I have now set forth the rules for houses in town so far as I could describe them in a summary way. Next I shall state how farmhouses may be arranged with a view to convenience in use, and shall give the rules for their construction.
CHAPTER VI
THE FARMHOUSE
1. In the first place, inspect the country from the point of view of health, in accordance with what is written in my first book, on the building of cities, and let your farmhouses be situated accordingly.
Their dimensions should depend upon the size of the farm and the amount of produce. Their courtyards and the dimensions thereof should be determined by the number of cattle and the number of yokes of oxen that will need to be kept therein. Let the kitchen be placed on the warmest side of the courtyard, with the stalls for the oxen adjoining, and their cribs facing the kitchen fire and the eastern quarter of the sky, for the reason that oxen facing the light and the fire do not get rough-coated. Even peasants wholly without knowledge of the quarters of the sky believe that oxen ought to face only in the direction of the sunrise.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _From Mau_
THE VILLA RUSTICA AT BOSCOREALE NEAR POMPEII
_A._ Court. _B._ Kitchen. _C-F._ Baths. _H._ Stable.
_J._ Toolroom. _K, L, V, V._ Bedrooms.
_N._ Dining Room. _M._ Anteroom. _O._ Bakery.
_P._ Room with two winepresses. _Q._ Corridor.
_B._ Court for fermentation of wine. _S._ Barn.
_T._ Threshing-floor. _Y._ Room with oil press.
2. Their stalls ought to be not less than ten nor more than fifteen feet wide, and long enough to allow not less than seven feet for each yoke.
Bathrooms, also, should adjoin the kitchen; for in this situation it will not take long to get ready a bath in the country.
Let the pressing room, also, be next to the kitchen; for in this situation it will be easy to deal with the fruit of the olive. Adjoining it should be the wine room with its windows lighted from the north. In a room with windows on any other quarter so that the sun can heat it, the heat will get into the wine and make it weak.
3. The oil room must be situated so as to get its light from the south and from warm quarters; for oil ought not to be chilled, but should be kept thin by gentle heat. In dimensions, oil rooms should be built to accommodate the crop and the proper number of jars, each of which, holding about one hundred and twenty gallons, must take up a s.p.a.ce four feet in diameter. The pressing room itself, if the pressure is exerted by means of levers and a beam, and not worked by turning screws, should be not less than forty feet long, which will give the lever man a convenient amount of s.p.a.ce. It should be not less than sixteen feet wide, which will give the men who are at work plenty of free s.p.a.ce to do the turning conveniently. If two presses are required in the place, allow twenty-four feet for the width.
4. Folds for sheep and goats must be made large enough to allow each animal a s.p.a.ce of not less than four and a half, nor more than six feet.
Rooms for grain should be set in an elevated position and with a northern or north-eastern exposure. Thus the grain will not be able to heat quickly, but, being cooled by the wind, keeps a long time. Other exposures produce the corn weevil and the other little creatures that are wont to spoil the grain. To the stable should be a.s.signed the very warmest place in the farmhouse, provided that it is not exposed to the kitchen fire; for when draught animals are stabled very near a fire, their coats get rough.
5. Furthermore, there are advantages in building cribs apart from the kitchen and in the open, facing the east; for when the oxen are taken over to them on early winter mornings in clear weather, their coats get sleeker as they take their fodder in the sunlight. Barns for grain, hay, and spelt, as well as bakeries, should be built apart from the farmhouse, so that farmhouses may be better protected against danger from fire. If something more refined is required in farmhouses, they may be constructed on the principles of symmetry which have been given above in the case of town houses, provided that there is nothing in such buildings to interfere with their usefulness on a farm.
6. We must take care that all buildings are well lighted, but this is obviously an easier matter with those which are on country estates, because there can be no neighbour"s wall to interfere, whereas in town high party walls or limited s.p.a.ce obstruct the light and make them dark.
Hence we must apply the following test in this matter. On the side from which the light should be obtained let a line be stretched from the top of the wall that seems to obstruct the light to the point at which it ought to be introduced, and if a considerable s.p.a.ce of open sky can be seen when one looks up above that line, there will be no obstruction to the light in that situation.
7. But if there are timbers in the way, or lintels, or upper stories, then, make the opening higher up and introduce the light in this way.
And as a general rule, we must arrange so as to leave places for windows on all sides on which a clear view of the sky can be had, for this will make our buildings light. Not only in dining rooms and other rooms for general use are windows very necessary, but also in pa.s.sages, level or inclined, and on stairs; for people carrying burdens too often meet and run against each other in such places.
I have now set forth the plans used for buildings in our native country so that they may be clear to builders. Next, I shall describe summarily how houses are planned in the Greek fashion, so that these also may be understood.
CHAPTER VII
THE GREEK HOUSE
1. The Greeks, having no use for atriums, do not build them, but make pa.s.sage-ways for people entering from the front door, not very wide, with stables on one side and doorkeepers" rooms on the other, and shut off by doors at the inner end. This place between the two doors is termed in Greek [Greek: thyroreion]. From it one enters the peristyle.
This peristyle has colonnades on three sides, and on the side facing the south it has two antae, a considerable distance apart, carrying an architrave, with a recess for a distance one third less than the s.p.a.ce between the antae. This s.p.a.ce is called by some writers "prostas," by others "pastas."
