Yang got up and left with a bitter expression.
"Don"t mind him. That"s just the way Chief Yang is." Commissar Lei chuckled and shook his head. Then he stared at Ye and his tone became solemn. "Wenjie, when we first brought you to the base, the goal was simple. Red Coast"s monitoring systems often had interference caused by electromagnetic radiation from solar flares and sunspots. Fortuitously, we saw your paper and realized that you had researched solar activity. Among Chinese scholars, your predictive model turned out to be the most accurate, so we wanted to ask for your help in solving this problem.
"But after you came, you showed very strong abilities, so we decided to give you more responsibilities. My thought was this: a.s.sign you first to the Transmission Department, then the Monitoring Department. This way, you"d gain a comprehensive understanding of Red Coast as a whole and we could wait and see where to a.s.sign you after that.
"Of course, as you can see, this plan has met with some resistance. But I have trust in you, Wenjie. Let me be clear: Until now, the trust placed in you has been mine, personally. I hope that you can continue to work hard and earn the trust of the organization as a whole."
Commissar Lei placed a hand on Ye"s shoulder. She felt the warmth and strength conveyed through it. "Wenjie, let me tell you my sincere hope: One day, I"d like to call you Comrade Ye."
Lei stood up and strode away in the confident manner of a soldier. Ye"s eyes were filled with tears. Seen through them, the code on the screen became flickering flames. This was the first time she had cried since the death of her father.
As Ye familiarized herself with the work of the Monitoring Department, she discovered that she was far less successful here than at the Transmission Department. The computer science knowledge she had was outdated, and she had to learn the software techniques from scratch. Even though Commissar Lei trusted her, the restrictions on her were severe. She was allowed to view the software source code, for example, but was forbidden from touching the database.
On a day-to-day basis, Ye was mainly supervised by Yang. He became even ruder to her, and would get angry at her for the smallest things. Commissar Lei talked to him about it multiple times without effect. It seemed that Yang became filled with a nameless anxiety as soon as he saw Ye.
Gradually, as Ye encountered more and more unexplainable matters in her work, she came to realize that the Red Coast Project was far more complex than she had imagined.
One day, the monitoring system intercepted a transmission that, after being deciphered by the computer, turned out to be a few satellite photographs. The blurry images were sent to the General Staff Department"s Surveying and Mapping Bureau for interpretation. They turned out to be images of important military targets in China, including the naval harbor at Qingdao and several key factories of the Third Front program.26 a.n.a.lysis confirmed that these images came from the KH-9 American reconnaissance system.
The first KH-9 satellite had just been launched. Although it mainly relied on recoverable film capsules for intelligence gathering, it was also being used to test out the more advanced technique of radio transmission of digital images. Due to the technology"s immaturity, the satellite transmitted at a low frequency, which increased its range of reception sufficiently for it to be intercepted by Red Coast. And because it was only a test, the encryption was not very secure and could be broken.
The KH-9 was without a doubt an important monitoring target, as it presented a rare opportunity to gather more information about American satellite reconnaissance systems. Yet, after the third day, Yang Weining ordered a change in the frequency and direction of monitoring and abandoned the target. Ye found the decision incomprehensible.
Another event also shocked her. Even though she was now in the Monitoring Department, sometimes the Transmission Department still needed her. One time, she accidentally saw the frequency settings for a few upcoming transmissions. She discovered that the designated frequencies for transmissions 304, 318, and 325 were lower than microwave range and could not result in any heating effect in the target.
One day, an officer summoned Ye to the main base administrative office out of the blue. From the officer"s tone and expression, Ye knew that something had gone wrong.
As she walked into the office, the scene before her seemed familiar: All the senior officers of the base were present, along with two officers she didn"t know. However, she could tell at a glance that they were from higher up in the chain of command.
Everyone"s icy stares focused on her, but the sensitivity she had developed over the stormy years informed her that she wasn"t the one in big trouble today. She was at most a sideshow. She saw Commissar Lei sitting in a corner with a dejected look.
He"s finally going to pay for trusting me, she thought. At once, she decided that she would do whatever she could to save him. She would take responsibility for everything, even lie if necessary.
