Lucky and unlucky birthdays.
_G_. Rabbi Simon ben Levi said that whoever is born on the first day of the week (Sunday) will be either thoroughly good or thoroughly bad, because on that day light and darkness were created. If on the second day of the week, he will be stingy, because the waters were divided on that day. If on the third day, he will be rich and prosperous, because on that day abundant vegetation was created. If on the fourth day, he will be wise and happy, because on that day the luminaries were fixed.
If on the fifth day, he will be good-natured, because fishes and fowls were then created, and these are fed by G.o.d alone. If on the sixth day, he will be likely to give himself to good works, because that is the Sabbath preparation day. If, however, he be born on the Sabbath, he will also die on the Sabbath, as a punishment for his desecration of that sacred day by his birth.
2. TREATISE ON THE Pa.s.sOVER (_Pesakhin_). No. 3 in order.
_M._ On the eve of the fourteenth Nisan, search must be made for leaven by the light of a lamp (10).
_G._ What means the Hebrew word _or_? (Translated above "on the eve of"). Rabbi Huna says it means, "when the day begins to dawn": but according to Rabbi Jehuda it means "at night," but in Genesis xliv, 3, and 2nd Sam. xxiii, 4, the verb means "to get day, to dawn," so that Rabbi Huna is right. Abazi said that no student should enter upon his studies just before the dawn of the fourteenth Nizan, lest he forget to search for leaven.
_G._ To Amorain (11) propose the following question: "Suppose a man let a house to another, telling him that he had removed all leaven but subsequently it was found that some leaven had been left. Is the agreement to take the house binding?" Abazi said, "Yes, it is, for it is better that each householder sees for himself that all leaven has been removed. Before beginning the search for leaven a blessing must be said, as, indeed, before any religious act is performed."
By the light of the lamp.
_G._ The light of the sun or of the moon or of a flame of fire may not be used in searching for leaven, as the Rabbis say is taught in Zephaniah i, 12 (I will search Jerusalem with lights), and Prov. xx, 27 (Man"s soul is Jehovah"s lamp searching the inner chambers of the body.)
3. TREATISE ON NEW YEAR"S DAY (_Rosh Hashshanah_). No. 8 in order.
_G._ The generation before the flood was punished with boiling water.
(12).
4. TREATISE ON THE ROLL (13) _(Megillah)._ No. 10 in order.
_M_. The Megillah _(i.e._, Esther) is sometimes read on the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, or 15th of the month Adar, not earlier nor later (for details see the Mishnah and Gemara).
_G_. Rabbi Jehuda says on the authority of Samuel, that the book of Esther does not defile the hands (14), _i.e._, that this book was not given by the inspiration of G.o.d. Samuel, however, explained that Esther was dictated by the Spirit of G.o.d, but only to be orally repeated, and not to be written.
_G_. When a scroll of the Law has become through age unfit for use it is to be buried in an earthen vessel, as is said in Jeremiah xxii, 14, "And put them in an earthen vessel, that they may continue many days." A scroll of the Law ought never to be sold unless the object be to enable the seller to study the Law better, or to take himself a wife. Rabbi Simon ben Gemaliel said "whoever sells a scroll of the Law, or a daughter, though he does it because he has nothing to eat, will have no good from the purchase money."
5. TREATISE DEALING WITH THE LAWS ABOUT FESTIVAL OFFERINGS. _(Khagiga)._ No. 12 in order.
Those under an obligation to offer the burnt offerings during the three _great_ annual Feasts.
_M_. Everyone is under an obligation to offer the burnt offering except the following: A deaf man, a fool, a child, one of doubtful s.e.x, one of double s.e.x, a woman, a slave, a lame man, a blind man, a sick man.
What is meant by a child? One not able to ride upon his father"s shoulders in order to go up from Jerusalem to the Temple. So say the School of Shammai, but the Hillel School define child, "One unable to take hold of his father"s hand to go from Jerusalem to the Temple."
_G_. What does the expression "everyone" include?
Him who is half a slave and half free and also him who is lame on the first day and well on the second day, as well as the man who is blind in one eye, except the deaf man, a fool, and a child, and so forth. A deaf man is like a fool and a child, for he is not responsible for his actions any more than they are.
THE WORD TOHU RIGHTLY TRANSLATED "VOID" IN GENESIS i. 2.
_G_. Tohu is a green line (Heb. Qav or Qaw) which surrounds the entire world, and from which darkness proceeds. (15).
THE SEVEN HEAVENS (16).
_G_. Resh Lagish used to say, "There are seven heavens, named as follows: 1. Vilon (equals Velum, a curtain). 2. Ragiang. 3. Sheklagim.
4. Zebul. 5. Mangon. 6. Makon. 7. Ngarabot."
SATAN AND HIS COMPANIONS ENDEAVOURING TO STEAL A HEARING OF G.o.d"S WORDS.
_G_. Satan and his fellow-fallen angels are in the habit of listening from behind a curtain to the words which G.o.d speaks to the angels in heaven (17).
_III.--WOMEN (NASHIM)_
[This division deals with betrothals, marriage, divorce, and the like.
One treatise discusses vows.]
1. TREATISE ON WIDOWS UNDER AN OBLIGATION TO UNDERGO THE LEVIRITE MARRIAGE _(Yebamot)._ No. I in order (18).
_M_. A childless widow is under an obligation to marry the eldest unmarried brother of her deceased husband. If that brother-in-law refuses to marry her, she is allowed in the presence of the nation"s leaders to loose his shoe from his foot, to spit in his face, and to say to him, "Thus shall be done to the man who will not build up his brother"s house." (see Deut. xxii, 9).
The following cla.s.ses of women are released from the necessity of marrying any brother-in-law: 1. The illegitimate daughter of the brother. 2. Her daughter. 3. The daughter of his illegitimate son. 4.
His wife"s daughter. 5. Her son"s daughter. 6. Her daughter"s daughter.
7. His mother-in-law. 8. The mother of his mother-in-law. 9. The mother of his father-in-law, and so forth.
2. TREATISE ON VOWS (_Nedarim_). No. 3 in order.
The Scriptures Given as a Punishment for Men"s Sin.
_G._ If the Israelites had not been guilty of sin they would never have required more Scripture than the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua. The last is indispensable as it records the way in which the land was divided among the Israelites. The other Scriptures (the Prophets and the Writing) because in much wisdom there is grief. (Eccles. i, 18).
3. TREATISE ON BETROTHALS (_Qidushin_). No. 7 in order.
The Families Who went up from Babylon to Jerusalem.
_M._ Ten kinds of families left Babylon for Palestine after the edict of Cyrus went forth in B.C. 538 permitting the nation to return. These were as follows: 1. Priests. 2. Levites. 3. Israelites. 4. Degraded Priests (lit. profaned ones). 5. Proselytes (19). 6. Freedmen. 7. b.a.s.t.a.r.ds. 8.
Netinim. 9. Those of unknown lineage. 10. Foundlings. The three first are allowed to intermarry: the last six may also intermarry. All those whose mother is known but not their father are said to be of unknown lineage. A foundling is one picked up in the streets whose parents are both unknown.
The Evil of Idolatry.
_G_. The worship of idols is so grave a sin that he who renounces or disavows it does as much as if he confessed his belief in the whole law.