104a. For Christian sarcophagi with like symbolism, _see_ "Art"). M.
de Castillo (Madrid, 1658) reflects in symbolism the increments of a later age when he sees in Susanna a type of the Virgin Mary--"Maria Virgo in illa figurata."
There does not appear to be anything "Messianic" in this writing, unless Daniel himself be regarded as a type of Christ, executing just judgment, separating the righteous publicly from the wicked. There is also Origen"s statement bearing upon this matter (_ad Afric._, see _Speaker"s Comm._ 327b), as to the prospect of becoming Messiah"s mother, which the Elders held out to Susanna. St. Jerome, at the end of his _Commentary on Jeremiah_, has a slightly different version of their outrageous pretences.
Standing on surer ground than such speculations the theology of the piece itself is sound and proper.
CHRONOLOGY.
The period in which this trial befel Susanna is plainly that of the Babylonian Captivity, after the Jews were well settled in their conqueror"s land, but not very long after.
The time covered by the narrative itself is obviously a very short one, probably only a few days at the outside.
If the suggestion in Julius Africa.n.u.s" letter to Origen is correct, Joacim, Susanna"s husband, was none other than Jehoiachin, the captive king of Judah. But Africa.n.u.s is not by any means confident of this; nor does Hippolytus so identify them,[49] but contents himself with commenting on the statement of the text (v. 4) that Joacim was a very rich man. Nor is there anything in the Greek of either version to indicate his royalty, though the a.s.sertion that "he was more honourable than all others" fits in well with the notion. But if the story was coeval in its first form with the events narrated in it, the fact might be taken as universally known; or it might be thought politic to suppress it, as likely to be unpalatable to the reigning Babylonian monarch, in the written record. Thus it is possible to answer to a great extent Bissell"s objection on v. 7, "that there seems to be no good reason why it should not have been definitely stated."
His name is given as ??a?e? both here, in II. Kings xxiv. 8, 12, and in I. Esd. i. 43, exactly the same as that of his father and predecessor Jehoiakim in I. Esd. i. 37 (39). Elsewhere the name is transliterated ?e????a? and ??a?? (Bar. i. 3, Jer. xxii. 24, _var. lect._, II. Chron.
x.x.xvi. 8, 9). In Judith iv. 6, xx. 8 we have ??a?e? without variation, as the name of the high priest.
If this identification be correct the date must be subsequent to 597 B.C., the year of Jehoiachin"s captivity; and probably not long after, since Daniel, who was taken to Babylon in or soon after the third year of Jehoiakim"s reign in 603-4,[50] is represented as being still pa?d????? ?e?t???? in v. 45. This phrase is somewhat tautologically rendered by A.V. as a "young youth," an instance which might be cited in support of the view that the English of the apocryphal was less excellent than that of the canonical books[51]; but, strange to say, the awkward expression is continued in R.V.
Without necessarily implying it, v. 2 might easily be taken to convey the impression that Jehoiachin married in Babylon. Thus Hippolytus a.s.serts, ??a?e? p??????? ?e??e??? ?? ?a????? ?a??e? t?? S?s???a?
e?? ???a??a (Migne, _Patr. gr._ X. 689). And, on "the same year" of v.
5, Reuss gives the interrogative note, "Im Jahre der Verheiratung des Joakim?"
If Susanna"s husband really be Jehoiachin, he is the Jechonias who finds a place in the genealogy of Christ, St. Matt. i. 11, 12, Jehoiakim (Eliakim) being omitted. Bugati (_Dan._ p. 166) argues that Joakim is not Jehoiachin because of the name: "quo circa erroris arguendus est Jacobus Edessenus, sive auctor scholii ad calcem historiae Susannas adjecti in codice Parisiensi, qui Joacem virum Susannae eum Joachin rege confundat." Bugati was probably unaware of the above-mentioned variations in the spelling of the name, which neutralize the force of his argument.