But Commissar Lei was the first to speak, and what he said was completely unexpected. "Ye Wenjie, I must make it clear at the start that I do not agree with what is about to be done. The decision was made by Chief Engineer Yang after requesting instructions from our superiors. He alone will be responsible for all consequences."
Commissar Lei turned to look at Yang, who nodded solemnly. Lei continued, "In order to better utilize your skills at Red Coast Base, Chief Engineer Yang repeatedly requested permission from our superiors to abandon the cover story we"ve been using with you. Our comrades from the Army Political Department"-he indicated the two officers Ye didn"t know-"were sent to investigate your work situation. Finally, with the approval of our superiors, we"ve decided to inform you of the true nature of the Red Coast Project."
Only after a long pause did Ye finally understand Commissar Lei"s meaning: He had been lying to her all along.
"I hope you will treasure this opportunity and work hard to redeem your sins. After this, you must behave with the utmost propriety. Any reactionary behavior will be severely punished!" Commissar Lei stared at Ye. He was a completely different person from the image Ye had formed of him. "Are we clear? Good. Now Chief Yang can explain."
The others left, leaving only Yang and Ye.
"If you don"t want this, there"s still time."
Ye discerned the weight behind these words. She now understood Yang"s anxiety whenever he had seen her the last few weeks. To make full use of her skills, it was necessary for her to know the truth about Red Coast. However, this choice would extinguish the last ray of hope she had of ever leaving Radar Peak. Once she said yes, she really would spend the rest of her life at Red Coast Base.
"I agree," Ye said, softly, but resolutely.
Thus, on this early summer evening, as the wind howled through the giant parabolic antenna, and as the forest rustled over the Greater Khingan Mountains in the distance, Yang Weining explained to Ye Wenjie the true nature of Red Coast.
It was a fairy tale for the ages, even more incredible than the commissar"s lies.
13.
Red Coast III
SELECTED DOc.u.mENTS FROM THE RED COAST PROJECT.
These doc.u.ments were decla.s.sified three years after Ye Wenjie told w.a.n.g Miao the inside story of Red Coast and provide background information for what she told him.
I.
A Question Largely Ignored by Trends in Fundamental World Scientific Research (Originally published in Internal Reference, XX/XX/196X) [Abstract] Based on modern and contemporary history, there are two ways in which the results of fundamental scientific research can be converted into practical applications: gradualistic mode and saltatory mode.
Gradualistic mode: theoretical, fundamental results are gradually applied to technology; advances acc.u.mulate until they reach a breakthrough. Recent examples include the development of s.p.a.ce technology.
Saltatory mode: theoretical, fundamental results rapidly become applied technology, leading to a technological leap. Recent examples include the appearance of atomic weapons. Until the forties, some of the foremost physicists still thought it would never be possible to release the energy of the atom. But atomic weapons then appeared within a very short period. We define a technology leap to occur when fundamental science is converted to applied technology across a great span in an extremely brief time interval.
Currently, both NATO and the Warsaw Pact are intensely active in fundamental research and investing heavily in it. One or more technological leaps can occur at any time. Such an occurrence will pose a major threat to our strategic planning.
This article argues that our focus is currently on the gradualistic mode of technology development and insufficient attention is paid to the possibility of technology leaps. Starting from a higher vantage point, we should develop a comprehensive strategy and set of principles so that we can respond appropriately when technological leaps occur.
Fields where technological leaps are most likely: Physics: [omitted]
Biology: [omitted]
Computer Science: [omitted]
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI): Of all fields, this is the one in which the possibility for a technology leap is greatest. If a leap occurs in this field, the impact will exceed the sum of technology leaps in the other three fields.
[Full Text][omitted]
[Instructions from Central Leadership] Distribute this article to appropriate personnel and organize discussion groups. The article"s views will not be to the liking of some, but let"s not rush to label the author. The key is to appreciate the author"s long-term thinking. Some comrades cannot see beyond the ends of their noses, possibly because of the greater political environment, possibly because of their arrogance. This is not good. Strategic blind spots are extremely dangerous.