[Ill.u.s.tration: PLAN OF VITRUVIUS" GREEK HOUSE ACCORDING TO BECKER]
2. Hereabouts, towards the inner side, are the large rooms in which mistresses of houses sit with their wool-spinners. To the right and left of the prostas there are chambers, one of which is called the "thalamos," the other the "amphithalamos." All round the colonnades are dining rooms for everyday use, chambers, and rooms for the slaves. This part of the house is termed "gynaeconitis."
3. In connexion with these there are ampler sets of apartments with more sumptuous peristyles, surrounded by four colonnades of equal height, or else the one which faces the south has higher columns than the others. A peristyle that has one such higher colonnade is called a Rhodian peristyle. Such apartments have fine entrance courts with imposing front doors of their own; the colonnades of the peristyles are decorated with polished stucco in relief and plain, and with coffered ceilings of woodwork; off the colonnades that face the north they have Cyzicene dining rooms and picture galleries; to the east, libraries; exedrae to the west; and to the south, large square rooms of such generous dimensions that four sets of dining couches can easily be arranged in them, with plenty of room for serving and for the amus.e.m.e.nts.
4. Men"s dinner parties are held in these large rooms; for it was not the practice, according to Greek custom, for the mistress of the house to be present. On the contrary, such peristyles are called the men"s apartments, since in them the men can stay without interruption from the women. Furthermore, small sets of apartments are built to the right and left, with front doors of their own and suitable dining rooms and chambers, so that guests from abroad need not be shown into the peristyles, but rather into such guests" apartments. For when the Greeks became more luxurious, and their circ.u.mstances more opulent, they began to provide dining rooms, chambers, and store-rooms of provisions for their guests from abroad, and on the first day they would invite them to dinner, sending them on the next chickens, eggs, vegetables, fruits, and other country produce. This is why artists called pictures representing the things which were sent to guests "xenia." Thus, too, the heads of families, while being entertained abroad, had the feeling that they were not away from home, since they enjoyed privacy and freedom in such guests" apartments.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _From Bull. de. Corr. h.e.l.l. 1895_
GREEK HOUSE AT DELOS]
5. Between the two peristyles and the guests" apartments are the pa.s.sage-ways called "mesauloe," because they are situated midway between two courts; but our people called them "andrones."
This, however, is a very strange fact, for the term does not fit either the Greek or the Latin use of it. The Greeks call the large rooms in which men"s dinner parties are usually held [Greek: andrones], because women do not go there. There are other similar instances as in the case of "xystus," "prothyrum," "telamones," and some others of the sort. As a Greek term, [Greek: xystos] means a colonnade of large dimensions in which athletes exercise in the winter time. But our people apply the term "xysta" to uncovered walks, which the Greeks call [Greek: paradromides]. Again, [Greek: prothyra] means in Greek the entrance courts before the front doors; we, however, use the term "prothyra" in the sense of the Greek [Greek: diathyra].
[Ill.u.s.tration: _From Mitt. d. Deutsch. Arch. Inst_.
GREEK HOUSE DISCOVERED AT PERGAMUM IN 1903
13. Prothyron. 7. Tablinum.]
6. Again, figures in the form of men supporting mutules or coronae, we term "telamones"--the reasons why or wherefore they are so called are not found in any story--but the Greeks name them [Greek: atlantes]. For Atlas is described in story as holding up the firmament because, through his vigorous intelligence and ingenuity, he was the first to cause men to be taught about the courses of the sun and moon, and the laws governing the revolutions of all the constellations. Consequently, in recognition of this benefaction, painters and sculptors represent him as holding up the firmament, and the Atlantides, his daughters, whom we call "Vergiliae" and the Greeks [Greek: Pleiades], are consecrated in the firmament among the constellations.
7. All this, however, I have not set forth for the purpose of changing the usual terminology or language, but I have thought that it should be explained so that it may be known to scholars.
I have now explained the usual ways of planning houses both in the Italian fashion and according to the practices of the Greeks, and have described, with regard to their symmetry, the proportions of the different cla.s.ses. Having, therefore, already written of their beauty and propriety, I shall next explain, with reference to durability, how they may be built to last to a great age without defects.
CHAPTER VIII
ON FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURES
1. Houses which are set level with the ground will no doubt last to a great age, if their foundations are laid in the manner which we have explained in the earlier books, with regard to city walls and theatres.
But if underground rooms and vaults are intended, their foundations ought to be thicker than the walls which are to be constructed in the upper part of the house, and the walls, piers, and columns of the latter should be set perpendicularly over the middle of the foundation walls below, so that they may have solid bearing; for if the load of the walls or columns rests on the middle of spans, they can have no permanent durability.
2. It will also do no harm to insert posts between lintels and sills where there are piers or antae; for where the lintels and beams have received the load of the walls, they may sag in the middle, and gradually undermine and destroy the walls. But when there are posts set up underneath and wedged in there, they prevent the beams from settling and injuring such walls.
3. We must also manage to discharge the load of the walls by means of archings composed of voussoirs with joints radiating to the centre. For when arches with voussoirs are sprung from the ends of beams, or from the bearings of lintels, in the first place they will discharge the load and the wood will not sag; secondly, if in course of time the wood becomes at all defective, it can easily be replaced without the construction of shoring.