[173] See the articles Mahar and Kunbi.
[174] This article is partly based on a paper by Bihari Lal, Patwari, of Hoshangabad.
[175] Semaria is a common name of villages, and is of course as such derived from the semar tree, but the argument is that the Jadams took the name from the village and not from the tree. Totem is perhaps rather a strong word for the kind of veneration paid; the vernacular term used in Bombay is devak.
[176] This article is based on an account of the Jaduas by Mr. A. Knyvett, Superintendent of Police, Patna, and kindly communicated by Mr. C. W. C. Plowden, Deputy Inspector-General of Police, Bengal, through Mr. G. W. Gayer, in charge of the Central Provinces Criminal Investigation Department.
[177] Sherring, Castes and Tribes, iii. p. 123.
[178] The nut of Eleocarpus lanceolatus.
[179] Aegle marmelos.
[180] Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies, 1897 ed. p. 118.
[181] This article is partly based on information contributed by Mr. Debendra Nath Dutt, Pleader, Narsinghpur; Mr. Ganga Singh, Extra a.s.sistant Commissioner, Hoshangabad; and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office. The correct p.r.o.nunciation of the caste name is Jat, but in the Central Provinces it is always called Jat.
[182] Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 421.
[183] Early History of India.
[184] Mahabharata, viii. 2026, et seq., translated by Professor H. H. Wilson, and quoted in vol. i. pp. 260, 262 of Dr. J. Wilson"s Indian Caste.
[185] Ibidem, paras. 422-424.
[186] Kashyap was a Rishi or saint, but he may probably have developed into an eponymous hero from Kachhap, a tortoise.
[187] Hoshangabad Settlement Report, p. 62.
[188] Aegle marmelos.
[189] Hoshangabad Settlement Report, loc. cit.
[190] This article is entirely based on an account of the caste furnished by Rai Bahadur Panda Baijnath, Superintendent, Bastar State.
[191] Ba.s.sia latifolia.
[192] Boswellia serrata.
[193] This has been fully demonstrated by Sir J. G. Frazer in The Golden Bough.
[194] Colebrooke"s Essays.
[195] Quoting from Dr. George Smith"s Life of Dr. Wilson, p. 74.
[196] Ibidem, pp. 13-15.
[197] Weber"s Indian Literature, p. 239.
[198] Gibbon"s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chap, lxiii.
[199] Republished in the Theosophist.
[200] Eastern India, ii. p. 756.
[201] Travels in the Mughal Empire, Constable"s edition, p. 316.
[202] Rajasthan, ii. p. 19.
[203] Maclagan, l.c. p. 115.
[204] Ibidem, l.c.
[205] Maclagan, l.c.
[206] Crooke"s Tribes and Castes, art. Kanphata.
[207] Crooke"s Tribes and Castes, art. Jogi.
[208] Sleeman, Report on the Badhaks, pp. 332, 333.
[209] These proverbs are taken from Temple and Fallon"s Hindustani Proverbs.
[210] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xxi. p. 184.
[211] Phaseolus radiatus.
[212] Newcomb"s Astronomy for Everybody, p. 33.
[213] Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the sidereal year is not the same as the solar year, being about 20 minutes longer. That is, the sun pa.s.ses a particular star a second time in a period of 365 days 6 hours and 9 minutes, while it pa.s.ses the equatorial point in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 49 seconds, this latter period being the solar year. The difference is due to slight changes in the direction of the earth"s axis, which change the position of the celestial equator and of the equinoctial point where the sun crosses it. It is not clear how the Hindus get over this difficulty, but the point does not affect the general account.
[214] The stars corresponding to the nakshatras and their symbols are mainly taken from Mr. L. D. Barnett"s Antiquities of India, pp. 190, 191, compared with the list in Mr. W. Brennand"s Hindu Astronomy, pp. 40, 42.
[215] Taken from Professor Newcomb"s Astronomy for Everybody.
[216] The moon"s...o...b..t is really an ellipse like that of the earth and all the planets.
[217] Barnett, op. cit. p. 190.
[218] The Indian Calendar, by Messrs. Sewell and Diks.h.i.t, pp. 11 and 25.
[219] Brennand"s Hindu Astronomy, p. 100.
[220] The Indian Calendar, Sewell and Diks.h.i.t, p. 28 and Table I.
[221] This seems to have been done by some ancient Indian astronomers.
[222] The Indian Calendar, p. 29.