Warms in the sun, refreshes in the breeze, Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees, Lives thro" all life, extends thro" all extent, Spreads undivided, operates unspent; etc.
or the following, descriptive of the heroine, in The Rape of the Lock:
On her white breast, a sparkling cross she wore, Which Jews might kiss, and infidels adore.
Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose, Quick as her eyes, and as unfix"d as those: Favors to none, to all she smiles extends; Oft she rejects, but never once offends.
Bright as the sun, her eyes the gazers strike, And, like the sun, they shine on all alike.
Yet graceful ease, and sweetness void of pride, Might hide her faults, if Belles had faults to hide: If to her share some female errors fall, Look on her face, and you"ll forget "em all.
The absence of _enjambement_ makes it somewhat difficult so to keep down the rhyme emphasis that it may not pester the ear. (Note 7.)
Where a reader"s feelings have been melodized by culture, they will protect him against the influence of a too artificial construction of the verse. He will not impose variety, but he will utter humdrum verse, as far as possible, under the conditions of his melodized feeling.
The importance of cultivating the speaking voice is quite as great as that of cultivating the reading voice. Perhaps it is greater; for the speaking voice has a wider and more constant influence--an influence which is exerted in all the relations of life, an influence calming or irritating, an influence bringing men into friendly or unfriendly att.i.tudes toward each other. How demulcent the effect of a gracious voice, and how rasping that of a snappish one! "The sweetest music,"
says Emerson, "is not in the oratorio, but in the human voice when it speaks from its instant life tones of tenderness, truth, or courage.
The oratorio has already lost its relation to the morning, to the sun, and the earth, but that persuading voice is in tune with these."
Of Emerson"s own voice, the Rev. Charles G. Ames, in "A Memorial Address," says: "His speech had a subtle spell,--a charm like Nature"s own, so that he affected men like Old Honesty ... so silvery, cheery, sane, fearless!... There was no false ring, no trick to catch applause or to turn off attention from the message to the messenger; no _show_ of knowledge or power or art. One might forget it all next hour, through sheer moral inability to stay at such an unwonted alt.i.tude; but while listening to that high discourse it certainly did seem as if we belonged up there,--as if a man ought to make the very earth a pedestal of honor for his feet and wear the sky about his brow as an aureole."
How much wrath, with its evil consequences, might be averted by soft answers! How much pleasanter an arrival at a hotel might be than it often is, if the slapdash clerk in the office had a voice better attuned to a courteous reception of a guest! or an arrival in New York, from abroad, if a custom-house official knew how to ask, in a civilized way, "What"s in that box?" The question is often asked in a way which has a decidedly indurating effect upon the conscience of a traveller, in regard to dutiable things he may have brought with him. How afflicting the chaotic clatter of high-pitched voices, at a reception, or an evening party! A room jam-full of standing people, "unaimed prattle flying up and down" (true conversation is out of the question) is hard to endure, even with the prospect of lobster and of chicken salad, ice cream, and numerous other unwholesome things about to be. American girls, before they "come out," may talk in a quiet way; but so soon as they "come out," many of them think they must show that they _have_ "come out," by the high pitch and rapidity of their voices, which quite deprive a nervous man of his self-possession.
How much "the charm of beauty"s powerful glance" may be heightened or lowered by the character of the voice which goes along with it! Woman tells on others by a gracious manner, by the beauty of holiness as it is manifested in all her ways, in all her relations, domestic and social, and especially by her voice. A woman with a sweet and gracious voice, the index of a sweet and gracious nature, may exert through it, in the ordinary relations of life, without even knowing it, a better influence than she could by advisedly devoting herself to doing good, even if such devotion took the form of distributing religious tracts! The moral atmosphere of a home may be not a little due to the voice of the wife and mother. The memory, even, of a voice which was toned by love and sympathy, may continue to be a sweet influence long after the voice itself has been hushed in death. The influence of the voice for good or evil, in the domestic, social, and all other relations of life, cannot be estimated. A voice may even have a good or bad reflex action upon its possessor. A slovenly articulation, for example, may be the index of a moral slovenliness, and may react upon the latter. Subtle, indeed, and imperceptible, are the influences upon ourselves, for good or evil, of all our commonest doings.
