He next removed to Zurich, and about this time appeared "Lohengrin," his most popular opera. "Tristan and Isolde" was produced in 1856, and his comic opera, "Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg," three years later. In 1864 he received the patronage of King Louis of Bavaria, which enabled him to complete and perform his great work, "Der Ring der Nibelungen." He laid the foundation of the new theatre at Baireuth in 1872, and in 1875 the work was produced, and created a profound sensation all over the musical world. "Parsifal," his last opera, was first performed in 1882. His works have aroused great opposition, especially among conservative musicians, for the reason that he has set at defiance the conventional operatic forms, and in carrying out his theory of making the musical and dramatic elements of equal importance, and employing the former as the language of the latter in natural ways, has made musical declamation take the place of set melody, and swept away the customary arias, duets, quartets, and concerted numbers of the Italian school, to suit the dramatic exigencies of the situations. Besides his musical compositions, he enjoys almost equal fame as a litterateur, having written not only his own librettos, but four important works,--"Art and the Revolution," "The Art Work of the Future," "Opera and Drama," and "Judaism in Music." His music has made steady progress through the efforts of such advocates as Liszt, Von Bulow, and Richter in Germany, Pasdeloup in France, Hueffer in England, and Theodore Thomas in the United States. In 1870 he married Frau Cosima von Bulow, the daughter of Liszt,--an event which produced almost as much comment in social circles as his operas have in musical. He died during a visit to Venice, Feb. 13, 1883.
Love Feast of the Apostles.
"Das Liebesmahl der Apostel" ("The Love Feast of the Apostles"), a Biblical scene for male voices and orchestra, dedicated to Frau Charlotte Emilie Weinlig, the widow of the composer"s old teacher, was written in 1843, the year after "Rienzi," and was first performed in the Frauen-Kirche in Dresden at the Men"s Singing Festival, July 6 of that year.
The work opens with a full chorus of Disciples ("Gegrusst seid, Bruder, in des Herren Namen"), who have gathered together for mutual help and strength to endure the persecutions with which they are afflicted. The movement flows on quietly, though marked by strong contrasts, for several measures, after which the chorus is divided, a second and third chorus taking up the two subjects, "Uns droht der Macht"gen Ha.s.s," and "O fa.s.st Vertrau"n," gradually accelerating and working up to a climax, and closing pianissimo ("Der Macht"gen Spah"n verfolgt uns uberall").
In the next number the Apostles enter (twelve ba.s.s voices) with a sonorous welcome ("Seid uns gegrusst, ihr lieben Bruder"), reinforced by the Disciples, pianissimo ("Wir sind versammelt im Namen Jesu Christi"), the united voices at last in powerful strains ("Allmacht"ger Vater, der du hast gemacht Himmel und Erd" und Alles was darin") imploring divine help and the sending of the Holy Ghost to comfort them. At its close voices on high are heard ("Seid getrost, ich bin euch nah, und mein Geist ist mit euch"). The Disciples reply with increasing vigor ("Welch Brausen erfullt die Luft"). The Apostles encourage them to steadfast reliance upon the Spirit ("Klein muthige! Hort an was jetzt der Geist zu Kunden uns gebeut"), and the work comes to a close with a ma.s.sive chorale ("Denn ihm ist alle Herrlichkeit von Ewigkeit zu Ewigkeit"), worked up with overpowering dramatic force, particularly in the instrumentation. Though but a small composition compared with the masterpieces for the stage which followed it, it is peculiarly interesting in its suggestions of the composer"s great dramatic power which was to find its fruition in the later works from his pen.
WEBER.
Carl Maria von Weber was born Dec. 18, 1786, at Eutin, and may almost be said to have been born on the stage, as his father was at the head of a theatrical company, and the young Carl was carried in the train of the wandering troupe all over Germany. His first lessons were given to him by Henschkel, conductor of the orchestra of Duke Friedrich of Meiningen. At the age of fourteen he wrote his first opera, "Das Waldmadchen," which was performed several times during the year 1800. In 1801 appeared his two-act comic opera, "Peter Schmoll and his Neighbors," and during these two years he also frequently played in concerts with great success. He then studied with the Abbe Vogler, and in his eighteenth year was engaged for the conductorship of the Breslau opera. About this time appeared his first important opera, "Rubezahl." At the conclusion of his studies with Vogler he was made director of the opera at Prague. In 1816 he went to Berlin, where he was received with the highest marks of popular esteem, and thence to Dresden as hofcapellmeister. This was the most brilliant period in his career. It was during this time that he married Caroline Brandt, the actress and singer, who had had a marked influence upon his musical progress, and to whom he dedicated his exquisite "Invitation to the Dance." The first great work of his life, "Der Freischutz,"
was written at this period. Three other important operas followed,--"Preciosa," "Euryanthe," the first performance of which took place in Vienna in 1823, and "Oberon," which he finished in London and brought out there. Weber"s last days were spent in the latter city, and it was while making preparations to return to Germany, which he longed to see again, that he was stricken down with his final illness. On the 4th of June, 1826, he was visited by Sir George Smart, Moscheles, and other musicians who were eager to show him attention. He declined to have any one watch by his bedside, thanked them for their kindness, bade them good-by, and then turned to his friend Furstenau, and said, "Now let me sleep." These were his last words. The next morning he was found dead in his bed. He has left a rich legacy of works besides his operas,--a large collection of songs, many cantatas (of which the "Jubilee" and "Kampf und Sieg" are the finest), some ma.s.ses, of which that in E flat is the most beautiful, and several concertos, besides many brilliant rondos, polaccas, and marches for the piano.