Two other doubtful indications of time are given by Hippolytus, viz.
that Chelchias was Jeremiah"s brother, making Susanna therefore his niece (Westcott"s art. _Chelcias_, Smith"s _D.B._), and that "a fit time" in v. 15 intimated the Feast of the Pa.s.sover. Unsupported tradition and conjecture look like the grounds of these two indications respectively. Bardenhewer (_op. cit._ p. 75) not unreasonably deems that Hippolytus is thinking of Christian Baptism in connection with Easter, and so throws back the idea into the "bath" and "the fit time" of the Pa.s.sover.
The Harklensian Syriac (W2, Walton"s second Syriac[52]) a.s.serts both in vv. 1 and 45 that Daniel was twelve years old at the date of the story; also that Susanna was a widow after a married life of a few days only (v. 5), a statement to which neither Greek version lends any countenance. In fact, v. 63 (T) supposes Joakim to be alive at the end of the tale. Now we know from II. Kings xxv. 27 and Jer. xxviii. (x.x.xv.) 1-4 that Jehoiachin lived some years at least after his deportation.
These Syriac insertions therefore as to Daniel"s age and Susanna"s widowhood are hardly compatible with one another on the supposition that she was the wife of Jehoiachin, king of Judah.
It has been pointed out in the _Speaker"s Commentary_, xlvib, that the insertion of "twelve years old" into the text of the Syriac of Susanna may be due to "Christian re-handling," as also the extension of the final verse about Daniel"s fame, "and he increased in favour with the family of Susanna," etc., so as to produce a correspondence with St.
Luke ii. 42, 52. This is a possible theory, but one lacking, so far, the support of evidence. The condemnation of Susanna "at the ninth hour" (v.
41) might likewise be attributed to the same Christian influence. This was no doubt operative here, as it was with Hippolytus.
In this connection it is worthy of note that in the longer recension of the "Ignatian" _Epist. ad Magnes.,_ -- III., Daniel is spoken of as d?de?aet?? when he ?????e ??t???? t? ?e?? p?e?at?, a phrase evidently reminiscent of the history of Susanna. Bishop Lightfoot notes on this: "His age is not given in the narrative, and it is difficult to see whence it could have been derived." He dates the longer Ignatian epistles in the second half of the 4th century (I. 246), while Thomas of Harkel lived in the 6th and 7th centres. But, though so much later, this Syriac translation may perhaps afford some clue to the ultimate discovery of Ignatius", or rather his expander"s, source of information.
The words pa?d????? ?e?te??? do not of course necessarily imply such extreme youth as twelve years; nor are we in any way tied to the accuracy of this or other Harklensian variations.
Though this Addition therefore has its chronological difficulties, they need not be regarded as absolutely insurmountable.
CANONICITY.
Before the correspondence of Origen with Julius Africa.n.u.s, whose letter is "a model of sober criticism" (Swete, _Patristic Study_, p. 56)--a correspondence renewed between Eusebius of Caesarea and Porphyry[53], and between Rufinus and Jerome, with less sobriety--we have no record of the point having been mooted. For, as Bissell writes (p. 448), "We have no evidence that these pieces were not regarded as fully on a level with the remainder of the book." Africa.n.u.s heard Origen use Susanna in controversy with one Ba.s.sus, and subsequently wrote to remonstrate, he himself being resident in Palestine. Some of his objections in this famous letter have considerable force, while others are very weak (_D.C.B._ I. p. 54b).
Origen deems Susanna part of the genuine Daniel, cut out by the Jews, as he suggests in his _Epistle_ to Africa.n.u.s. Bishop Gray (_O.T._ p. 612) describes this Epistle as "suspected"; but it appears now to be generally accepted. Origen thinks that the motive of Susanna"s exclusion was its relation of particulars discreditable to the Jewish nation. But the Bishop truly says, "there is no foundation for this improbable fancy." It is, however, maintained by Philippe in Vigouroux" _Dict._ (_cf._ "t.i.tle and Position," p. 109).
