The mill owners exert, as far as possible, an influence over the moral tone of their employees, a.s.suming the right to judge their conduct both in and out of the factory and to treat them as they see fit. The average girls are self-respecting. They trifle with love. The attraction they wish to exert is ever present in their minds and in their conversation.
The sacrifices they make for clothes are the first in importance. They have superst.i.tions of all kinds: to sneeze on Sat.u.r.day means the arrival of a beau on Sunday; a big or little tea leaf means a tall or a short caller, and so on. There is a book of dreams kept on one table in the mill, and the girls consult it to find the interpretation of their nocturnal reveries. They are fanciful, sentimental, cold, pa.s.sionless.
The accepted honesty of married life makes them slow to discard the liberty they love, to dismiss the suitors who would attend their wedding as one would a funeral.
There is, of course, another category of girl, who goes brutally into pa.s.sionate pleasures, follows the shows, drinks and knocks about town with the boys. She is known as a "b.u.m," has sacrificed name and reputation and cannot remain in the mill.
We discussed one night the suitable age for a girl to become mistress of herself. The boy of the household maintained that at eighteen a girl could marry, but that she must be twenty-one before she could have her own way. All the girls insisted that they could and did boss themselves and had even before they were eighteen.
Two chums who boarded in my house gave a charming ill.u.s.tration of the carelessness and the extravagance, the independence and love of it which characterizes feminine America. One of these was a _deracinee_, a child with a foreign touch in her tw.a.n.g; a legend of other climes in the dexterity of her deft fingers; some memory of an exile from France in her name: Lorraine. Her friend was a _mondaine_. She had the social gift, a subtle understanding of things worldly, the _glissey mortel n"appuyez jamais_ att.i.tude toward life. By a touch of flippancy, an adroit turn of mind, she kept the knowing mastery over people which has mystified and delighted in all great hostesses since the days of Esther.
When the other girls waited feverishly for love letters, she was opening a pile of invitations to socials and theatre parties. Discreet and condescending, she received more than she gave.
As soon as the posters were out for a Tuesday performance of "Faust,"
preparations began in the household to attend. Sat.u.r.day shopping and supper were hurried through and by six o"clock Lorraine was at the sewing machine tucking chiffon for hats and bodices. After ten hours"
work in the mill, she began again, eager to use the last of the spring twilight, prolonged by a quarter moon. There was a sudden, belated gust of snow; in the blue mist each white frame house glowed with a warm, pink light from its parlour stove. Lorraine"s fingers flew. A hat took form and grew from a heap of stuff into a Parisian creation; a bolero was cut and tucked and fitted; a skirt was ripped and st.i.tched and pressed; a shirt-waist was started and finished. For two nights the girls worked until twelve o"clock so that when the "show" came they might have something new to wear that n.o.body had seen. This must have been the unanimous intention of the Perry populace, for the peanut gallery was a bower of fashion. Styles, which I had thought were new in Paris, were familiarly worn in Perry by the mill hands. White kid gloves were _en regle_. The play was "Faust." All allusions to the triumph of religion over the devil; all insinuations on the part of Mephistopheles in regard to the enviable escape of Martha"s husband and of husbands in general, from prating women in general; all invocations of virtue and moral triumph, were greeted with bursts of applause. Between the acts there was music, and the ushers distributed showers of printed advertis.e.m.e.nts, which the audience fell at once to reading as though they had nothing to talk about.
I heard only one hearty comment about the play: "That devil," said Lorraine, as we walked home together, "was a corker!"
I have left until the last the two friends who held a place apart in the household: the farmer and his wife, the old people of another generation with whom we boarded. They had begun life together forty years ago. They lived on neighbouring farms. There was dissension between the families such as we read of in "Pyramus and Thisbe," "Romeo and Juliet." The young people contrived a means of corresponding. An old coat that hung in the barn, where n.o.body saw it, served as post-office.
