I must not close my discourse upon silence, without informing my reader, that I have by me an elaborate treatise on the Aposiopesis called an "Et caetera," it being a figure much used by some learned authors, and particularly by the great Littleton, who, as my Lord Chief Justice c.o.ke observes, had a most admirable talent at an et cetera.[94]
ADVERTIs.e.m.e.nT.
To oblige the Pretty Fellows, and my fair readers, I have thought fit to insert the whole pa.s.sage above mentioned relating to Dido, as it is translated by Mr. Dryden:
_Not far from thence, the mournful fields appear; So called, from lovers that inhabit there.
The souls, whom that unhappy flame invades, In secret solitude, and myrtle shades, Make endless moans, and pining with desire, Lament too late their unextinguished fire.
Here Procris, Eryphile here, he found Baring her breast, yet bleeding with the wound Made by her son. He saw Pasiphae there, With Phaedra"s ghost, a foul incestuous pair; There Laodamia with Evadne moves: Unhappy both, but loyal in their loves.
Caeneus, a woman once, and once a man; But ending in the s.e.x she first began.
Not far from these, Phoenician Dido stood; Fresh from her wound, her bosom bathed in blood.
Whom, when the Trojan hero hardly knew, Obscure in shades, and with a doubtful view (Doubtful as he who runs through dusky night, Or thinks he sees the moon"s uncertain light) With tears he first approached the sullen shade; And, as his love inspired him, thus he said: "Unhappy queen! Then is the common breath Of rumour true, in your reported death; And I, alas, the cause! By Heaven, I vow, And all the powers that rule the realms below, Unwilling I forsook your friendly state, Commanded by the G.o.ds, and forced by Fate.
Those G.o.ds, that Fate, whose unresisted might, Have sent me to these regions, void of light, Through the vast empire of eternal night.
Nor dared I to presume, that, pressed with grief, My flight should urge you to this dire relief.
Stay, stay your steps, and listen to my vows; "Tis the last interview that Fate allows!"
In vain he thus attempts her mind to move, With tears and prayers, and late repenting love.
Disdainfully she looked, then turning round; But fixed her eyes unmoved upon the ground; And, what he says, and swears, regards no more Than the deaf rocks, when the loud billows roar; But whirled away, to shun his hateful fight, Hid in the forest, and the shades of night.
Then sought Sichaeus through the shady grove, Who answered all her cares, and equalled all her love._
[Footnote 89: "Iliad," iii. 3.]
[Footnote 90: "Odyssey," xi. 563.]
[Footnote 91: "aeneid," vi. 46.]
[Footnote 92: Sichaeus.]
[Footnote 93: Jaffier. See Otway"s "Venice Preserved," act v. sc. 3.]
[Footnote 94: In the preface to his "Inst.i.tutes of the Laws of England; or, a Commentary upon Littleton," c.o.ke says, "Certain it is, that there is never a period, nor (for the most part) a word, nor an &c., but affordeth excellent matter of learning."]
No. 134. [STEELE.
From _Tuesday, Feb. 14_, to _Thursday, Feb. 16, 1709-10_.
----Quis talia fando Myrmidonum, Dolopumve, aut duri miles Ulixi, Temperet a lachrimis!--VIRG., aen. ii. 6.
_Sheer Lane, February 15._
I was awakened very early this morning by the distant crowing of a c.o.c.k, which I thought had the finest pipe I ever heard. He seemed to me to strain his voice more than ordinary, as if he designed to make himself heard to the remotest corner of this lane. Having entertained myself a little before I went to bed with a discourse on the transmigration of men into other animals, I could not but fancy that this was the soul of some drowsy bellman who used to sleep upon his post, for which he was condemned to do penance in feathers, and distinguish the several watches of the night under the outside of a c.o.c.k. While I was thinking of the condition of this poor bellman in masquerade, I heard a great knocking at my door, and was soon after told by my maid, that my worthy friend the tall black gentleman, who frequents the coffee-houses hereabouts, desired to speak with me. This ancient Pythagorean, who has as much honesty as any man living, but good nature to an excess, brought me the following pet.i.tion, which I am apt to believe he penned himself, the pet.i.tioner not being able to express his mind in paper under his present form, however famous he might have been for writing verses when he was in his original shape.