Origen also a.s.serts the canonicity of Susanna in _Hom. in Levit._ -- 1 (middle): "Sed tempus est nos adversus improbos presbyteros uti sanctae Susannae vocibus, quas illi quidem repudiantes, historiam Susannae de catalogo divinorum voluminum desecrarunt. Nos autem et suscipimus, et opportune contra ipsos proferimus, dicentes "Angustiae mihi undique,""
etc. (v. 22).
Again, Origen refers to the matter in his _In Matthaeum Commentariorum Series_. He quotes Daniel"s words in v. 55, "angelus Domini habens gladium scindet te medium," and also "ausi sumus uti in hoc loco, Dan.
exemplo, non ignorantes quoniam in Hebraeo positum non est, sed quoniam in ecclesiis tenetur. Alterius autem temporis est requirere de huiusmodi" (Migne, _Patr. gr._ XIII. 1696). Delitzsch (_op. cit._ p.
103) says, on second thoughts, that he "adductum esse, ut ipsos libros apocryphos ab Origine pro ???s???? et divinis habitos esse censeam."
About the same time, or probably a little earlier, St. Hippolytus (230) gives a similar reason for the extrusion of this episode. He notes on v.
8, ta?ta ?? ??? ?? t?? ???da??? ?????te? ?????ta? ??? pe????pte?? t??
????, f?s???te? ? ?e??s?a? ta?ta ?? ?a?????? a?s????e??? t? ?p? t??
p?es?t???? ?at? ??e???? t?? ?a???? ?e?e??????. On which Bardenhewer (_op. cit._ p. 76) remarks, "Susanna soll also fruher auch in dem judischen Kanon gestanden haben und erst spater (unliebsamen Vorwurfen gegenuber) aus demselben entfernt worden sein."
A. Scholz, however, who treats the book allegorically as a "vision,"
attributes early opinions adverse to its canonicity to the "Missverstehen der Erzahlung und die unlosbaren Schwierigkeiten, die dieselbe bei der historischen Auffa.s.sung macht" (p. 139). The "vision"
theory, however, is a difficult one to maintain, serviceable though it may be in evading historic difficulties.
Lists of books of the canon do not help us much, as it is often uncertain whether "Daniel" covers the Additions or not. We may safely conclude, however, that it does in Origen"s own list, as preserved for us by Eusebius (_H.E._ VI. 25).
In the pseudo-Athanasius" _Synopsis sacr. script._ -- 74, Susanna is named, after the books he deems canonical, as ??t?? d? t??t??, along with four books of Maccabees and the Psalms of Solomon. In this case we might conclude that ?a???? does not cover Susanna; but in the beginning of the _Synopsis of Daniel_ (-- 41) the story is mentioned as part of that book, and Bel and the Dragon, at the end, in the same way. This author"s view, then, for and against the canonicity looks somewhat undecided. So in Cyril of Jerusalem"s list in _Catech._ IV. -- 35, "Daniel" pretty certainly includes Susanna and probably the other two Additions, because in _Cat._ XVI. -- 31, "de Spiritu sancto," he quotes Susanna 45 in company with Dan. iv. 6 as if on an equal footing.
It is quoted as Scripture before Origen"s time by Irenaeus IV. x.x.xv. 2, xli. 1; Tert. _de Cor. IV._; Clem. Alex. _Proph. Ecl._ 1. Methodius, Bishop of Tyre, introduces Susanna into his Virgins" Songs as an example of brave sanct.i.ty, calling upon Christ[54] (see exact words under"Early Christian Literature," p. 166).
In the _Apost. Const._ II. 49, "concerning accusers and witnesses," this trial is instanced ?? t??? d?? p?es?t????? ?at? S?s????? ?? ?a?????, and again in cap. 51 (Mansi, _Concil._ Florence, 1759, I. 352, 353).
Though Jerome (_Pref. to Dan._) calls this and the other Additions "fabulae" (twice), it is pointed out by Peronne in his note to Corn. a Lap. on Dan. xiii. 1 (Paris, 1874) that Jerome uses the same word of the story of Samson (no ref. given), which he certainly regarded as canonical. He claims therefore that here it has "verum et nativum sensum vocis fabulae, quae quidem significat "historiam, sermonem."" But even if any disparaging sense could be eliminated from this particular word, Jerome"s opinion is otherwise expressed.
