I do not know the site of the other fishery to which he alludes as practised in September and October; but the time implies shelter from the south-west Monsoon, and it was probably on the east side of the island, where in 1750 there was a fishery, at Trincomalee. (_Stewart_ in _Trans.
R.A.S._ III. 456 seqq.; _Pridham._, u.s.; _Tennent_, II. 564-565; _Ribeyro_, as above, App. p. 196.)
[1] So the Barbary coast from Tunis westward was called by the Arabs _Bar-ul-"Adwah_, "Terra Transitus," because thence they used to pa.s.s into Spain. (_J. As._ for Jan. 1846, p. 228.)
[2] Wa.s.saf has _Fitan, Mali Fitan, Kabil_ and meant the names so, as he shows by silly puns. For my justification in presuming to correct the names, I must refer to an article, in the _J. R. As. Soc._, N.S. IV. p. 347, on Rashiduddin"s Geography.
[3] The same information is given in almost the same terms by Rashiduddin.
(See _Elliot_, I. 69.) But he (at least in Elliot"s translation) makes _Shaikh Jumaluddin_ the successor of the Devar, instead of merely the narrator of the circ.u.mstances. This is evidently a mistake, probably of transcription, and Wa.s.saf gives us the true version.
The members of the Arab family bearing the surname of At-Thaibi (or Thibi) appear to have been powerful on the coasts of the Indian Sea at this time, (1) The Malik-ul-Islam Jamaluddin Ibrahim At Thaibi was Farmer-General of Fars, besides being quasi-independent Prince of Kais and other Islands in the Persian Gulf, and at the time of his death (1306) governor of Shiraz. He had the horse trade with India greatly in his hands, as is mentioned in a note (7) on next chapter. (2) The son of Jamaluddin, Fakhruddin Ahmed, goes amba.s.sador to the Great Kaan in 1297, and dies near the coast of Ma"bar on his way back in 1305. A Fakhruddin Ahmed _Ben Ibrahim_ at-Thaibi also appears in Hammer"s extracts as ruler of Hormuz about the time of Polo"s return. (See _ante_, vol. i. p. 121); and though he is there represented as opposed by Shaikh Jumaluddin (perhaps through one of Hammer"s too frequent confusions), one should suppose that he must be the son just mentioned. (3) Takiuddin Abdurrahman, the Wazir and Marzban in Ma"bar; followed successively in that position by his son Surajuddin, and his grandson Nizamuddin. (_Ilchan._ II. 49-50, 197-198, 205-206; _Elliot_, III. 32, 34-35, 45-47.)
[4] [Arabic]
[5] My learned friend Mr. A. Burnell suggests that Birdhul must have been Vriddachalam, _Virdach.e.l.lam_ of the maps, which is in South Arcot, about 50 miles north of Tanjore. There are old and well-known temples there, and relics of fortifications. It is a rather famous place of pilgrimage.
[6] It was also perhaps the Fattan of the Mahomedan writers; but in that case its destruction must have been after Ibn Batuta"s time (say middle of 14th century).
[7] I leave this pa.s.sage as it stood in the first edition. It is a mistake, but this mistake led to the engraving of Sir W. Elliot"s sketch (perhaps unique) of a very interesting building which has disappeared. Dr. Caldwell writes: "The native name was "the _Jaina Tower_," turned by the English into _China_ and _Chinese_. This I was told in Negapatam 30 years ago, but to make sure of the matter I have now written to Negapatam, and obtained from the Munsiff of the place confirmation of what I had heard long ago. It bore also the name of the Tower of the _Malla_." The Chalukya Malla kings were at one time Jainas. The "Seven PaG.o.das" near Madras bear their name, Ma-_Mallei_ puram, and their power may at one time have extended as far south as Negapatam." I have no doubt Dr. Caldwell is right in substance, but the name _China PaG.o.da_ at Negapatam is at least as old as Baldaeus (1672, p. 149), and the ascription to the Chinese is in Valentyn (1726, tom. v. p. 6). It is, I find, in the Atlas of India, "Jayne PaG.o.da."
[8] Colonel Mackenzie also mentions Chinese coins as found on this coast.
(_J.R.A.S._ I. 352-353.)
CHAPTER XVII.
CONTINUES TO SPEAK OF THE PROVINCE OF MAABAR.