Truman pleaded his cause ardently and won his Louisa. They fixed a day for the elopement. A fierce snowstorm piled high its drifts of white, but all the afternoon long the little bride played about, burrowing a path from the garden to her bedroom window, and when night came and brought her mounted hero with it, she climbed up on to the saddle by his side and rode away to happiness, leaving ill nature and quarrels far behind. Side by side, as on the night of their wedding ride, they had traversed forty years together. Ill health had broken up their farm home. When Truman could no longer work they came in to Perry to take boarders, having no children. The old man never spoke. He did ch.o.r.es about the house, made the fire mornings, attended to the parlour stove; he went about his work and no one ever addressed a word to him; he seemed to have no more live contact with the youth about him than driftwood has with the tree"s new shoots. He had lived his life on a farm; he was a land captain; he knew the earth"s secrets as a ship"s captain knows the sea"s. He paced the mild wooden pavements of Perry, booted, and capped for storm and wind, deep snow and all the inimical elements a pioneer might meet with. His new false teeth seemed to shine from his s.h.a.ggy gray beard as a symbol of this new town experience in a rough natural existence, out of keeping, ill a.s.sorted. Tempted to know what his silence hid, I spent an hour with him by the kitchen stove one Sunday afternoon. His memory went easily back to the days when there were no railroads, no telegraphs, no mills. He was of a speculative turn of mind:
"I don"t see," he said, "what makes men so crazy after gold. They"re getting worse all the time. Gold ain"t got no real value. You take all the gold out of the world and it wouldn"t make no difference whatever.
You can"t even make a tool to get a living with, out of gold; but just do away with the iron, and where would you be?" And again, he volunteered:
"I think Mr. Carnegie would have done a deal n.o.bler if he had paid his men a little more straight along. He wouldn"t have had such a name for himself. But don"t you believe it would have been better to have paid those men more for the work they were doing day by day than it is now to give pensions to their families? I know what I think about the matter."
[Ill.u.s.tration: SUNDAY EVENING AT SILVER LAKE
The mill girls" excursion resort. A special train and "busses run on Sundays, and "everybody" goes.]
I asked him how he liked city life.
"Give me a farm every time," was his answer. "Once you"ve seen a town you know it all. It"s the same over and over again. But the country"s changing every day in the year. It"s a terrible thing, being sick," he went on. "It seems sometimes as though the pain would tear me to pieces when I walk across the floor. I wasn"t no good on the farm any more, so my wife took a notion we better come in town and take boarders."
Thus it was with this happily balanced couple; as his side grew heavier she took on more ballast and swung even with him. She had the quick adaptability common to American women. During the years of farm life religious meetings and a few neighbours had kept her in touch with the outside world. The church and the kitchen were what she had on the farm; the church and the kitchen were what she had in town; family life supplemented by boarders, a social existence kept alive by a few faithful neighbours. She had retained her activity and sympathy because she was intelligent, because she lived with the _young_. The man could not make himself one of another generation, so he lived alone. He had lost his companions, the "cow kind and the sheep kind"; he had lost control over the earth that belonged to him; he was disused; he suffered; he pined. But as they sat together side by side at table, his look toward her was one of trust and comfort. His glance traveled back over a long vista of years seen to them as their eyes met, invisible to those about--years that had glorified confidence in this life as it pa.s.sed and transfigured it into the promise of another life to come.
MAKING CLOTHING IN CHICAGO
CHAPTER IV
MAKING CLOTHING IN CHICAGO
On arriving in Chicago I addressed myself to the ladies of Hull House, asking for a tenement family who would take a factory girl to board. I intended starting out without money to see at least how far I could go before putting my hand into the depths where an emergency fund was pinned in a black silk bag.
It was the first day of May. A hot wind blew eddies of dust up and down the electric car tracks; the streets were alive with children; a group swarmed in front of each doorstep, too large to fit into the house behind it. Down the long, regular avenues that stretched right and left there was a broken line of tenements topped by telegraph wires and bathed in a soft cloud of black soot falling from a chimney in the neighbourhood. The sidewalks were a patchwork of dirt, broken paving-stones and wooden boards. The sunshine was hot and gloomy. There were no names on the corner lamps and the house numbers were dull and needed repainting. It was already late in the afternoon: I had but an hour or two before dark to find a lodging. The miserable, overcrowded tenement houses repelled me, yet I dreaded that there should not be room among them for one more bread-winner to lodge. I hailed a cl.u.s.ter of children in the gutter:
"Say," I said, "do you know where Mrs. Hicks lives to?"
