[95] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 14-35.
[96] Lee"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_, p. 11; Carpenter"s _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 17; Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), p.
36.
[97] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 36-38.
[98] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 43, 44; _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 891.
[99] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 42, 43.
[100] Hughes"s _Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p. 271; Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp.
42-45; Carpenter"s _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 19; _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p.
891.
[101] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), p. 44; _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, pp. 891, 892.
[102] Neill"s _The History of Minnesota_, p. 621; Mrs. Abigail Gardner Sharp in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 32.
[103] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 44, 45; Carpenter"s _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 17; _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief_ _Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 891; Hughes"s _Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p. 270.
[104] Lee"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_, p. 11; Carpenter"s _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, pp. 17, 18; _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 891; Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 45, 46.
[105] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), p. 46.
[106] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), p. 48.
[107] Jareb Palmer"s _Incidents of the Late Indian Outrages_ in the _Hamilton Freeman_, July 23, 1857; Hughes"s _Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, pp. 272, 273.
[108] Dr. Strong had gone from Fort Dodge to Okoboji with the thought of locating there, but had finally decided upon Springfield. Eliza Gardner had been induced to spend the winter with the Strong family at Springfield.
[109] Jareb Palmer"s _Incidents of the Late Indian Outrages_ in the _Hamilton Freeman_ (Webster City), July 23, 1857; Hoover"s _Tragedy of Okoboji_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. V, pp. 19, 20.
[110] Jareb Palmer"s _Incidents of the Late Indian Outrages_ in the _Hamilton Freeman_ (Webster City), July 23, 1857.
CHAPTER VII
[111] Some authors give only three, Robert Clark, Enoch Ryan, and Jonathan Howe, as accompanying them upon their return. There seems good evidence to support the claim that Asa Burtch also made the return trip. See _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 893; Mrs.
Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), p. 51; Smith"s _A History of d.i.c.kinson County, Iowa_, p. 64; Carpenter"s _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 19.
CHAPTER VIII
[112] In spite of their villainous character the Sioux pitied the apparent misfortunes of the Inkpaduta band and explained their unhappy lot as follows: "Long ago some chiefs and princ.i.p.al men of the Iowas returned from Canada to Prairie du Chien in the winter, and attempted to pa.s.s through the Dakota territory to their own country.
They were kindly received and hospitably entertained by the Wabashaw band, who sent messengers to the Wahpekutas, then encamped at Dry Wood, requesting them to receive the Iowas in a friendly manner and to aid them in their journey. The Wahpekutas returned a favorable answer and prepared a feast for the Iowas, but killed them all while they were eating it." Thereafter, these Wahpekutas were very unfortunate, many were killed, and the band nearly perished. Their wickedness on this particular occasion was held to account for all their calamities of the future. In this connection read Pond"s _The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p. 425.
[113] Lee"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_, p. 14.
[114] Hughes"s _Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Ma.s.sacre_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p. 264.
[115] The term _gens_, as here used, implies descent in the male line.
It is also well in this connection to recall the fact that the Sioux were in no sense a nation but acted as bands, each band being entirely separate, distinct, and independent from any other.--See Dorsey"s _Siouan Sociology_ in the _Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, p. 213 ff.
[116] Richman"s _The Tragedy at Minnewaukon_ in _John Brown among the Quakers_, pp. 207, 208; Hodge"s _Handbook of the American Indians_, Pt. II, pp. 891, 902; Robinson"s _A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp.
215, 216; _House Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359.
[117] _House Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol.
II, Pt. I, p. 359; _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 887.
[118] Robinson"s _History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp. 204, 216.
[119] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt.
I, p. 389; Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol.
II, p. 220.
[120] Following the murder of Tasagi, Inkpaduta either through choice or fear became an exile from the band of Tasagi. His flight to the band of his father had automatically made him one. Doane Robinson in his _Sioux Indian Courts_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. V, pp. 404, 405, thus describes how a Wahpekuta became an exile:
"If the offense was peculiarly repellent to the better sentiment of the camp the court might insist upon the summary infliction of the sentence imposed. This might be the death penalty, exile or whipping; or it might be the destruction of the tepee and other property of the convict.... For some offenses a convict was exiled from the camp, given an old tepee and a blanket, but no arms, and was allowed to make a living if he could. Sometimes he would go off and join some other band, but such conduct was not considered good form and he usually set up his establishment on some small hill near the home camp and made the best of the situation. If he conducted himself properly he was usually soon forgiven and restored to his rights in the community. If he went off to another people he lost all standing among the Sioux and was thereafter treated as an outlaw and a renegade. The entire band of Inkpaduta, once the terror of the Dakota frontier, was composed of these outlaws." It was Inkpaduta"s flight to his father"s band at this time that lost, for him, all standing with the followers of Tasagi.
See also Robinson"s _A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp. 343, 344.
[121] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, p. 220.
[122] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, p. 221.
[123] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, p. 217.
[124] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, p. 220.
[125] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, pp. 217-222.
[126] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222; Robinson"s _A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, p. 209.
[127] Ingham"s _Ink-pa-du-tah"s Revenge_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[128] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, pp. 267, 268; _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, p. 226.
[129] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 56, 57.
[130] Mrs. Sharp"s _History of the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), p. 57. It is to be regretted that much of Mrs. Sharp"s characterization of the Sioux evidences an animus and a tendency to emphasize the bad rather than the good traits. The following from page 57 of her book is evidently unfair: "No other tribe of aborigines has ever exhibited more savage ferocity or so appalled and sickened the soul of humanity by wholesale slaughtering of the white race as has the Sioux".
[131] Hubbard and Holcombe"s _Minnesota in Three Centuries_, Vol. III, p. 223.
[132] Robinson"s _History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp. 346, 347.
[133] Hodge"s _Hand Book of the American Indians_, Pt. II, pp. 891, 902; _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. I, pp. 110, 111; _House Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt.
I, pp. 359, 389; Mrs. Sharp"s _Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 54-56.
CHAPTER IX