You must know that in all this Province of Maabar there is never a Tailor to cut a coat or st.i.tch it, seeing that everybody goes naked! For decency only do they wear a sc.r.a.p of cloth; and so "tis with men and women, with rich and poor, aye, and with the King himself, except what I am going to mention.[NOTE 1]
It is a fact that the King goes as bare as the rest, only round his loins he has a piece of fine cloth, and round his neck he has a necklace entirely of precious stones,--rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and the like, insomuch that this collar is of great value.[NOTE 2] He wears also hanging in front of his chest from the neck downwards, a fine silk thread strung with 104 large pearls and rubies of great price. The reason why he wears this cord with the 104 great pearls and rubies, is (according to what they tell) that every day, morning and evening, he has to say 104 prayers to his idols. Such is their religion and their custom. And thus did all the Kings his ancestors before him, and they bequeathed the string of pearls to him that he should do the like. [The prayer that they say daily consists of these words, _Pacauta! Pacauta! Pacauta_! And this they repeat 104 times.[NOTE 3]]
The King aforesaid also wears on his arms three golden bracelets thickly set with pearls of great value, and anklets also of like kind he wears on his legs, and rings on his toes likewise. So let me tell you what this King wears, between gold and gems and pearls, is worth more than a city"s ransom. And "tis no wonder; for he hath great store of such gear; and besides they are found in his kingdom. Moreover n.o.body is permitted to take out of the kingdom a pearl weighing more than half a _saggio_, unless he manages to do it secretly.[NOTE 4] This order has been given because the King desires to reserve all such to himself; and so in fact the quant.i.ty he has is something almost incredible. Moreover several times every year he sends his proclamation through the realm that if any one who possesses a pearl or stone of great value will bring it to him, he will pay for it twice as much as it cost. Everybody is glad to do this, and thus the King gets all into his own hands, giving every man his price.
Furthermore, this King hath some five hundred wives, for whenever he hears of a beautiful damsel he takes her to wife. Indeed he did a very sorry deed as I shall tell you. For seeing that his brother had a handsome wife, he took her by force and kept her for himself. His brother, being a discreet man, took the thing quietly and made no noise about it. The King hath many children.
And there are about the King a number of Barons in attendance upon him.
These ride with him, and keep always near him, and have great authority in the kingdom; they are called the King"s Trusty Lieges. And you must know that when the King dies, and they put him on the fire to burn him, these Lieges cast themselves into the fire round about his body, and suffer themselves to be burnt along with him. For they say they have been his comrades in this world, and that they ought also to keep him company in the other world.[NOTE 5]
When the King dies none of his children dares to touch his treasure. For they say, "as our father did gather together all this treasure, so we ought to acc.u.mulate as much in our turn." And in this way it comes to pa.s.s that there is an immensity of treasure acc.u.mulated in this kingdom.[NOTE 6]
Here are no horses bred; and thus a great part of the wealth of the country is wasted in purchasing horses; I will tell you how. You must know that the merchants of KIS and HORMES, DOFAR and SOER and ADEN collect great numbers of destriers and other horses, and these they bring to the territories of this King and of his four brothers, who are kings likewise as I told you. For a horse will fetch among them 500 _saggi_ of gold, worth more than 100 marks of silver, and vast numbers are sold there every year. Indeed this King wants to buy more than 2000 horses every year, and so do his four brothers who are kings likewise. The reason why they want so many horses every year is that by the end of the year there shall not be one hundred of them remaining, for they all die off. And this arises from mismanagement, for those people do not know in the least how to treat a horse; and besides they have no farriers. The horse-merchants not only never bring any farriers with them, but also prevent any farrier from going thither, lest that should in any degree baulk the sale of horses, which brings them in every year such vast gains. They bring these horses by sea aboard ship.[NOTE 7]
They have in this country the custom which I am going to relate. When a man is doomed to die for any crime, he may declare that he will put himself to death in honour of such or such an idol; and the government then grants him permission to do so. His kinsfolk and friends then set him up on a cart, and provide him with twelve knives, and proceed to conduct him all about the city, proclaiming aloud: "This valiant man is going to slay himself for the love of (such an idol)." And when they be come to the place of execution he takes a knife and sticks it through his arm, and cries: "I slay myself for the love of (such a G.o.d)!" Then he takes another knife and sticks it through his other arm, and takes a third knife and runs it into his belly, and so on until he kills himself outright. And when he is dead his kinsfolk take the body and burn it with a joyful celebration.[NOTE 8] Many of the women also, when their husbands die and are placed on the pile to be burnt, do burn themselves along with the bodies. And such women as do this have great praise from all.[NOTE 9]
The people are Idolaters, and many of them worship the ox, because (say they) it is a creature of such excellence. They would not eat beef for anything in the world, nor would they on any account kill an ox. But there is another cla.s.s of people who are called _Govy_, and these are very glad to eat beef, though they dare not kill the animal. Howbeit if an ox dies, naturally or otherwise, then they eat him.[NOTE 10]
And let me tell you, the people of this country have a custom of rubbing their houses all over with cow-dung.[NOTE 11] Moreover all of them, great and small, King and Barons included, do sit upon the ground only, and the reason they give is that this is the most honourable way to sit, because we all spring from the Earth and to the Earth we must return; so no one can pay the Earth too much honour, and no one ought to despise it.