Jubilee Cantata.
The "Jubilee Cantata" was written in 1818 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the reign of King Friedrich August of Saxony. The King having expressed a desire that there should be a court concert on the day of the anniversary, September 20, Count Vitzthum commissioned Weber to write a grand jubilee cantata. The poet Friedrich Kind supplied the words. While engaged in its composition Weber was informed by friends that other arrangements were being made for the concert, and on the 12th of September the information was confirmed by a letter from the Count which informed him that notwithstanding his personal protests, the Jubilee Cantata was not to be given. The son in his biography of his father intimates that the change was the result of intrigues on the part of his Italian rivals, Morlacchi, Zingarelli, and Nicolini. The same authority says that the cantata was finally produced in the Neustadt church for the benefit of the dest.i.tute peasantry in the Hartz mountains, Weber himself conducting the performance, and that only the overture to the work, now famous the world over as the "Jubel," was played at the court concert. The best authorities, however, now believe that the Jubel overture is an entirely independent work, having no connection with the cantata. The text of the cantata, which commemorates many special events in the life of the King, being found unsuitable for general performance, a second text was subsequently written by Amadeus Wendt, under the t.i.tle of "Ernte-Cantata" ("Harvest Cantata") which is the one now in common use, although still another version was made under the name of "The Festival of Peace," by Hampdon Napier, which was used at a performance in London under the direction of the composer himself only a few days before his death.
The cantata is written for the four solo voices, chorus, and orchestra.
It opens after a short allegro movement with a full jubilant chorus ("Your thankful Songs upraise"), the solo quartet joining in the middle part with chorus. The second number is a very expressive recitative and aria for tenor ("Happy Nation, still receiving"). The third is characterized by quiet beauty, and is very devotional in spirit. It begins with a soprano recitative and aria ("Yet not alone of Labor comes our Plenty"), leading up to a second recitative and aria ("The gracious Father hears us when we call"), which are very vivacious in style, closing with a tenor recitative ("The Air is mild and clear and grateful to the Reapers"). These prepare the way for a short but very powerful chorus ("Woe! see the Storm-Clouds"). In the next number ("How fearful are the Terrors Nature brings") the ba.s.s voice moralizes on the powers of Nature, followed by a plaintive strain for two sopranos, which leads up to a majestic prayer for chorus ("Lord Almighty, full of Mercy"). A ba.s.s recitative ("Lo, once our Prayer") introduces a beautiful quartet and chorus of thanksgiving ("Wreathe into Garlands the Gold of the Harvest").
They are followed by a tenor recitative and soprano solo ("Soon n.o.ble Fruit by Toil was won"), and the work comes to a close with a stately chorus of praise ("Father, reigning in Thy Glory").
Kampf und Sieg.
In June, 1815, Weber arrived in Munich and during his stay made the acquaintance of Fraulein Wohlbruck, the singer, which led to an introduction to her father, who was both an actor and a poet. On the very day that he met Wohlbruck, the news came to Munich of the victory of the Allies at Waterloo, the whole city was decorated and illuminated, and a great crowd, Weber with them, went to St. Michael"s Church to listen to a Te Deum. While there the idea of a grand cantata in commemoration of the victory came into his mind. On his return home he met Wohlbruck and communicated his purpose to him. The enthusiastic poet agreed to furnish the words. About the first of August the text was placed in Weber"s hands, and he at once set it to music. It was first produced on the 22d of December at Prague, and made a profound impression by its stirring military character and vivid battle-descriptions.
The cantata is written for the four solo voices, chorus of sopranos, altos, two tenors, and ba.s.ses and orchestra. A stirring orchestral introduction leads up to a people"s chorus which describes the disappearance of dissensions heralding the approach of victory. No. 3 is a ba.s.s solo ent.i.tled "Faith," with a delightful violoncello accompaniment. In No. 4, Love (soprano) and Hope (tenor) join with Faith in a song full of feeling. No. 5 is a soldiers" chorus of an enthusiastic and martial character, while in the distance is heard the Austrian Grenadier"s march mingling with it. In the next number the approach of the enemy is heard as the chorus closes with the majestic phrase, "Mit Gott sei unser Werk gethan." The lively march of the enemy comes nearer and nearer, interwoven with the next chorus, which is set to Korner"s prayer "Wie auch die Holle braust." Then follows the opening of the battle, with the roar of cannon, the shouts of the soldiers, and the cries of the wounded, through which is heard the French national air defiantly sounding. Another soldiers" chorus follows. It pictures the advance of the Prussian Jagers ("Ha! welch ein Klang"), followed by the simple strains of "G.o.d save the King!" In No. 9 the fight is renewed, the music reaching a pitch of almost ferocious energy, until the joyous cry is heard, "Hurrah! Er flieht," and the triumphant march of victory emphasizes the exultant paean, "Heil dir im Siegerkranz." The rest of the cantata is purely lyrical in style. Once more the voices of "Faith" and "Love" are heard, leading up to the final majestic chorus, "Herr Gott, Dich loben wir," accompanying a solo voice chanting the theme "Gieb und erhalte den Frieden der Welt."
