Fig. 272. DIAGRAM OF POTENTIOMETER CONNECTIONS.
Potentiometer.
An arrangement somewhat similar to the Wheatstone Bridge for determining potential difference, or the electro-motive force of a battery. In general principle connection is made so that the cell under trial would send a current in one direction through the galvanometer. Another battery is connected, and in shunt with its circuit the battery under trial and its galvanometer are connected, but so that its current is in opposition. By a graduated wire, like that of a meter bridge, the potential of the main battery shunt can be varied until no current pa.s.ses. This gives the outline of the method only.
433 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
In the cut A B is the graduated potentiometer wire through which a current is pa.s.sed in the direction of the arrow. E is the battery under trial, placed in opposition to the other current, with a galvanometer next it. Under the conditions shown, if the galvanometer showed no deflection, the E. M. F. of the battery would be to the E. M. F. between the ends of the potentiometer wire, 1 . . . . .10, as 1.5 the distance between the points of connection, A and D of the battery circuit, is to 10, the full length of the potentiometer wire.
Poundal.
The British unit of force; the force which acting on a ma.s.s of one pound for one second produces an acceleration of one foot.
[Transcriber"s note: The force which acting on a ma.s.s of one pound produces an acceleration of ONE FOOT PER SECOND PER SECOND.]
Power. Activity; the rate of activity, of doing work, or of expending energy. The practical unit of electric power is the volt-ampere or watt, equal to 1E7 ergs per second. The kilowatt, one thousand watts or volt-amperes, is a frequently adopted unit.
Power, Electric.
As energy is the capacity for doing work, electric energy is represented by electricity in motion against a resistance. This possesses a species of inertia, which gives it a species of kinetic energy. To produce such motion, electro- motive force is required. The product of E. M. F. by quant.i.ty is therefore electric energy. (See Energy, Electric.)
Generally the rate of energy or power is used. Its dimensions are ( ( (M^.5)*(L^.5) ) / T ) * ( ( (M^.5) *(L^1.5) )/( T^2) ) (intensity or current rate) * (electro-motive force or potential) = (M * (L^2) ) / (T^3), which are the dimensions of rate of work or activity. The practical unit of electric rate of energy or activity is the volt-ampere or watt. By Ohm"s law, q. v., we have C = E/R (C = current; E = potential difference or electro-motive force; R = resistance.) The watt by definition = C*E.
By subst.i.tution from Ohm"s formula we deduce for it the following values: ((C^2) * R) and ((E^2) /R). From these three expressions the relations of electric energy to E.M.F., Resistance, and Current can be deduced.
Power of Periodic Current.
The rate of energy in a circuit carrying a periodic current. In such a circuit the electro-motive force travels in advance of the current it produces on the circuit. Consequently at phases or intervals where, owing to the alternations of the current, the current is at zero, the electro-motive force may be quite high. At any time the energy rate is the product of the electro-motive force by the amperage. To obtain the power or average rate of energy, the product of the maximum electro-motive force and maximum current must be divided by two and multiplied by the cosine of the angle of lag, which is the angle expressing the difference of phase.
[Transcriber"s note; The voltage phase will lead if the load is inductive. The current phase will lead if the load is capacitive.
Capacitors or inductors may be introduced into power lines to correct the phase offset introduced by customer loads.]
434 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Pressel.
A press-b.u.t.ton often contained in a pear-shaped handle, arranged for attachment to the end of a flexible conductor, so as to hang thereby. By pressing the b.u.t.ton a bell may be rung, or a distant lamp may be lighted.
Pressure.
Force or stress exerted directly against any surface. Its dimensions are force/area or ((M*L)/(T^2)) / (L^2) = M/(L* (T^2)).
Pressure, Electric.
Electro-motive force or potential difference; voltage. An expression of metaphorical nature, as the term is not accurate.
Pressure, Electrification by.
A crystal of Iceland spar (calcium carbonate) pressed between the fingers becomes positively electrified and remains so for some time.
Other minerals act in a similar way. Dissimilar substances pressed together and suddenly separated carry off opposite charges. This is really contact action, not pressure action.
Primary.
A term used to designate the inducing coil in an induction coil or transformer; it is probably an abbreviation for primary coil.
Primary Battery.
A voltaic cell or battery generating electric energy by direct consumption of material, and not regenerated by an electrolytic process.
The ordinary voltaic cell or galvanic battery is a primary battery.
Prime. vb.
To impart the first charge to one of the armatures of a Holtz or other influence machine.
Fig. 273. PRIME CONDUCTOR AND PROOF PLANE.
435 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Prime Conductor.
A metal or metal coated sphere or cylinder or other solid with rounded ends mounted on insulating supports and used to collect electricity as generated by a frictional electric machine.
According to whether the prime conductor or the cushions are grounded positive or negative electricity is taken from the ungrounded part.
Generally the cushions are grounded, and the prime conductor yields positive electricity.
Probe, Electric.
A surgeon"s probe, designed to indicate by the closing of an electric circuit the presence of a bullet or metallic body in the body of a patient.
Two insulated wires are carried to the end where their ends are exposed, still insulated from each other. In probing a wound for a bullet if the two ends touch it the circuit is closed and a bell rings. If a bone is touched no such effect is produced. The wires are in circuit with an electric bell and battery.
Projecting Power of a Magnet.
The power of projecting its lines of force straight out from the poles.
This is really a matter of magnetic power, rather than of shape of the magnet. In electromagnets the custom was followed by making them long to get this effect. Such length was really useful in the regard of getting room for a sufficient number of ampere turns.
436 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Fig. 274. p.r.o.nY BRAKE.