A fond, worldly mother may be anxiously ambitious that her daughter shall have all the accomplishments required for her fullest attractiveness when she "comes out." Years may be spent upon her musical education, with the poor result, perhaps, of "fine sleights of hand and unimagined fingering, shuffling off the hearer"s soul through hurricanes of notes to a noisy Tophet"; she may be taught dancing which rivals that of a Taglioni, and French, and drawing, and painting; she may be sent abroad to s.n.a.t.c.h the graces beyond the reach of art, of the most elegant European society; and yet, in the grand scheme of accomplishments, the speaking voice is left out and entirely neglected, though she have a voice unpleasantly pitched, and with other remediable defects which are far, very far, from idealizing, transfiguring her! If the time devoted to the piano, with the supposed poor result, had been devoted to a careful cultivation of her voice, her power to charm (that being the end proposed) would be much more increased than by any or all of her other accomplishments.
It is easy to infer what Shakespeare"s opinions were on many subjects, although his Plays are regarded by some critics as peculiarly impersonal; but they are charged with his personality, and shadow forth, not dimly, his views in regard to many things. The evidence is abundant that the voice was to him very significant, apart from his estimate of its importance, as a professional actor, and that he was most susceptible to its charms and to its defects. It is her voice which the grief-stricken Lear is made to speak of, when he bends over the dead Cordelia: "Her voice," he says, "was ever soft, gentle, and low"; and to this he adds, "an excellent thing in woman"; Shakespeare, no doubt, meaning that he had in his mind, at the time, the cruel voices, expressive of their hard and wicked hearts, of Regan and Goneril. After the death of Antony, Cleopatra, in her rapturous praise of him, says,---
His voice was propertied As all the tuned spheres, and that to friends; But when he meant to quail and shake the orb, It was as rattling thunder.
Hamlet"s advice to the players we may take as an expression of Shakespeare"s own standard of vocal delivery, and as his protest against a stilted and ranting declamation, which, no doubt, characterized many of the actors of his day.
There is evidence in the Plays that, in the process of composition, he must either have heard imaginatively what he was writing, or have actually voiced his language as he went along. He did not write for the eye, but for the ear. And the high vocal capabilities of his language may be somewhat attributable to his hearing of what he wrote. Must he not have heard the effect of monosyllabic words, uttered with the tremor and semi-tone of old age, when he wrote King Lear"s speeches?--"You see me here, you G.o.ds, a poor old man, as full of grief as age," etc., and "When we are born, we cry that we are come to this great stage of fools," etc. And must he not have heard the effect of polysyllabic words as expressive of Macbeth"s sense of the vastness of his guilt, when he wrote, "this my hand will rather the _mult.i.tudinous_ seas _incarnadine_," etc.? of the guttural emphasis, expressive of detestation, in the speech of Coriola.n.u.s to the rabble?--"You _c_ommon _c_ry of _c_urs! whose breath I _h_ate as _r_eek o" the _r_otten fens,"
etc.
An interesting compilation might be made from the Plays, of pa.s.sages expressive of strong pa.s.sion of various kinds, the several vocabularies of which testify to Shakespeare"s having imaginatively or actually voiced what he wrote. The speech of the b.a.s.t.a.r.d to Hubert, in King John (A. iv. S. 3), is a signal example:
_b.a.s.t.a.r.d._ Here"s a good world!--Knew you of this fair work?
Beyond the infinite and boundless reach Of mercy, if thou didst this deed of death, Art thou d.a.m.n"d, Hubert.
_Hubert._ Do but hear me, sir.
_b.a.s.t.a.r.d._ Ha! I"ll tell thee what; Thou"rt d.a.m.n"d as black--nay, nothing is so black; Thou art more deep d.a.m.n"d than Prince Lucifer: There is not yet so ugly a fiend of h.e.l.l As thou shalt be, if thou didst kill this child.
I fancy that Shakespeare had a fine voice. If he had not, it is quite certain that he had the highest estimate and appreciation of the voice as the organ of the soul. His creative spirit, too, attracted to itself the most effective vocabulary for the vocal expression of every kind of pa.s.sion--the most effective by reason of their monosyllabic or their polysyllabic character, of their vowel or their consonantal elements. To him, language was for the ear, not for the eye. The written word was to him what it was to Socrates, "the mere image or phantom of the living and animated word." (Note 8.)
The art of printing has caused language to be overmuch transferred from its true domain, the sense of hearing, to the sense of sight. The lofty idealized language of poetry is known, in these days, chiefly through the eye, and its true power is consequently quiescent for the generality of silent readers. In silent reading, an appreciation of matter and form must be largely due to an imaginative transference to the ear of what is taken in by the eye.