And about that race of _Govis_, I should tell you that nothing on earth would induce them to enter the place where Messer St. Thomas is--I mean where his body lies, which is in a certain city of the province of Maabar. Indeed, were even 20 or 30 men to lay hold of one of these _Govis_ and to try to hold him in the place where the Body of the Blessed Apostle of Jesus Christ lies buried, they could not do it! Such is the influence of the Saint; for it was by people of this generation that he was slain, as you shall presently hear.[NOTE 12]
No wheat grows in this province, but rice only.
And another strange thing to be told is that there is no possibility of breeding horses in this country, as hath often been proved by trial. For even when a great blood-mare here has been covered by a great blood-horse, the produce is nothing but a wretched wry-legged weed, not fit to ride.
[NOTE 13]
The people of the country go to battle all naked, with only a lance and a shield; and they are most wretched soldiers. They will kill neither beast nor bird, nor anything that hath life; and for such animal food as they eat, they make the Saracens, or others who are not of their own religion, play the butcher.
It is their practice that every one, male and female, do wash the whole body twice every day; and those who do not wash are looked on much as we look on the Patarins. [You must know also that in eating they use the right hand only, and would on no account touch their food with the left hand. All cleanly and becoming uses are ministered to by the right hand, whilst the left is reserved for uncleanly and disagreeable necessities, such as cleansing the secret parts of the body and the like. So also they drink only from drinking vessels, and every man hath his own; nor will any one drink from another"s vessel. And when they drink they do not put the vessel to the lips, but hold it aloft and let the drink spout into the mouth. No one would on any account touch the vessel with his mouth, nor give a stranger drink with it. But if the stranger have no vessel of his own they will pour the drink into his hands and he may thus drink from his hands as from a cup.]
They are very strict in executing justice upon criminals, and as strict in abstaining from wine. Indeed they have made a rule that wine-drinkers and seafaring men are never to be accepted as sureties. For they say that to be a seafaring man is all the same as to be an utter desperado, and that his testimony is good for nothing.[1] Howbeit they look on lechery as no sin.
[They have the following rule about debts. If a debtor shall have been several times asked by his creditor for payment, and shall have put him off from day to day with promises, then if the creditor can once meet the debtor and succeed in drawing a circle round him, the latter must not pa.s.s out of this circle until he shall have satisfied the claim, or given security for its discharge. If he in any other case presume to pa.s.s the circle he is punished with death as a transgressor against right and justice. And the said Messer Marco, when in this kingdom on his return home, did himself witness a case of this. It was the King, who owed a foreign merchant a certain sum of money, and though the claim had often been presented, he always put it off with promises. Now, one day when the King was riding through the city, the merchant found his opportunity, and drew a circle round both King and horse. The King, on seeing this, halted, and would ride no further; nor did he stir from the spot until the merchant was satisfied. And when the bystanders saw this they marvelled greatly, saying that the King was a most just King indeed, having thus submitted to justice.[NOTE 14]]
You must know that the heat here is sometimes so great that "tis something wonderful. And rain falls only for three months in the year, viz. in June, July, and August. Indeed but for the rain that falls in these three months, refreshing the earth and cooling the air, the drought would be so great that no one could exist.[NOTE 15]
They have many experts in an art which they call Physiognomy, by which they discern a man"s character and qualities at once. They also know the import of meeting with any particular bird or beast; for such omens are regarded by them more than by any people in the world. Thus if a man is going along the road and hears some one sneeze, if he deems it (say) a good token for himself he goes on, but if otherwise he stops a bit, or peradventure turns back altogether from his journey.[NOTE 16]
As soon as a child is born they write down his nativity, that is to say the day and hour, the month, and the moon"s age. This custom they observe because every single thing they do is done with reference to astrology, and by advice of diviners skilled in Sorcery and Magic and Geomancy, and such like diabolical arts; and some of them are also acquainted with Astrology.
