For the two days following my first experience I am unable to resume work. Fatigue has swept through my blood like a fever. Every bone and joint has a clamouring ache. I pa.s.s the time visiting other factories and hunting for a place to board in the neighbourhood of the pickling house. At the cork works they do not need girls; at the cracker company I can get a job, but the hours are longer, the advantages less than where I am; at the broom factory they employ only men. I decide to continue with tin caps and pickle jars.
My whole effort now is to find a respectable boarding-house. I start out, the thermometer near zero, the snow falling. I wander and ask, wander and ask. Up and down the black streets running parallel and at right angles with the factory I tap and ring at one after another of the two-story red-brick houses. More than half of them are empty, tenantless during the working hours. What hope is there for family life near the hearth which is abandoned at the factory"s first call? The sociableness, the discipline, the division of responsibility make factory work a dangerous rival to domestic care. There is something in the modern conditions of labour which act magnetically upon American girls, impelling them to work not for bread alone, but for clothes and finery as well. Each cla.s.s in modern society knows a menace to its homes: sport, college education, machinery--each is a factor in the gradual transformation of family life from a united domestic group to a collection of individuals with separate interests and aims outside the home.
I pursue my search. It is the dinner hour. At last a narrow door opens, letting a puff of hot rank air blow upon me as I stand in the vestibule questioning: "Do you take boarders?"
The woman who answers stands with a spoon in her hand, her eyes fixed upon a rear room where a stove, laden with frying-pans, glows and sputters.
"Come in," she says, "and get warm."
I walk into a front parlour with furniture that evidently serves domestic as well as social purposes. There is a profusion of white knitted tidies and portieres that exude an odour of cooking. Before the fire a workingman sits in a blue shirt and overalls. Fresh from the barber"s hands, he has a clean mask marked by the razor"s edge. Already I feel at home.
"Want board, do you?" the woman asks. "Well, we ain"t got no place; we"re always right full up."
My disappointment is keen. Regretfully I leave the fire and start on again.
"I guess you"ll have some trouble in finding what you want," the woman calls to me on her way back to the kitchen, as I go out.
The answer is everywhere the same, with slight variations. Some take "mealers" only, some only "roomers," some "only gentlemen." I begin to understand it. Among the thousands of families who live in the city on account of the work provided by the mills, there are girls enough to fill the factories. There is no influx such as creates in a small town the necessity for working-girl boarding-houses. There is an ample supply of hands from the existing homes. There is the same difference between city and country factory life that there is between university life in a capital and in a country town.
A sign on a neat-looking corner house attracts me. I rap and continue to rap; the door is opened at length by a tall good-looking young woman.
Her hair curls prettily, catching the light; her eyes are stupid and beautiful. She has on a black skirt and a bright purple waist.
"Do you take boarders?"
"Why, yes. I don"t generally like to take ladies, they give so much trouble. You can come in if you like. Here"s the room," she continues, opening a door near the vestibule. She brushes her hand over her forehead and stares at me; and then, as though she can no longer silence the knell that is ringing in her heart, she says to me, always staring:
"My husband was killed on the railroad last week. He lived three hours.
They took him to the hospital--a boy come running down and told me. I went up as fast as I could, but it was too late; he never spoke again. I guess he didn"t know what struck him; his head was all smashed. He was awful good to me--so easy-going. I ain"t got my mind down to work yet.
If you don"t like this here room," she goes on listlessly, "maybe you could get suited across the way."
Thompson Seton tells us in his book on wild animals that not one among them ever dies a natural death. As the opposite extreme of vital persistence we have the man whose life, in spite of acute disease, is prolonged against reason by science; and midway comes the labourer, who takes his chances unarmed by any understanding of physical law, whose only safeguards are his wits and his presence of mind. The violent death, the accidents, the illnesses to which he falls victim might be often warded off by proper knowledge. Nature is a zealous enemy; ignorance and inexperience keep a whole cla.s.s defenseless.
The next day is Sat.u.r.day. I feel a fresh excitement at going back to my job; the factory draws me toward it magnetically. I long to be in the hum and whir of the busy workroom. Two days of leisure without resources or amus.e.m.e.nt make clear to me how the sociability of factory life, the freedom from personal demands, the escape from self can prove a distraction to those who have no mental occupation, no money to spend on diversion. It is easier to submit to factory government which commands five hundred girls with one law valid for all, than to undergo the arbitrary discipline of parental authority. I speed across the snow-covered courtyard. In a moment my cap and ap.r.o.n are on and I am sent to report to the head forewoman.
"We thought you"d quit," she says. "Lots of girls come in here and quit after one day, especially Sat.u.r.day. To-day is scrubbing day," she smiles at me. "Now we"ll do right by you if you do right by us. What did the timekeeper say he"d give you?"
"Sixty or seventy a day."
"We"ll give you seventy," she says. "Of course, we can judge girls a good deal by their looks, and we can see that you"re above the average."
