They did not know that he was trying to keep the Border States of Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri from seceding. If Maryland alone had gone out of the Union, Washington, the national capital, would have been surrounded and forced to surrender.
Besides, at this time, the armies of the North were losing nearly all the battles.
To declare all the slaves down South freed, when the Government could not enforce such a statement and could not even win a battle, would be absurd. To one committee the President said: "If I issued a proclamation of emanc.i.p.ation now it would be like the Pope"s bull (or decree) against the comet!"
A delegation of Chicago ministers came to beg Mr. Lincoln to free the slaves. He patiently explained to them that his declaring them free would not make them free. These men seemed to see the point and were retiring, disappointed, when one of them returned to him and whispered solemnly:
"What you have said to us, Mr. President, compels me to say to you in reply that it is a message from our divine Master, through me, commanding you, sir, to open the doors of bondage that the slave may go free!"
"Now, isn"t that strange?" the President replied instantly. "Here I am, studying this question, day and night, and G.o.d has placed it upon me, too. Don"t you think it"s rather odd that He should send such a message by way of that awful wicked city of Chicago?"
The ministers were shocked at such an answer from the President of the United States. They could not know, for Mr. Lincoln dared not tell them, that he had the Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation in his pocket waiting for a Federal victory before he could issue it!
THE PROCLAMATION
Then, came the news of Antietam, a terrible battle, but gained by the Northern arms. At last the time had come to announce the freeing of the slaves that they might help in winning their liberties. The President had not held a meeting of his Cabinet for some time. He thought of the occasion when, as a young man he went on a flatboat trip to New Orleans and saw, for the first, the horrors of negro slavery, and said to his companions:
"If ever I get a chance to hit that thing I"ll hit it hard!"
Now the "chance to hit that thing"--the inhuman monster of human slavery--had come, and he was going to "hit it hard."
He called the Cabinet together. Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, has described the scene:
"On the 22nd of September, 1862, I had a sudden and peremptory call to a Cabinet meeting at the White House. I went immediately and found the historic War Cabinet of Abraham Lincoln a.s.sembled, every member being present. The President hardly noticed me as I came in. He was reading a book of some kind which seemed to amuse him. It was a little book. He finally turned to us and said:
""Gentlemen, did you ever read anything from "Artemus Ward?" Let me read you a chapter that is very funny."
"Not a member of the Cabinet smiled; as for myself, I was angry, and looked to see what the President meant. It seemed to me like buffoonery.
He, however, concluded to read us a chapter from "Artemus Ward," which he did with great deliberation. Having finished, he laughed heartily, without a member of the Cabinet joining in the laughter.
""Well," he said, "let"s have another chapter."
"I was considering whether I should rise and leave the meeting abruptly, when he threw the book down, heaved a long sigh, and said:
""Gentlemen, why don"t you laugh? With the fearful strain that is upon me night and day, if I did not laugh I should die, and you need this medicine as much as I do."
"He then put his hand in his tall hat that sat upon the table, and pulled out a little paper. Turning to the members of the Cabinet, he said:
""Gentlemen, I have called you here upon very important business. I have prepared a little paper of much significance. I have made up my mind that this paper is to issue; that the time is come when it should issue; that the people are ready for it to issue.
""It is due to my Cabinet that you should be the first to hear and know of it, and if any of you have any suggestions to make as to the form of this paper or its composition, I shall be glad to hear them. But the paper is to issue."
"And, to my astonishment, he read the Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation of that date, which was to take effect the first of January following."
Secretary Stanton continued: "I have always tried to be calm, but I think I lost my calmness for a moment, and with great enthusiasm I arose, approached the President, extended my hand and said:
""Mr. President, if the reading of chapters of "Artemus Ward" is a prelude to such a deed as this, the book should be filed among the archives of the nation, and the author should be canonized. Henceforth I see the light and the country is saved."
"And all said "Amen!"
"And Lincoln said to me in a droll way, just as I was leaving, "Stanton, it would have been too early last Spring."
"And as I look back upon it, I think the President was right."
It was a fitting fulfillment of the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed that:
"All men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
That Declaration young Abe Lincoln first read in the Gentryville constable"s copy of the "Statutes of Indiana."
At noon on the first of January, 1863, William H. Seward, Secretary of State, with his son Frederick, called at the White House with the Emanc.i.p.ation doc.u.ment to be signed by the President. It was just after the regular New Year"s Day reception.
Mr. Lincoln seated himself at his table, took up the pen, dipped it in the ink, held the pen a moment, then laid it down. After waiting a while he went through the same movements as before. Turning to his Secretary of State, he said, to explain his hesitation:
"I have been shaking hands since nine o"clock this morning, and my arm is almost paralyzed. If my name ever goes into history, it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it. If my hand trembles when I sign the Proclamation, all who examine the doc.u.ment hereafter will say:
""He hesitated.""
Turning back to the table, he took the pen again and wrote, deliberately and firmly, the "Abraham Lincoln" with which the world is now familiar.
Looking up at the Sewards, father and son, he smiled and said, with a sigh of relief:
"_That will do!_"
CHAPTER XIX
THE GLORY OF GETTYSBURG
THE BATTLE
The Battle of Gettysburg, which raged through July 1st, 2nd and 3d, 1863, was called the "high water mark" of the Civil War, and one of the "fifteen decisive battles" of history. It was decisive because General Robert E. Lee, with his brave army, was driven back from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. If Lee had been victorious there, he might have destroyed Philadelphia and New York. By such a brilliant stroke he could have surrounded and captured Baltimore and Washington. This would have changed the grand result of the war.
In point of numbers, bravery and genius, the battle of Gettysburg was the greatest that had ever been fought up to that time. Glorious as this was, the greatest glory of Gettysburg lay in the experiences and utterances of one man, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America.
It came at a terrible time in the progress of the war, when everything seemed to be going against the Union. There had been four disastrous defeats--twice at Bull Run, followed by Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Even the battle of Antietam, accounted victory enough for the President to issue his Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation, proved to be a drawn battle, with terrific losses on both sides. Lee was driven back from Maryland then, it is true, but he soon won the great battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and had made his way north into Pennsylvania.
The night after the battle of Chancellorsville (fought May 2nd and 3d, 1863), was the darkest in the history of the Civil War. President Lincoln walked the floor the whole night long, crying out in his anguish, "O what will the country say!"
To fill the decimated ranks of the army, the Government had resorted to the draft, which roused great opposition in the North and provoked foolish, unreasoning riots in New York City.
After winning the battle of Gettysburg, which the President hoped would end the war, General Meade, instead of announcing that he had captured the Confederate army, stated that he had "driven the invaders from our soil." Mr. Lincoln fell on his knees and, covering his face with his great, strong hands, cried out in tones of agony:
""Driven the invaders from our soil!" My G.o.d, is that all?"
But Lincoln"s spirits were bound to rise. Believing he was "on G.o.d"s side," he felt that the cause of Right could not lose, for the Lord would save His own.