WHITING.
George Elbridge Whiting was born at Holliston, Ma.s.s., Sept. 14, 1842. He began the study of the piano at a very early age, but soon abandoned it for the organ. His progress was so rapid that at the age of thirteen he made his public appearance as a player. In 1857 he went to Hartford, Conn., where he had accepted a position in one of the churches, and while there organized the Beethoven Society. In 1862 he removed to Boston, but shortly afterwards went to England, where he studied the organ for a year with Best. On his return he was engaged as organist of St. Joseph"s Church, Albany, N. Y., but his ambition soon took him to Europe again.
This time he went to Berlin and finished his studies with Radecke and Haupt. He then returned to Albany and remained there three years, leaving that city to accept a position at the church of the Immaculate Conception, Boston. In 1874 he was appointed organist at the Music Hall, and was also for some time at the head of the organ department of the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1878 he was organist for the third Cincinnati May Festival, and in 1879 accepted a position in the College of Music in that city, at the same time taking charge of the organ in the Music Hall, with what success those who attended the May Festivals in that city will remember. He remained in Cincinnati three years and then returned to his old position in Boston. Mr. Whiting ranks in the first cla.s.s of American organists, and has also been a prolific composer. Among his vocal works are a ma.s.s in C minor (1872); ma.s.s in F minor (1874); prologue to Longfellow"s "Golden Legend" (1873); cantatas, "Dream Pictures" (1877), "The Tale of the Viking" (1880); a concert overture ("The Princess"); a great variety of organ music, including "The Organist," containing twelve pieces for that instrument, and "the First Six Months on the Organ," with twenty-five studies; several concertos, fantasies, and piano compositions, and a large number of songs.
The Tale of the Viking.
"The Tale of the Viking" was written in compet.i.tion for the prize offered by the Cincinnati Musical Festival a.s.sociation in 1879, and though unsuccessful, is still regarded as one of the most admirable and scholarly works yet produced in this country. The text of the cantata is Longfellow"s "Skeleton in Armor," that weird and stirring story of the Viking, which the poet so ingeniously connected with the old mill at Newport.
The work comprises ten numbers, and is written for three solo voices (soprano, tenor, and barytone), chorus, and orchestra. A long but very expressive overture, full of the dramatic sentiment of the poem, prepares the way for the opening number, a short male chorus:--
""Speak! speak! thou fearful guest Who, with thy hollow breast Still in rude armor drest, Comest to daunt me!
Wrapt not in Eastern balms, But with thy fleshless palms Stretched, as if asking alms, Why dost thou haunt me?""
Next comes a powerful chorus for mixed voices ("Then from those cavernous Eyes"), which leads up to the opening of the Viking"s story ("I was a Viking old"), a barytone solo, which is made very dramatic by the skilful division of the song between recitative and the melody. In the fourth number the male chorus continues the narrative ("But when I older grew"), describing in a vivacious and spirited manner the wild life of the marauders on the sea and their winter wa.s.sails as they told the Berserker legends over their cups of ale. In the fifth the soprano voice tells of the wooing of "The blue-eyed Maid" in an aria ("Once, as I told in Glee") remarkable for its varying shades of expression. At its close a brilliant march movement, very sonorous in style and highly colored, introduces a vigorous chorus ("Bright in her Father"s Hall"), which describes the refusal of old Hildebrand to give his daughter"s hand to the Viking. A dramatic solo for barytone ("She was a Prince"s Child") pictures the flight of the dove with the sea-mew, which is followed by a chorus of extraordinary power as well as picturesqueness ("Scarce had I put to Sea"), vividly describing the pursuit, the encounter, and the Viking"s escape with his bride. A graceful but pathetic romance for tenor ("There lived we many Years"), which relates her death, and burial beneath the tower, leads to the closing number, a soprano solo with a full stately chorus, admirably worked up, picturing the death of the Viking, who falls upon his spear, and ending in an exultant and powerful burst of harmony, set to the words:--
""Thus, seamed with many scars, Bursting these prison bars, Up to its native stars My soul ascended; There from the flowing bowl Deep drinks the warrior"s soul, _Skoal_! to the Northland! _skoal_!"
Thus the tale ended."