She wears her cap close against her head. Her front hair is rolled up in crimping-pins. She has false teeth and is a widow. Her pale, parched face shows what a great share of life has been taken by daily over-effort repeated during years. As she talks she touches my arm in a kindly fashion and looks at me with blue eyes that float about under weary lids. "You are only at the beginning," they seem to say. "Your youth and vigour are at full tide, but drop by drop they will be sapped from you, to swell the great flood of human effort that supplies the world"s material needs. You will gain in experience," the weary lids flutter at me, "but you will pay _with your life_ the living you make."
There is no variety in my morning"s work. Next to me is a bright, pretty girl jamming chopped pickles into bottles.
"How long have you been here?" I ask, attracted by her capable appearance. She does her work easily and well.
"About five months."
"How much do you make?"
"From 90 cents to $1.05. I"m doing piece-work," she explains. "I get seven-eighths of a cent for every dozen bottles I fill. I have to fill eight dozen to make seven cents. Downstairs in the corking-room you can make as high as $1.15 to $1.20. They won"t let you make any more than that. Me and them two girls over there are the only ones in this room doing piece-work. I was here three weeks as a day-worker."
"Do you live at home?" I ask.
"Yes; I don"t have to work. I don"t pay no board. My father and my brothers supports me and my mother. But," and her eyes twinkle, "I couldn"t have the clothes I do if I didn"t work."
"Do you spend your money all on yourself?"
"Yes."
I am amazed at the cheerfulness of my companions. They complain of fatigue, of cold, but never at any time is there a suggestion of ill-humour. Their suppressed animal spirits rea.s.sert themselves when the forewoman"s back is turned. Companionship is the great stimulus. I am confident that without the social _entrain_, the encouragement of example, it would be impossible to obtain as much from each individual girl as is obtained from them in groups of tens, fifties, hundreds working together.
When lunch is over we are set to scrubbing. Every table and stand, every inch of the factory floor must be scrubbed in the next four hours. The whistle on Sat.u.r.day blows an hour earlier. Any girl who has not finished her work when the day is done, so that she can leave things in perfect order, is kept overtime, for which she is paid at the rate of six or seven cents an hour. A pail of hot water, a dirty rag and a scrubbing-brush are thrust into my hands. I touch them gingerly. I get a broom and for some time make sweeping a necessity, but the forewoman is watching me. I am afraid of her. There is no escape. I begin to scrub.
My hands go into the brown, slimy water and come out brown and slimy. I slop the soap-suds around and move on to a fresh place. It appears there are a right and a wrong way of scrubbing. The forewoman is at my side.
"Have you ever scrubbed before?" she asks sharply. This is humiliating.
"Yes," I answer; "I have scrubbed ... oilcloth."
The forewoman knows how to do everything. She drops down on her knees and, with her strong arms and short-thumbed, brutal hands, she shows me how to scrub.
The grumbling is general. There is but one opinion among the girls: it is not right that they should be made to do this work. They all echo the same resentment, but their complaints are made in whispers; not one has the courage to openly rebel. What, I wonder to myself, do the men do on scrubbing day. I try to picture one of them on his hands and knees in a sea of brown mud. It is impossible. The next time I go for a supply of soft soap in a department where the men are working I take a look at the masculine interpretation of house cleaning. One man is playing a hose on the floor and the rest are rubbing the boards down with long-handled brooms and rubber mops.
"You take it easy," I say to the boss.
"I won"t have no scrubbing in my place," he answers emphatically. "The first scrubbing day, they says to me "Get down on your hands and knees,"
and I says--"Just pay me my money, will you; I"m goin" home. What scrubbing can"t be done with mops ain"t going to be done by me." The women wouldn"t have to scrub, either, if they had enough spirit all of "em to say so."
I determined to find out if possible, during my stay in the factory, what it is that clogs this mainspring of "spirit" in the women.
I hear fragmentary conversations about fancy dress b.a.l.l.s, valentine parties, church sociables, flirtations and clothes. Almost all of the girls wear shoes with patent leather and some or much cheap jewelry, brooches, bangles and rings. A few draw their corsets in; the majority are not laced. Here and there I see a new girl whose back is flat, whose chest is well developed. Among the older hands who have begun work early there is not a straight pair of shoulders. Much of the bottle washing and filling is done by children from twelve to fourteen years of age.
On their slight, frail bodies toil weighs heavily; the delicate child form gives way to the iron hand of labour pressed too soon upon it.
Backs bend earthward, chests recede, never to be sound again.
After a Sunday of rest I arrive somewhat ahead of time on Monday morning, which leaves me a few moments for conversation with a piece-worker who is pasting labels on mustard jars. She is fifteen.
"Do you like your job?" I ask.
"Yes, I do," she answers, pleased to tell her little history. "I began in a clothing shop. I only made $2.50 a week, but I didn"t have to stand. I felt awful when papa made me quit. When I came in here, bein"
on my feet tired me so I cried every night for two months. Now I"ve got used to it. I don"t feel no more tired when I get home than I did when I started out." There are two sharp blue lines that drag themselves down from her eyes to her white cheeks.
"Why, you know, at Christmas they give us two weeks," she goes on in the sociable tone of a woman whose hands are occupied. "I just didn"t know what to do with myself."
"Does your mother work?"
"Oh, my, no. I don"t have to work, only if I didn"t I couldn"t have the clothes I do. I save some of my money and spend the rest on myself. I make $6 to $7 a week."