"_To Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq., Censor of Great Britain._
"The humble pet.i.tion of Job Chanticleer, in behalf of himself, and many other poor sufferers in the same condition;
"SHEWETH,
"That whereas your pet.i.tioner is truly descended of the ancient family of the Chanticleers at c.o.c.k Hall near Romford in Ess.e.x, it has been his misfortune to come into the mercenary hands of a certain ill-disposed person, commonly called a "higgler," who, under the close confinement of a pannier, has conveyed him and many others up to London; but hearing by chance of your worship"s great humanity towards robin-redb.r.e.a.s.t.s and tom-t.i.ts,[95] he is emboldened to beseech you to take his deplorable condition into your tender consideration, who otherwise must suffer (with many thousands more as innocent as himself) that inhumane barbarity of a Shrove Tuesday persecution.[96] We humbly hope that our courage and vigilance may plead for us on this occasion.
"Your poor pet.i.tioner most earnestly implores your immediate protection from the insolence of the rabble, the batteries of catsticks,[97] and a painful lingering death.
"And your pet.i.tioner, &c.
"From my coup in Clare Market, _February 13, 1709_."
Upon delivery of this pet.i.tion, the worthy gentleman who presented it, told me the customs of many wise nations of the East, through which he had travelled; that nothing was more frequent than to see a dervish lay out a whole year"s income in the redemption of larks or linnets that had unhappily fallen into the hands of bird-catchers:[98] that it was also usual to run between a dog and a bull to keep them from hurting one another, or to lose the use of a limb in parting a couple of furious mastiffs. He then insisted upon the ingrat.i.tude and disingenuity[99] of treating in this manner a necessary and domestic animal, that has made the whole house keep good hours, and called up the cook maid for five years together. "What would a Turk say," continued he, "should he hear, that it is a common entertainment in a nation which pretends to be one of the most civilised of Europe, to tie an innocent animal to a stake, and put him to an ignominious death, who has perhaps been the guardian and proveditor of a poor family, as long as he was able to get eggs for his mistress?"
I thought what this gentleman said was very reasonable; and have often wondered, that we do not lay aside a custom which makes us appear barbarous to nations much more rude and unpolished than ourselves. Some French writers have represented this diversion of the common people much to our disadvantage, and imputed it to natural fierceness and cruelty of temper; as they do some other entertainments peculiar to our nation: I mean those elegant diversions of bull-baiting and prize-fighting, with the like ingenious recreations of the bear-garden.[100] I wish I knew how to answer this reproach which is cast upon us, and excuse the death of so many innocent c.o.c.ks, bulls, dogs, and bears, as have been set together by the ears, or died untimely deaths only to make us sport.
It will be said, that these are the entertainments of common people. It is true; but they are the entertainments of no other common people.[101]
Besides, I am afraid there is a tincture of the same savage spirit in the diversions of those of higher rank, and more refined relish. Rapin observes, that the English theatre very much delights in bloodshed, which he likewise represents as an indication of our tempers. I must own, there is something very horrid in the public executions of an English tragedy. Stabbing and poisoning, which are performed behind the scenes in other nations, must be done openly among us, to gratify the audience.[102]
When poor Sandford[103] was upon the stage, I have seen him groaning upon a wheel, stuck with daggers, impaled alive, calling his executioners, with a dying voice, cruel dogs and villains! And all this to please his judicious spectators, who were wonderfully delighted with seeing a man in torment so well acted. The truth of it is, the politeness of our English stage, in regard to decorum, is very extraordinary. We act murders to show our intrepidity, and adulteries to show our gallantry: both of them are frequent in our most taking plays, with this difference only, that the first are done in sight of the audience, and the other wrought up to such a height upon the stage, that they are almost put in execution before the actors can get behind the scenes.
