Resistance annealed of a 1-inch cube, at 0? C. (32?F.) .5921 microhms.
Percentage increase in resistance per degree C.
(1.8 F.) at about 20? C. (68? F.), annealed, 0.377 per cent.
Electro-chemical equivalent, (Hydrogen = .0105) .1134 mgs.
Silver Bath.
A solution of a salt of silver for deposition in the electroplating process.
The following is a typical formula: Water, 10.0 parts by weight.
Pota.s.sium Cyanide, 5 " "
Metallic Silver, 2.5 " "
The silver is first dissolved as nitrate and converted into cyanide and added in that form, or for 2.5 parts metallic silver we may read: Silver cyanide, 3 parts by weight.
While many other formulas have been published the above is representative of the majority. Other solvents for the silver than pota.s.sium cyanide have been suggested, such as sodium hyposulphite, but the cyanide solution remains the standard.
Silver Stripping Bath.
Various baths are used to remove silver from old electroplated articles.
Their composition depends upon the base on which the metal is deposited.
Silvered iron articles are placed as anodes in a solution of 1 part pota.s.sium cyanide in 20 parts of water. As kathode a silver anode or a copper one lightly oiled may be used. From the latter the silver easily rubs off. For copper articles a mixture of fuming sulphuric acid and nitric acid (40? Beaum?) may be used. The presence of any water in this mixture will bring about the solution of the copper. Or fuming sulphuric acid may be heated to between 300? and 400? F., some pinches of dry pulverized pota.s.sium nitrate may be thrown in and the articles at once dipped. These methods effect the solution of the silver, leaving the copper unattacked.
485 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Simple Subst.i.tution.
A method of obtaining a resistance equal to that of a standard. The standard is put in circuit with a galvanometer and the deflection is noted. For the standard another wire is subst.i.tuted and its length altered until the same deflection is produced. The two resistances are then evidently identical. The standard can be again subst.i.tuted to confirm the result.
Sine Curve.
If we imagine a point moved back and forth synchronously with a pendulum, and if such point made a mark upon paper, it would trace the same line over and over again. If now the paper were drawn steadily along at right angles to the line of motion of the point, then the point would trace upon it a line like the profile of a wave. Such line is a sine curve. It derives its name from the following construction. Let a straight line be drawn, and laid off in fractions, such as degrees, of the perimeter of a circle of given diameter. Then on each division of the line let a perpendicular be erected equal in height to the sine of the angle of the circle corresponding to that division; then if the extremities of such lines be united by a curve such curve will be a sine curve.
In such a curve the abscissas are proportional to the times, while the ordinates are proportional to the sines of angles, which angles are themselves proportional to the times. The ordinates pa.s.s through positive and negative values alternately, while the abscissas are always positive.
Any number of sine curves can be constructed by varying the diameter of the original circle, or by giving to the abscissas a value which is a multiple of the true length of the divisions of circle. If the pendulum method of construction were used this would be attained by giving a greater or less velocity to the paper as drawn under the pendulum.
A species of equation for the curve is given as follows: y = sin( x )
In this x really indicates the arc whose length is x, and reference should be made to the value of the radius of the circle from which the curve is described. It will also be noticed that the equation only covers the case in which the true divisions of the circle are laid off on the line. If a multiple of such divisions are used, say n times, or 1-n times, then the equation should read y = n sin( x ) or y = sin( x ) / n
Synonyms--Curve of Sines--Sinusoidal Curve--Harmonic Curve.
486 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Sine Law.
The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the sine of the angle of deflection when--
I. The controlling force is constant in magnitude and direction; and
II. The deflecting force, although variable in its direction in s.p.a.ce, is fixed in direction relatively to the deflecting body.
Single Fluid Theory.
A theory of electricity. Electricity, as has been said, being conveniently treated as a fluid or fluids, the single fluid theory attributes electrical phenomena to the presence or absence of a single fluid. The fluid repels itself but attracts matter; an excess creates positive, a deficiency, negative electrification; friction, contact action or other generating cause altering the distribution creates potential difference or electrification. The a.s.sumed direction (see Direction) of the current and of lines of force are based on the single fluid theory. Like the double fluid theory, q. v., it is merely a convenience and not the expression of a truth. (See Fluid, Electric, and Double Fluid Theory.)
Synonym--Franklin"s Theory.
Single Fluid Voltaic Cell.
A galvanic couple using only a single fluid, such as the Smee or Volta cell.
Simple Harmonic Motion.
Motion of a point or body back and forth along a line; the motion of a pendulum, as regards its successive swings back and forth, is an example of harmonic motion.
Sinistrotorsal. adj.
The reverse of dextrotorsal, q. v. A helix with left-handed winding, the reverse of an ordinary screw, such as a wood-screw or corkscrew.
Skin Effect.
A current of very brief duration does not penetrate the ma.s.s of a conductor. Alternating currents for this reason are mainly conducted by the outer layers of a conductor. The above is sometimes called the skin effect.
Sled.
A contact for electric cars of the conduit system. It is identical with the plow, q.v., but is drawn after the cars instead of being pushed along with them.
Slide Meter Bridge.
A name for a Slide Bridge one meter long. There are also slide half meter and slide quarter meter bridges and others. (See Meter Bridge.)
S. N. Code.
Abbreviation for single needle code, the telegraphic alphabet used with the single needle system.
Soaking-in-and-out.
A term for the phenomena of the residual electrostatic charge; the gradual acquirement or loss by a condenser of a portion of its electrostatic charge.
487 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.