[All parents who have male children, as soon as these have attained the age of 13, dismiss them from their home, and do not allow them further maintenance in the family. For they say that the boys are then of an age to get their living by trade; so off they pack them with some twenty or four-and-twenty groats, or at least with money equivalent to that. And these urchins are running about all day from pillar to post, buying and selling. At the time of the pearl-fishery they run to the beach and purchase, from the fishers or others, five or six pearls, according to their ability, and take these to the merchants, who are keeping indoors for fear of the sun, and say to them: "These cost me such a price; now give me what profit you please on them." So the merchant gives something over the cost price for their profit. They do in the same way with many other articles, so that they become trained to be very dexterous and keen traders. And every day they take their food to their mothers to be cooked and served, but do not eat a sc.r.a.p at the expense of their fathers.]
In this kingdom and all over India the birds and beasts are entirely different from ours, all but one bird which is exactly like ours, and that is the Quail. But everything else is totally different. For example they have bats,--I mean those birds that fly by night and have no feathers of any kind; well, their birds of this kind are as big as a goshawk! Their goshawks again are as black as crows, a good deal bigger than ours, and very swift and sure.
Another strange thing is that they feed their horses with boiled rice and boiled meat, and various other kinds of cooked food. That is the reason why all the horses die off.[NOTE 17]
They have certain abbeys in which are G.o.ds and G.o.ddesses to whom many young girls are consecrated; their fathers and mothers presenting them to that idol for which they entertain the greatest devotion. And when the [monks] of a convent[2] desire to make a feast to their G.o.d, they send for all those consecrated damsels and make them sing and dance before the idol with great festivity. They also bring meats to feed their idol withal; that is to say, the damsels prepare dishes of meat and other good things and put the food before the idol, and leave it there a good while, and then the damsels all go to their dancing and singing and festivity for about as long as a great Baron might require to eat his dinner. By that time they say the spirit of the idols has consumed the substance of the food, so they remove the viands to be eaten by themselves with great jollity. This is performed by these damsels several times every year until they are married.[NOTE 18]
[The reason a.s.signed for summoning the damsels to these feasts is, as the monks say, that the G.o.d is vexed and angry with the G.o.ddess, and will hold no communication with her; and they say that if peace be not established between them things will go from bad to worse, and they never will bestow their grace and benediction. So they make those girls come in the way described, to dance and sing, all but naked, before the G.o.d and the G.o.ddess. And those people believe that the G.o.d often solaces himself with the society of the G.o.ddess.
The men of this country have their beds made of very light canework, so arranged that, when they have got in and are going to sleep, they are drawn up by cords nearly to the ceiling and fixed there for the night.
This is done to get out of the way of tarantulas which give terrible bites, as well as of fleas and such vermin, and at the same time to get as much air as possible in the great heat which prevails in that region. Not that everybody does this, but only the n.o.bles and great folks, for the others sleep on the streets.[NOTE 19]]
Now I have told you about this kingdom of the province of Maabar, and I must pa.s.s on to the other kingdoms of the same province, for I have much to tell of their peculiarities.
NOTE 1.--The non-existence of tailors is not a mere figure of speech.
Sundry learned pundits have been of opinion that the ancient Hindu knew no needle-made clothing, and Colonel Meadows Taylor has alleged that they had not even a word for the tailor"s craft in their language. These opinions have been patriotically refuted by Babu Rajendralal Mitra. (_Proc. a.s.s.
Soc. B._ 1871, p. 100.)
Ibn Batuta describes the King of Calicut, the great "Zamorin," coming down to the beach to see the wreck of certain Junks;--"his clothing consisted of a great piece of white stuff rolled about him from the navel to the knees, and a little sc.r.a.p of a turban on his head; his feet were bare, and a young slave carried an umbrella over him." (IV. 97.)
NOTE 2.--The necklace taken from the neck of the Hindu King Jaipal, captured by Mahmud in A.D. 1001, was composed of large pearls, rubies, etc., and was valued at 200,000 _dinars_, or a good deal more than 100,000_l._ (_Elliot_, II. 26.) Compare Correa"s account of the King of Calicut, in _Stanley"s V. da Gama_, 194.
NOTE 3.--The word is printed in Ramusio _Pacauca_, but no doubt _Pacauta_ is the true reading. Dr. Caldwell has favoured me with a note on this: "The word ... was probably _Bagava_ or _Pagava_, the Tamil form of the vocative of _Bhagavata_, "Lord," p.r.o.nounced in the Tamil manner. This word is frequently repeated by Hindus of all sects in the utterance of their sacred formulae, especially by Vaishnava devotees, some of whom go about repeating this one word alone. When I mentioned Marco Polo"s word to two learned Hindus at different times, they said, "No doubt he meant _Bagava_."[3] The Saiva Rosary contains 32 beads; the doubled form of the same, sometimes used, contains 64; the Vaishnava Rosary contains 108.