He rode quietly to the front, rallying the broken lines. He made no speech. He uttered no bombast.
He calmly lifted his hand and cried:
"Never mind--boys!"
To his officers he said:
"It"s all my fault. We"ll talk it over afterward. Let every good man rally now."
His army had never known a panic. The men quietly fell into line and cheered their Commander.
To an English officer on the field Lee quietly said:
"This has been a sad day for us, Colonel--a sad day; but we can"t expect always to gain victories."
Lee had lost twenty thousand men and fourteen generals. Meade had lost twenty-three thousand men and seventeen generals. Lee withdrew his army across the swollen Potomac, carrying away his guns and all the prisoners he had taken.
General Meade had saved the North, but Lee"s army was still intact, on its old invincible lines in Virginia, sixty-five thousand strong.
The news from Gettysburg crushed the soul of Davis. He had hoped with this battle to end the war, and stop the frightful slaughter of our n.o.blest men, North and South. His Commissioner, Alexander H. Stephens, was halted at Fortress Monroe and sent back to Richmond with an insulting answer.
So bitter was Lee"s disappointment that he offered his resignation to Davis.
The President at once wrote a generous letter in which he renewed the expressions of his confidence in the genius of his Commanding General and begged him to guard his precious life from undue exposure.
Gettysburg was but one of the appalling calamities which crushed the hopes of the Confederate Chieftain on this memorable fourth of July, 1863.
On the recovery of Joseph E. Johnston from his wound at Seven Pines he was a.s.signed to the old command of Albert Sidney Johnston in the West.
His department included the States of Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina.
He entered on the duties of his new and important field--complaining, peevish, sulking.
On the day before his departure Mrs. Davis visited his wife and expressed to General Johnston the earnest wish of her heart for her husband"s success.
"I sincerely hope, General," she said cordially, "that your campaign will be brilliant and successful."
The General pursed the hard lines of his mouth.
"I might succeed if I had Lee"s chances with the army of Northern Virginia."
From the moment Johnston reached his field he began to quarrel with his generals and complain to the Government at Richmond. He made no serious effort to unite his forces for the defense of Vicksburg and continuously wrote and telegraphed to the War Department that his authority was inadequate to really command so extended a territory. He made no effort to throw the twenty-four thousand men he commanded into a juncture with Pemberton who was struggling valiantly against Grant"s fifty thousand closing in on the doomed city.
On May eighteenth, Johnston sent a courier to Pemberton and advised him to evacuate Vicksburg without a fight! Pemberton held a council of war and refused to give up the Mississippi River without a struggle.
Johnston sat down in his tent and left him to his fate.
Grant closed in on Vicksburg and the struggle began. Pemberton could not believe that Johnston would not march to his relief.
Women and children stood by their homes amid the roar of guns and the bursting of sh.e.l.ls. Caves were dug in the hills and they took refuge under the ground.
A sh.e.l.l burst before a group of children hurrying from their homes to the hills. The dirt thrown up from the explosion knocked three little fellows down, but luckily no bones were broken. They jumped up, brushed their clothes, wiped the dirt from their eyes, and hurried on without a whimper.
When the dark days of starvation came, the women nursed the sick and wounded, lived on mule and horse meat and parched corn.
Johnston continued to send telegrams to the War Department saying he needed more troops and didn"t know where to get them. Yet he was in absolute command of all the troops in his department and could order them to march at a moment"s notice in any direction he wished. He hesitated and continued to send telegrams and write letters for more explicit instructions.
He got them finally in a direct peremptory order from the War Department.
On June fifteenth, he telegraphed his Government:
"I consider saving Vicksburg hopeless."
Davis ordered his Secretary of War to reply immediately in unmistakable language:
"Your telegram grieves and alarms us, Vicksburg must not be lost without a struggle. The interest and honor of the Confederacy forbid it. I rely on you to avert this loss. If better resource does not offer you must hazard attack. It may be made in concert with the garrison, if practicable, but otherwise without. By day or night as you think best."
The Secretary of War, brooding in anxiety over the possibility of Johnston"s timidity in the crisis, again telegraphed him six days later:
"Only my convictions of almost imperative necessity for action induced the official dispatch I have sent you. On every ground I have great deference to your judgment and military genius, but I feel it right to share, if need be to take the responsibility and leave you free to follow the most desperate course the occasion may demand. Rely upon it, the eyes and hopes of the whole Confederacy are upon you, with the full confidence that you will act, and with the sentiment that it were better to fail n.o.bly daring, than through prudence even to be inactive. I rely on you for all possible to save Vicksburg."
On June twenty-seventh, Grant telegraphed Washington:
"Joe Johnston has postponed his attack until he can receive ten thousand reenforcements from Bragg"s army. They are expected early next week. I feel strong enough against this increase and do not despair of having Vicksburg before they arrive."
Pemberton"s army held Vicksburg practically without food for forty-seven days. His brave men were exposed to blistering suns and drenching rains and confined to their trenches through every hour of the night. They had reached the limit of human endurance and were now physically too weak to attempt a sortie. Johnston still sat in his tent writing letters and telegrams to Richmond.
Pemberton surrendered his garrison to General Grant on July fourth, and the Mississippi was opened to the Federal fleet from its mouth to its source.
Grant telegraphed to Washington:
"The enemy surrendered this morning, General Sherman will face immediately on Johnston and drive him from the State."
But the great letter writer did not wait for Sherman to face him. He immediately abandoned the Capital of Mississippi and retreated into the interior.
In the fall of Vicksburg, the Confederacy had suffered a most appalling calamity--not only had the Mississippi River been opened to the Federal gunboats, but Grant had captured twenty-four thousand prisoners of war, including three Major Generals and nine Brigadiers, ninety pieces of artillery and forty thousand small arms.
The Johnston clique at Richmond made this disaster the occasion of fierce a.s.saults on Jefferson Davis and fresh complaints of the treatment of their favorite General. The dogged persistence with which this group of soreheads proclaimed the infallibility of the genius of the weakest and most ineffective general of the Confederacy was phenomenal. The more miserable Johnston"s failures the louder these men shouted his praises.
The yellow journals of the South continued to praise this sulking old man until half the people of the Confederacy were hoodwinked into believing in his greatness.
The results of this Johnston delusion were destined to bear fatal fruit in the hour of the South"s supreme trial.