In my view, of the four fields where technology leaps may occur, we have given the least thought to the last one. It"s worth some attention, and we should systematically a.n.a.lyze the matter in depth.
Signed: x.x.x Date: XX/XX/196X II.
Research Report on the Possibility of Technology Leap Due to the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 1. Current International Research Trends [Summary]
(1) The United States and other NATO states: The scientific case and the necessity for SETI are generally accepted, and strong academic support exists.
Project Ozma: In 1960, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green Bank, West Virginia, searched for extraterrestrial intelligence with a radio telescope 26 meters in diameter. The project examined the stars Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani for 200 hours using ranges near the 1.420 gigahertz frequency. Project Ozma II, which will involve more targets and a broader frequency range, is planned for 1972.
Probes: The Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 probes, each of which will carry a metal plaque containing information about civilization on Earth, are scheduled for launch in 1972. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes, each of which will carry a metal audio record, are scheduled for launch in 1977.
The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico: Constructed in 1963, this is an important instrument for SETI. Its effective energy collection area is about 20 acres, which is greater than the sum of the collecting areas of all other radio telescopes in the world. When combined with its computer system, it can simultaneously monitor 65,000 channels and is also capable of ultrahigh-energy transmissions.
(2) The Soviet Union: Few sources of intelligence are available, but there are indications that large investments have been made in the field. Compared to NATO countries, the research seems to be more systematic and long term. Based on certain isolated information channels, plans are currently under way to build a global-scale very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) aperture-synthesis radio telescope system. Once the system is completed, it will possess the world"s most powerful deep-s.p.a.ce exploration capabilities.
2. Preliminary a.n.a.lysis of Social Patterns of Extraterrestrial Civilizations Using a Materialist Conception of History [omitted]
3. Preliminary a.n.a.lysis of the Influence of Extraterrestrial Civilizations on Human Social and Political Trends [omitted]
4. Preliminary a.n.a.lysis of the Influence on Current International Patterns Due to Possible Contact with Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1) Unidirectional contact (only receiving messages sent by extraterrestrial intelligence): [omitted]
(2) Bidirectional contact (exchange of messages with extraterrestrial intelligence and direct contact): [omitted]
5. The Danger and Consequences of Superpowers Making Initial Contact with Extraterrestrial Intelligence and Monopolizing Such Contact (1) a.n.a.lysis of consequences of American Imperialists and NATO making initial contact with extraterrestrial intelligence and monopolizing such contact: [still cla.s.sified]
(2) a.n.a.lysis of consequences of Soviet Revisionists and Warsaw Pact making initial contact with extraterrestrial intelligence and monopolizing such contact: [still cla.s.sified]
[Instructions from Central Leadership] Others have already sent their messages out into s.p.a.ce. It"s dangerous if extraterrestrials only hear their voices. We should speak up as well. Only then will they get a complete picture of human society. It"s not possible to get the truth by only listening to one side. We must make this happen, and quickly.
Signed: x.x.x Date: XX/XX/196X III.
Research Report on the Initial Phase of the Red Coast Project (XX/XX/196X) TOP SECRET.
Number of Copies: 2 Summary Doc.u.ment: Central Doc.u.ment Number x.x.xx.x.x, forwarded to the Commission for Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Central Planning Commission, Department of National Defense; disseminated at the x.x.xx.x.x Conference and the x.x.xx.x.x Conference; partially disseminated at the x.x.xx.x.x Conference.
Topic Serial Number: 3760 Code Name: "Red Coast"
1. Goal [Summary]
To search for the possible existence of extraterrestrial intelligence and to attempt contact and exchange.
2. Theoretical Study of the Red Coast Project (1) Searching and Monitoring Monitoring frequency range: 1,000 MHz to 40,000 MHz Monitoring channels: 15,000 Key frequencies to monitor: Hydrogen atom frequency at 1,420 MHz Hydroxyl radical radiation frequency at 1,667 MHz Water molecule radiation frequency at 22,000 MHz Monitoring target range: a sphere centered around Earth with a radius of 1,000 light-years, containing approximately 20 million stars. For a list of targets, please see Appendix 1.