The impression seems to be getting stronger and stronger, in these days of excessive teaching and excessive learning, that no one can do anything or learn anything without being taught,--without "taking a regular course," as the phrase is. This seems to be especially true in the matter of vocal cultivation. People go to schools of oratory with nothing within themselves which is clamorous for expression; not even a very "still small voice" urging them to express something. Many who desire, or think they do, to be readers, as there are many who desire, or think they do, to be artists, evidently believe that if they be trained in technique they can be readers or artists.
But suppose some one is impelled to cultivate vocal power because of his desire to express what he has sympathetically and lovingly a.s.similated, of a work of genius: if he endeavor to give an honest expression, so far as in him lies, to what he feels, and avoid trying to express what he does not feel, and if he persevere in his endeavor, with always a coefficient ideal back of his reading, he may--in time, he certainly will--become a better reader than another could if he should set out, with malice prepense, to be an elocutionist, and with that malicious purpose, were to employ a mere voice-trainer who should teach him to perpetrate all sorts of vocal extravagances, to make faces, and to gesticulate when reading what does not need any gesture. Such an one, after pa.s.sing out of the hands of his trainer, is most likely to go forth and afflict the public with his performances, which will be wholly a pitiable exhibition of himself.
Some of the best readers I have ever known have been of the former cla.s.s, who honestly voiced what they had sympathetically a.s.similated, and did not strain after effect. But it seems that when one sets out to read, with no interior capital, he or she, especially she, is apt to run into all kinds of extravagances which disgust people of culture and taste. The voice, instead of being the organ of the soul, is the betrayer of soullessness.
Without that interior life which can respond to the indefinite life of a work of genius (indefinite, that is, to the intellect), a trained voice can do nothing of itself in the way of real interpretation. It may bring out the definite articulating thought, in a way, but the electric aura in which the thought should be enveloped, will be wanting; and where this is wanting, in the expression of spiritualized thought, the true object of reading is but imperfectly realized. What can be got through the eye, it is not the main function of the voice to deliver. There must be the requisite "drift" and choral intonation--drift, the air, the pervading, ruling spirit, "the dominant"s persistence," the prevailing tone color.
I am pleased to quote, in this connection, what Professor Edward Dowden writes in his article on "The teaching of English literature," contained in his recent volume, "New Studies in Literature": "Few persons nowadays seem to feel how powerful an instrument of culture may be found in modest, intelligent, and sympathetic reading aloud. The reciter and the elocutionist of late have done much to rob us of this which is one of the finest of the fine arts. A mongrel something which, at least with the inferior adepts, is neither good reading nor yet veritable acting, but which sets agape the half-educated with the wonder of its airs and att.i.tudinizing, its pseudo-heroics and pseudo-pathos, has usurped the place of the true art of reading aloud, and has made the word "recitation" a terror to quiet folk who are content with intelligence and refinement. Happily in their behalf the great sense-carrier to the Empire, Mr. Punch, has at length seen it right to intervene. (Note 9.) The reading which we should desire to cultivate is intelligent reading, that is, it should express the meaning of each pa.s.sage clearly; sympathetic reading, that is, it should convey the feeling delicately; musical reading, that is, it should move in accord with the melody and harmony of what is read, be it in verse or prose."
A training of the organs of speech which brings them into complete obedience to the will and the feelings, and a perfect technique, important and indispensable as they are, cannot, of themselves, avail much in the interpretation of spiritualized thought. This must be mainly the result of such education as induces an inward preparedness for responding to and a.s.similating the essential life of a work of genius.
_Quicquid recipitur, recipitur ad modum recipientis_ (whatever is received, is received according to the measure of the recipient). And it is, or should be, the leading object of literary education to enlarge the spiritual measure of the recipient.
Now it must be said that the schools, with all their grammars, their rhetorics, their philologies, their psychologies, their histories and cheap philosophies of literature, their commentaries and annotations, do not prepare their students to know works of genius in their absolute character; for such knowledge implies an adequate education of the absolute, that is, spiritual man, and such education is not induced by the above studies as at present conducted. It demands spiritual life to respond to spiritual life; or, in the words of St. Paul, "the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of G.o.d, for they are foolishness unto him; neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned."
What is generally understood in the schools as a thorough study of a work of genius, is occupied quite exclusively with the language and with that part of the subject-matter which can be intellectually formulated.