The only possible reference to Susanna observable, I think, in the N.T.
is in Matt, xxvii. 24, unless the name of Susanna in St. Luke viii. 3 be taken from our heroine"s. It is of course emblematic of lily-like purity, and therefore very suitable for a woman. The story, with some omissions, forms the Epistle for Sat.u.r.day after the third Sunday in Lent in the Sarum and Roman Missals.
Luther says that this and Bel are "beautiful and spiritual compositions, just as Judith and Tobias " (Bleek, _O.T._, Venables" transl., 1869, II.
339).
In the Greek Church the Synods of Constantinople and Jerusalem in 1672 expressly decided, in opposition to Cyril Lucar and the Calvinists, that Susanna and Bel (with some other apocryphal books) were genuine elements of Divine Scripture, and denounced Cyril Lucar"s conduct in styling them Apocrypha as ignorance or wickedness (Bleek, II. 343; Loisy, _O.T._ p.
243). The present Eastern Church reckons them, with the Song of the Three, canonical, as Bishop Nectarius expressly states (_Greek Manuals of Church Doctrine_, publ. by Eng. Ch. a.s.soc., Lond., 1901, p. 19). Also Bar-Hebraeus (1286), the Monophysite, comments on these fragments as if Holy Scripture (Loisy, p. 245). We see then that the testimonies to canonicity are of considerable strength, more so than is perhaps generally realised, even though the arguments to the contrary may be still stronger. The statement of Fritzsche (_Libri apocryphi_, 1871, p.
xiii) is moderate and reasonable, fitting in well as it does with the views of our own Church, "Liber Danielis canonicus iam eo ipso tempore, quo primum in linguam graecam transferebatur, additamentis graecis auctus est, quorum tria maiora fere inde a seeulo quarto in eccl. christiana vulgo a viris doctis apocrypha iudicata sunt."
EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE AND ART.
LITERATURE.
NEW TESTAMENT. In St. Matt. xxvii. 24 Pilate possibly adopts Daniel"s words in v. 46, or at least accidentally falls in with them. In Heb. xi.
23 and Sus. 7 (??) there is a strong similarity in the use of the word ?ste???, as well as in Exod. ii. 2.
"Among names taken from the O.T., that of Susanna is not uncommon"
(_D.C.A._ art. _Names_, 1374a). Not improbably therefore Susanna, in St. Luke viii. 3, may have been named after the Susanna of this history, as already mentioned under "Canonicity," p. 161. St. Susanna of the Roman Calendar, who is dated _circ._ 293, is most likely an example of this. She is not given an article in _D.C.B._, but there is a short notice of her in _D.C.A._, as commemorated in various Martyrologies on August 11th.
IRENaeUS (200). In _Adv. Haer._III. xlii. 1 there is an apparent reference to v. 55; in IV, x.x.xv. 2 to v. 42; and in IV. xli. 1, "de presbyteris injustis," vv. 20, 26 are quoted as "a Daniele propheta voces" in reproof of Christian presbyters. It is probable, too, that "Deum qui absconsa manifestat" (IV. x.x.xi. 2) may be a reminiscence of the phrase ? t?? ???pt?? ???st?? in v. 42; and still more probably perhaps "qui est absconsorum cognitor" in IV. x.x.xv. 2 has its origin in this same verse.
CLEMENT or ALEXANDRIA (220). In _Strom._ IV. (Heinsius" ed., Paris, 1629, p. 522) he speaks of Susanna and Miriam together, as if their biblical positions were on a par. In Hort and Mayor"s edit. (1902) of _Strom._ VII. the words p?? t?? ?e??se?? in -- 37 are referred to Susanna 43 (T); but it is hardly safe to a.s.sume that we have here more than an accidental approximation of wording.