in a chariot "made in the form of a throne with four pillars," and drawn by four white horses; alighting from which at the west door, she knelt and "audibly praised G.o.d, acknowledging Him her only Defender, who had thus delivered the land from the rage of the enemy." Her Privy Council, the n.o.bility, the French amba.s.sador, the judges, and the heralds, accompanied her. The streets were hung with blue cloth and flags, "the several companies, in their liveries, being drawn up both sides of the way, with their banners in becoming and gallant order." Thus ended this most serious attempt at the invasion of England.
CHAPTER XVI.
THE HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (_continued_).
n.o.ble Adventurers-The Earl of c.u.mberland as a Pirate-Rich Prizes-Action with the _Madre de Dios_-Capture of the Great Carrack-A Cargo worth 150,000-Burning of the _Cinco Chagas_-But Fifteen saved out of Eleven Hundred Souls-The _Scourge of Malice_-Establishment of the Slave Trade-Sir John Hawkins"
Ventures-High-handed Proceedings-The Spaniards forced to Purchase-A Fleet of Slavers-Hawkins sanctioned by "Good Queen Bess"-Joins in a Negro War-A Disastrous Voyage-Sir Francis Drake-His First Loss-The Treasure at Nombre de Dios-Drake"s First Sight of the Pacific-Tons of Silver Captured-John Oxenham"s Voyage-The First Englishman on the Pacific-His Disasters and Death-Drake"s Voyage Round the World-Blood-letting at the Equator-Arrival at Port Julian-Trouble with the Natives-Execution of a Mutineer-Pa.s.sage of the Straits of Magellan-Vessels separated in a Gale-Loss of the _Marigold_-Tragic Fate of Eight Men-Drake Driven to Cape Horn-Proceedings at Valparaiso-Prizes taken-Capture of the great Treasure Ship-Drake"s Resolve to change his Course Home-Vessel refitted at Nicaragua-Stay in the Bay of San Francisco-The Natives worship the English-Grand Reception at Ternate-Drake"s Ship nearly wrecked-Return to England-Honours accorded Drake-His Character and Influence-Sir Humphrey Gilbert"s Disasters and Death-Raleigh"s Virginia Settlements.