That part which demands a spiritual response and which it is the main object of reading to vocalize for the purpose of calling forth such response, is not included in the so-called thorough study. The latter may do much, indeed, to shut off any spiritual response which a student might give if he were not subjected to such study. In this statement no depreciation of scholarship is meant to be implied. Let us have the most thorough scholarship possible; but it must not become an end to itself; it must be a means to the higher end of intellectual and spiritual life.
What chiefly afflicts a cultivated hearer, in "elocution," is the conspicuous absence of spiritual a.s.similation on the part of the reader.
At best, he voices only what the eye of an ordinary reader could take in, and leaves the all-important part to his face, arms, and legs, and various att.i.tudes of the body. But the spiritual in literature must be addressed to the ear. "A spirit aerial informs the cell of Hearing,"
says Wordsworth, in his great poem, "On the power of sound."
Reading, I have said, is not acting. It is the acting which usually accompanies the reading or recitation of the professional elocutionist which cultivated people especially dislike. When they wish to see acting, they prefer going to a theatre. When they listen to reading, they want serious interpretative vocalization; only that and nothing more is necessary, unless it be a spontaneous and graceful movement of the hands, occasionally, such as one makes in animated conversation.
Again, the most elegant way of vocally interpreting a poem, is to read it from a book, rather than to recite it. Recitation has much to do with this acting business. In fact, elocutionists recite in order to have their arms free to act--to ill.u.s.trate the thought they are expressing.
Thought should not be helped out by gesture. Gesture results, or should result, from emotion, and should, therefore, be indefinite. Mimetic gesture, or mimetic action of any kind, is rarely, if ever, in place. If a speaker, addressing a _very_ ignorant audience, had to use the word "rotatory," for example, he might make a cyclic movement or two with his hand, to ill.u.s.trate its meaning. But to do so before an audience presumably intelligent enough to know the meaning of the word, would be impertinent--a "wasteful and ridiculous excess." So, too, it would be, to ill.u.s.trate the word "somersault," before an audience of ordinary intelligence. The absurdity of mimetic action is well ill.u.s.trated in the following: "I have heard," says a writer in "Expression" (Vol. I., No.
2), published in Boston, "of a popular public reader of Boston giving last season Wordsworth"s "Daffodils"; and as she came to the last two lines,--
And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils,
she put her hand to her heart and with pleasure indicated by a sentimental flash of the eye upon the audience, danced a few graceful steps expressive of exuberant joy, and bowed herself off the platform amid the vociferous applause of the audience. The reader"s taste in this case was no worse than that of the audience that applauded her. The incident shows how great the general lack of taste, and the need of the systematic study of fitness in the relation of thought to its expression."
I would say rather than "lack of taste," lack of spiritual life, although the former is closely allied with the latter. A reader who has a.s.similated the "Daffodils," who can sympathetically reproduce within himself the heart-dance of the poet, can better reveal that reproduction through the voice (the requisite vocal culture being a.s.sumed) than through such mimetic foolery as the above. He would not and could not condescend to the latter, if he had feeling deep enough truly to know the poem of the "Daffodils." True feeling is always serious, even if it be that of deep joy. The trouble with many public readers is, that they don"t truly know, have not inwardly experienced, what they attempt to interpret vocally; and, as a consequence, they resort to what disgusts people of real culture.
I was once present, by accident, at a lecture given by a Delsarto-elocutionary woman, and in the course of the lecture, she presented what, she said, would be false gestures in reciting Whittier"s Maud Muller. She then recited the poem, with, according to her notions, _true_ gestures, which were more in number than Cicero made, perhaps, in his orations against Cataline, or Demosthenes, in his oration On the Crown. Every idea of the poem told outwardly on her body.
If a woman, in reading Maud Muller, has emotions which _must_ find vent in gesture, and various physical contortions, she ought to be put under treatment that would tone up her system.
The University of the Future, in order to be a vastly greater power than the University of the Present, must, at least, rank spiritual education with intellectual training and discipline. This the University of the near Future must do; the University of a more remote Future, we must believe, if we believe that the spiritual is the crowning attribute of man--that by which he is linked with the permanent, the eternal, will make all intellectual training and discipline, even all physical training, so far as may be, subservient to the spiritual man.
Let us cry "All good things Are ours, nor soul helps flesh more, now, than flesh helps soul!"