401 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
The following are more complex: I. II.
Palladium, 65 to 75 parts 45 to 50 parts Copper, 15 to 25 " 15 to 25 "
Nickel, 1 to 5 " 2 to 5 "
Silver, 3 to 10 " 20 to 25 "
Gold, 1 to 2-1/2 " 2 to 5 "
Platinum, 1/2 to 2 " 2 to 5 "
Steel, 1 to 5 " 2 to 5 "
These alloys are used for balance springs, as well as for the balance wheels and escapement parts of watches. The elasticity of recently produced springs has been found to be very satisfactory.
Page Effect.
The sounds produced by magnetizing and demagnetizing a bar of iron or steel; the magnetic tick. The sounds are strong enough to produce a telephonic effect. (See Magnetic Tick.)
Palladium.
A metal of the platinum series. It has the highest power of occlusion, q.v., of all metals. It is the characteristic ingredient of non-magnetic watch alloys.
Palladium used as an electrode in the electrolysis of water will occlude 936 volumes of hydrogen, and the hydrogen-palladium alloy will exceed in size the original electrode.
Fig. 255. LUMINOUS PANE.
Pane, Luminous.
A pane of gla.s.s, one side of which has pasted to it a long zigzag strip of tinfoil. A design is made by cutting through the strip. On discharging a Leyden jar or an electric machine through the strip sparks appear where the tinfoil is severed, thus producing the design in a luminous effect. Many variations can be employed in their construction.
402 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Pantelegraphy.
A system of telegraphy for transmitting designs, maps, drawing, and the like by telegraphy. (See Telegraphy, Facsimile.)
Paper Filaments.
Filaments of carbon for incandescent lamps made from paper.
This is one of the earliest materials practically used. The paper is cut out of proper shape, and is carbonized in a close vessel, while embedded in powdered charcoal or some other form of carbon to absolutely cut off access of air. It is then placed in the lamp chamber and flashed or subjected to the regular treatment.
Parabola.
A curve; one of the conic sections. It is approximately represented by a small arc of a circle, but if extended becomes rapidly deeper than a half circle.
If, from a point within called the focus, lines are drawn to the curve and then other lines are drawn from these points parallel to the axis, the angles of incidence will he equal to the angles of reflection as referred to tangents at the points where the lines touch the curve.
[Transcriber"s note; The general equation of a parabola is A*x^2 + B*x*y + C*y^2 + D*x + E*y + F = 0 such that B^2 = 4*A*C, all of the coefficients are real, and A and C are not zero. A parabola positioned at the origin and symmetrical on the y axis is simplified to y = a*x^2 ]
Parabolic Reflector.
A reflector for a light, a paraboloid or surface of revolution whose section is a parabola. A light placed at its focus has its rays reflected parallel to each other.
Examples of parabolic reflectors are seen in electric search lights and in locomotive head-lights. They are employed in electric search lights.
The arc light must be of such construction as to maintain its ignited points always at the same point, the focus of the paraboloid.
Paraffine. v.
To coat or saturate with paraffine wax. Paper may be paraffined by dipping in the wax, or by being sprinkled with fragments of wax, subsequently melted in with a hot iron or otherwise. The tops of battery carbons are often paraffined to prevent the acid from rising in the pores by capillary attraction and rusting the connections.
403 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Paraffine Wax.
A hydro-carbon composed princ.i.p.ally of mixtures of the higher members of the paraffine series C n H2 n + 2. It is made from cannel coal, coal tar, or petroleum by distillation. It is an insulator. Its resistance at 46? C. (114.8? F.) per centimeter cube is 3.4E16 ohms, or about the highest resistance known.
Its specific inductive capacity (for milky wax) is 2.47 (Schiller). For clear wax it is given as follows by different authorities: 1.92 Ayrton.
1.96 W?llner.
1.977 Gibson & Barclay.
2.32 Baltzmann.
It is extensively used in condensers and other electric apparatus as a dielectric and insulator.
Paragr?les.
Protectors against hail; lightning rods used to guard fields against hail; of little or no real utility.
Parallax.
The apparent change in position of an object when looked at from two points of view. By looking at an object a few feet distant first with one eye and then with the other, the shifting in apparent position is seen.
In reading the position of an indicator or needle over a scale parallax introduces an error unless the eye is held vertically over the needle.
By making the dial of looking- gla.s.s and holding the eye so that the reflection of its pupil is bisected by the needle this verticality is ensured.
Parallel.
(a) In the nomenclature of electric circuits two or more conductors leading from one point to another, are said to be in parallel.
(b) When two or more conductors connect two main leads of comparatively large size and low resistance they are said to be in parallel or in multiple arc. This order is easiest pictured as the rungs of a ladder in parallel connecting its two sides representing the main leads.
It may be used as a noun as "arranged in parallel," or as an adjective as "a parallel circuit," the opposite of series, q. v.
Paramagnetic. adj.
Possessing paramagnetic properties; tending to occupy a position with the longer axis parallel to the lines of force of a magnetic field; having magnetism; attracted by a magnet.
"If a h.o.m.ogeneous isotropic substance is placed in a magnetic field it becomes magnetized at every point in the direction of the magnetic intensity at that point, and with an intensity of magnetization proportional to the magnetic intensity. When the positive direction of the induced magnetization is the same as that of the magnetic intensity the substance is called Magnetic or Paramagnetic; when it is opposite, the substance is called Diamagnetic." (Emtage.)