They crowded around, eager. The tallest boy, with curly red hair and freckles, pointed out Mrs. Hicks" residence, the upper windows of a brick flat that faced the world like a prison wall. After I had rung and waited for the responding click from above, a cross-eyed Italian woman with a baby in her arms motioned to me from the step where she was sitting that I must go down a side alley to find Mrs. Hicks. Out of a promiscuous heap of filth, a broken-down staircase led upward to a row of green blinds and a screen door. Somebody"s housekeeping was scattered around in torn bits of linen and tomato cans.
The screen door opened to my knock and the Hicks family gushed at me--ever so many children of all ages and an immense mother in an under-waist and petticoat. The interior was neat; the wooden floors were scrubbed spotless. I congratulated myself. Mrs. Hicks clucked to the family group, smiled at me, and said:
"I never took a boarder in my life. I ain"t got room enough for my own young ones, let alone strangers."
[Ill.u.s.tration: "THE BREATH OF THE BLACK, SWEET NIGHT REACHED THEM, FETID, HEAVY WITH THE ODOUR OF DEATH AS IT BLEW ACROSS THE STOCKYARDS"]
There were two more names on my list. I proceded to the nearest and found an Irish lady living in bas.e.m.e.nt rooms ornamented with green crochet work, crayon portraits, red plaid table-cloths and chromo picture cards.
She had rheumatism in her "limbs" and moved with difficulty. She was glad to talk the matter over, though she had from the first no intention of taking me. From my then point of view nothing seemed so desirable as a cot in Mrs. Flannagan"s front parlour. I even offered in my eagerness to sleep on the horsehair sofa. Womanlike, she gave twenty little reasons for not taking me before she gave the one big reason, which was this:
"Well, to tell you the truth, I wouldn"t mind having you myself, but I"ve got three sons, and you know _boys is queer_."
It was late, the sun had set and only the twilight remained for my search before night would be upon me and I would be driven to some charity refuge.
I had one more name, and climbed to find its owner in a tenement flat.
She was a German woman with a clubfoot. Two half-naked children incrusted with dirt were playing on the floor. They waddled toward me as I asked what my chances were for finding a room and board. The mother struck first one, then the other, of her offspring, and they fell into two little heaps, both wailing. From a hole back of the kitchen came the sympathetic response of a half-starved s.h.a.ggy dog. He howled and the babes wailed while we visited the dusky apartment. There was one room rented to a day lodger who worked nights, and one room without a window where the German family slept. She proposed that I share the bed with her that night until she could get an extra cot. Her husband and the children could sleep on the parlour lounge. She was hideous and dirty.
Her loose lips and half-toothless mouth were the slipshod note of an entire existence. There was a very dressy bonnet with feathers hanging on a peg in the bedroom, and two gala costumes belonging to the tearful twins.
"I"ll come back in an hour, thank you," I said. "Don"t expect me if I am not here in an hour," and I fled down the stairs. Before the hour was up I had found, through the guidance of the Irish lady with rheumatism, a clean room in one street and board in another. This was inconvenient, but safe and comparatively healthy.
My meals were thirty-five cents a day, payable at the end of the week; my room was $1.25 a week, total $3.70 a week.
My first introduction to Chicago tenement life was supper at Mrs.
Wood"s.
I could hear the meal sputtering on the kitchen stove as I opened the Wood front door.
Mrs. Wood, combining duties as cook and hostess, called to me to make myself at home in the front parlour. I seated myself on the sofa, which exuded the familiar acrid odour of the poor. Opposite me there was a door half open leading into a room where a lamp was lighted. I could see a young girl and a man talking together. He was sitting and had his hat on. She had a halo of blond hair, through which the lamplight was shining, and she stood near the man, who seemed to be teasing her. Their conversation was low, but there was a familiar cry now and then, half vulgar, half affectionate.
When we had taken our places at the table, Mrs. Wood presented us.
"This is Miss Ida," she said, pointing to the blonde girl; "she"s been boarding over a year with me, and this," turning to the young man who sat near by with one arm hanging listlessly over the back of a chair, "this is Miss Ida"s intended."