I would not have it thought, that there is just ground for those consequences which our enemies draw against us from these practices; but methinks one would be sorry for any manner of occasion for such misrepresentations of us. The virtues of tenderness, compa.s.sion and humanity, are those by which men are distinguished from brutes, as much as by reason itself; and it would be the greatest reproach to a nation to distinguish itself from all others by any defect in these particular virtues. For which reasons, I hope that my dear countrymen will no longer expose themselves by an effusion of blood, whether it be of theatrical heroes, c.o.c.ks, or any other innocent animals, which we are not obliged to slaughter for our safety, convenience, or nourishment.
Where any of these ends are not served in the destruction of a living creature, I cannot but p.r.o.nounce it a great piece of cruelty, if not a kind of murder.
[Footnote 95: See No. 112.]
[Footnote 96: See the date of this number.]
[Footnote 97: Sticks used in the game of tip-cat and trap-ball.]
[Footnote 98: Cf. the _Spectator_, No. 343, where Addison refers to Sir Paul Rycaut"s work on the Ottoman Empire.]
[Footnote 99: Disingenuousness.]
[Footnote 100: See Nos. 28, 31.]
[Footnote 101: "c.o.c.k-fighting is diverting enough, the anger and eagerness of these little creatures, and the triumphant crowing of a c.o.c.k when he strutts haughtily on the body of his enemy, has something in"t singular and pleasant. What renders these shows less agreeable is the great number of wagerers, who appear as angry as the c.o.c.ks themselves, and make such a noise that one would believe every minute they were going to fight; but combats among the men are another kind of diversion, where the spectators are more peaceable" ("Letters describing the Character and Customs of the English and French Nations; by Mr.
Muralt, a Gentleman of Switzerland. 2nd ed.; translated from the French." London, 1726, p. 41). In Hogarth"s picture of a c.o.c.k-fight a Frenchman is depicted turning away in disgust (see Lecky"s "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," 1878, i. 552). "There will be a c.o.c.k-match fought at Leeds in Yorkshire, the 19th of March next; and another at Wakefield the 23rd of April next. At each meeting 40 c.o.c.ks on each side will be shewn. These are fought betwixt the people of the West and North Riding of Yorkshire; And every Battel 5_l._ each side, and 50_l._ the odd Battel, and four Shake Bags for 10_l._ each c.o.c.k"
(_London Gazette_, March 8-12, 1687). A c.o.c.k-match between Surrey and Suss.e.x was to commence on May 4, 1703, "and will continue the whole week" (_London Gazette_, April 12-15, 1703) "The Royal Pastime of c.o.c.k-fighting, or, the Art of Breeding, Feeding, Fighting and Curing c.o.c.ks of the Game. Published purely for the good and benefit of all such as take Delight in that Royal and Warlike Sport. To which is prefixed, a Short Treatise, wherein c.o.c.king is proved not only ancient and honourable, but also useful and profitable. By R. H., a Lover of the Sport, and a friend to such as delight in Military Discipline" (_Post Boy_, Jan. 15-18, 1708-9).]
[Footnote 102: Addison, also referring to Rapin, writes to the same effect in the _Spectator_, No. 44. Rapin said, in his "Reflections on Aristotle"s Treatise of Poetry," translated in 1694: "The English, our neighbours, love blood in their sports, by the quality of their temperament.... The English have more of genius for tragedy than other people, as well by the spirit of their nation, which delights in cruelty, as also by the character of their language, which is proper for great expressions." There is an "Address to the c.o.c.k-killers" in Lillie"s "Letters sent to the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_," i. 25-29.]
[Footnote 103: Samuel Sandford seems to have left the stage about 1700.
He had a low and crooked person, and Cibber describes him as "an excellent actor in disagreeable parts." Charles II. called him the best villain in the world. There is a story of a new play being d.a.m.ned because Sandford played the part of an honest statesman, and the pit was therefore disappointed at not seeing the usual Iago-like or Machiavelian character.]