The rise of temperature produced in a cylindrical conductor by a current depends upon the diameter of the conductor and on the current. The length of the wire has only the indirect connection that the current will depend upon the resistance and consequently upon its length.
The quant.i.ty of heat produced in a conductor by a current is in gram-degree C. units equal to the product of the current, by the electro-motive force or potential difference maintained between the ends of the wire, by .24.
The cube of the diameter of a wire for a given rise of temperature produced in such conductor by a current is equal approximately to the product of the square of the current, by the specific resistance (q. v.) of the material of the conductor, by .000391, the whole divided by the desired temperature in centigrade units.
Heat, Electrical Convection of.
A term applied to the phenomena included under the Thomson effect, q.
v., the unequal or differential heating effect produced by a current of electricity in conductors whose different parts are maintained at different temperatures.
Heater, Electric.
An apparatus for converting electrical energy into thermal energy.
An incandescent lamp represents the principle, and in the Edison meter has been used as such to maintain the temperature of the solutions.
Heaters for warming water and other purposes have been constructed, utilizing conductors heated by the pa.s.sage of the current as a source of heat. (See also Heating Magnet.)
Heating Error.
In voltmeters the error due to alteration of resistance of the coil by heating. If too strong a current is sent through the instrument, the coils become heated and their resistance increased. They then do not pa.s.s as much current as they should for the potential difference to which they may be exposed. Their readings then will be too low. One way of avoiding the trouble is to have a key in circuit, and to pa.s.s only an instantaneous or very brief current through the instrument and thus get the reading before the coils have time to heat.
The heating error does not exist for ammeters, as they are constructed to receive the entire current, and any heating "error" within their range is allowed for in the dividing of the scale.
Heating Magnet.
An electro-magnet designed to be heated by Foucault currents induced in its core by varying currents in the windings. It has been proposed as a source of artificial heat, a species of electric heating apparatus for warming water, or other purposes.
287 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Heat, Irreversible.
The heat produced by an electric current in a conductor of identical qualities and temperature throughout. Such heat is the same whatever the direction of the current. The heating effect is irreversible because of the absence of the Thomson effect, q. v.) or Peltier effect, q. v.
Heat, Mechanical Equivalent of.
The mechanical energy corresponding to a given quant.i.ty of heat energy.
Mechanical energy is generally represented by some unit of weight and height, such as the foot-pound; and heat energy is represented by a given weight of water heated a given amount, such as a pound-degree centigrade. Joule"s equivalent is usually accepted; it states that 772.55 foot pounds of mechanical energy are equivalent to 1 pound-degree F. (one pound avds. of water raised in temperature one degree Fahrenheit). Other equivalencies have also been deduced.
Heat, Molecular.
The product of a specific heat of the compound by its molecular weight.
It is approximately equal to the sum of the atomic heats of its const.i.tuent elements.
The molecular heat represents the number of gram calories required to raise the temperature of a gram-molecule (a number of grams equal numerically to the molecular weight) one degree centigrade.
The molecular heat is approximately equal for all substances.
Heat, Specific.
The capacity of a body for heat; a coefficient representing the relative quant.i.ty of heat required to raise the temperature of an identical weight of a given body a defined and identical amount.
The standard of comparison is water; its specific heat is taken as unity. The specific heats by weight of other substances are less than unity. The specific heat varies with the temperature. Thus the specific heat of water is more strictly 1+.00015 t? C.
Specific heat is greater when a substance is in the liquid than when it is in the solid state. Thus the specific heat of ice is 0.489; less than half that of water. It differs with the allotropic modifications of bodies; the specific heat of graphite is .202; of diamond, .147.
The product of the specific heat by the atomic weight of elements gives a figure approximately the same. A similar law applies in the case of molecules. (See Heat, Atomic-Heat, Molecular.)
The true specific heat of a substance should be separated from the heat expended in expanding a body against molecular and atomic forces, and against the atmospheric pressure. So far this separation has not been possible to introduce in any calculations.
288 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.
Heat, Specific, of Electricity.
A proposed term to account for the heat absorbed or given out in unh.o.m.ogeneous conductors, by the Thomson effect, or Peltier effect (see Effect, Thomson--Effect, Peltier.) If a current of electricity be a.s.sumed to exist, then under the action of these effects it may be regarded as absorbing or giving out so many coulombs of heat, and thus establishing a basis for specific heat.
Heat Units.
The British unit of heat is the pound degree F--the quant.i.ty of heat required to raise the temperature of a pound of water from 32? to 33? F.
The C. G. S. unit is the gram-degree C.; another metric unit is the kilogram-degree C. The latter is the calorie; the former is sometimes called the small calorie or the joule; the latter is sometimes called the large calorie. The term joule is also applied to a quant.i.ty of heat equivalent to the energy of a watt-second or volt-coulomb. This is equal to .24l gram degree calorie.
Hecto.
A prefix to terms of measurement--meaning one hundred times, as hectometer, one hundred meters.
Heliograph.
An apparatus for reflecting flashes of light to a distant observer. By using the Morse telegraph code messages may thus be transmitted long distances. When possible the sun"s light is used.
Helix.
A coil of wire; properly a coil wound so as to follow the outlines of a screw without overlaying itself.
Fig. 194. LEFT-HANDED HELIX.
Fig. 195. RIGHT-HANDED HELIX.
Henry.
The practical unit of electro-magnetic or magnetic inductance. It is equal to 1E9 C. G. S., or absolute units of inductance. As the dimensions of inductance are a length the henry is equal to 1E9 centimeters, or approximately to one quadrant of the earth measured on the meridian.
Synonyms--Secohm--Quadrant--Quad.
289 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.