(2) Message Transmission Transmission frequencies: 2,800 MHz, 12,000 MHz, 22,000 MHz Transmission power: 1025 megawatts Transmission targets: a sphere centered around Earth with a radius of 200 light-years, containing approximately 100,000 stars. For a list of targets, please see Appendix 2.
(3) Development of the Red Coast Self-Interpreting Code System Guiding principle: using universal, basic mathematical and physical laws, construct an elemental linguistic code that can be understood by any civilization that has mastered basic algebra, Euclidean geometry, and the laws of cla.s.sical mechanics (nonrelativistic physics).
Using the elemental code above and supplemented with low-resolution images, gradually build up to a full linguistic system. Languages supported: Chinese and Esperanto.
The entire system"s information content should be 680 KB. Transmission times at the 2,800 MHz, 12,000 MHz, and 22,000 MHz channels are 1,183 minutes, 224 minutes, and 132 minutes respectively.
3. Implementation Plan for the Red Coast Project (1) Preliminary Design for the Red Coast Monitoring and Searching System [still cla.s.sified]
(2) Preliminary Design for the Red Coast Transmission System [still cla.s.sified]
(3) Preliminary Site-Selection Plan for Red Coast Base [omitted]
(4) Preliminary Thoughts on the Formation of Red Coast Force from within the Second Artillery Corps [still cla.s.sified]
4. Content of Message Transmitted by Red Coast [Summary]
Overview of Earth (3.1 KB), overview of life on Earth (4.4 KB), overview of human society (4.6 KB), basic world history (5.4 KB).
Total information content: 17.5 KB.
The entire message will be sent after transmitting the self-interpreting code system. Transmission times of message at the 2,800 MHz, 12,000 MHz, and 22,000 MHz channels are 31 minutes, 7.5 minutes, and 3.5 minutes, respectively.
The message will be carefully vetted by a multidisciplinary review to ensure that it will not give away the Earth"s coordinates relative to the Milky Way. Among the three channels, transmission at the higher-frequency 12,000 MHz and 22,000 MHz channels should be minimized to reduce the likelihood that the source of transmission may be precisely ascertained.
IV.
Message to Extraterrestrial Civilizations First Draft [Complete Text]
Attention, you who have received this message! This message was sent out by a country that represents revolutionary justice on Earth! Before this, you may have already received other messages sent from the same direction. Those messages were sent by an imperialist superpower on this planet. That superpower is struggling against another superpower for world domination so that it can drag human history backwards. We hope you will not listen to their lies. Stand with justice, stand with the revolution!
[Instructions from Central Leadership] This is utter c.r.a.p! It"s enough to put up big-character posters27 everywhere on the ground, but we should not send them into s.p.a.ce. The Cultural Revolution leadership should no longer have any involvement with Red Coast. Such an important message must be composed carefully. It"s probably best to have it drafted by a special committee and then discussed and approved by a meeting of the Politburo.
Signed: x.x.x Date: XX/XX/196X Second Draft [omitted]
Third Draft [omitted]
Fourth Draft [Complete Text]
We extend our best wishes to you, inhabitants of another world.
After reading the following message, you should have a basic understanding of civilization on Earth. By dint of long toil and creativity, the human race has built a splendid civilization, blossoming with a mult.i.tude of diverse cultures. We have also begun to understand the laws governing the natural world and the development of human societies. We cherish all that we have accomplished.
But our world is still flawed. Hate exists, as does prejudice and war. Because of conflicts between the forces of production and the relations of production, wealth distribution is extremely uneven, and large portions of humanity live in poverty and misery.
Human societies are working hard to resolve the difficulties and problems they face, striving to create a better future for Earth civilization. The country that sent this message is engaged in this effort. We are dedicated to building an ideal society, where the labor and value of every member of the human race are fully respected, where everyone"s material and spiritual needs are fully met, so that civilization on Earth may become more perfect.
With the best of intentions, we look forward to establishing contact with other civilized societies in the universe. We look forward to working together with you to build a better life in this vast universe.
V.
Related Policies and Strategies 1. Consideration of Policies and Strategies After Reception of Message from Extraterrestrial Intelligence [omitted]