"No capital in the world dates so far back as this or kept its place in history so long. Founded four thousand years before our era, it beheld the rise and fall of thirty-one dynasties; it survived the rule of the Persians, the Greek and the Roman; it was, even in its decadence, second only to Alexandria in population and extent; and it continued to be inhabited up to the time of the Arab invasion. It then became the quarry from which old Cairo was built; and as the new city rose on the eastern bank the people of Memphis quickly abandoned their ancient capital to desolation and decay....
"Memphis is a place to read about, and think about, and remember; but it is a disappointing place to see. To miss it, however, would be to miss the first link in the whole chain of monumental history which unites the Egypt of antiquity with the world of today. Those melancholy mounds and that heron-haunted lake must be seen, if only that they may take their due place in the picture gallery of one"s memory."
--_A Thousand Miles Up the Nile._
A HYMN TO THE G.o.d RA.
Incline thine ear towards me, thou rising Sun, Thou who dost enlighten the two lands with beauty; Thou sunshine of mankind, chasing darkness from Egypt!
Thy form is as that of thy father Ra rising in the heavens, Thy rays penetrate to the farthest lands.
When thou art resting in thy palace, Thou hearest the words of all countries; For indeed thou hast millions of ears; Thine eye is clearer than the stars of heaven; Thou seest farther than the Sun.
If I speak afar off, thine ear hears; If I do a hidden deed, thine eye sees it.
O Ra, richest of beings, chosen of Ra, Thou king of beauty, giving breath to all.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
AN OLD KINGDOM BOOK OF PROVERBS.
There is preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, a papyrus roll, which was discovered at Thebes by M. Prisse, and is now distinguished by his name. It was first described in 1857 by M.
Chabas. The papyrus dates from the beginning of the Middle Kingdom (_Ca._ 2100 B.C.), and belongs to the rather extensive didactic literature of the Egyptians. According to the Egyptian custom, the words of the book were put into the mouth of a sage of the olden time, Ptah-hotep by name, who was said to have lived in the time of King a.s.sa of the Fifth Dynasty (_Ca._ 2600 B.C.). There is no reason for doubting the correctness of the tradition. Of course it is not to be supposed that all of the proverbs really go back to Ptah-hotep. The author is stated to have been 110 years old, and his book opens with a remarkable description of old age. It proceeds in a style which recalls the Proverbs of Solomon, the Greek didactic poems, and even the homely "Poor Richard." It inculcates obedience, diligence, patience, and other virtues belonging to an official or servant. The Papyrus Prisse also contains the Proverbs of Kagemni, vizier of King Snefru (_Ca._ 2900 B.C.) of the Fourth Dynasty.
PRECEPTS OF PTAH-HOTEP.
The words of the Lord Prefect Ptah-Hotep, who lived in the reign of a.s.sa, King of Northern and Southern Egypt, who liveth forever.
Thus saith the Lord Ptah-Hotep: O Lord Osiris, whose feet are upon the crocodiles!
A man waxeth old, his strength decayeth, he getteth in years, his youth fadeth away:
Day by day the heart of an old man fainteth and is troubled:
His eyes see not, his ears hear not, his power is lessened and abated:
Behold, his mouth speaketh not as of yore, his mind is feeble, and remembereth not the deeds of yesterday:
Yea, his whole body is afflicted, good is to him as evil, his tongue savoreth no longer.
Alas, the old age of a man is full of misery, his nostrils drink not the breath of heaven, his lungs wax feeble, he delighteth neither to stand nor to be seated.
Who shall give unto my tongue authority to utter unto the young men the counsels from of old? or who vouchsafeth unto me to declare the counsels received from on high?
O Lord Osiris, let thy favor be poured out upon thy servant, and suffer that these evils be removed from those who are unenlightened.
Then answered the Lord Osiris and said: Instruct them in the counsels from of old; for verily, wisdom from of old maketh the weak strong; knowledge giveth freedom to him that heareth; wisdom cries aloud, and the ear is not satisfied with hearing.
Here beginneth the book of the wise sayings of the Lord Prefect Ptah-Hotep, the first-born, the son of the King, the well-beloved of the Lord:
That the ignorant and the foolish may be instructed in the understanding of wisdom.
Whoso giveth ear, to him shall these words be as riches;
To him who heedeth them not, to the same shall come emptiness forever.
Thus speaketh he, giving counsel unto his son.
Be not thou puffed up with thy learning; honor the wise, neither withhold thou honor from the simple.
The gates of art are closed unto none; whoso entereth thereat, though he seeketh perfection, yet shall he not find it.
But the words of wisdom are hid, even as the emerald is hid in the earth, and adamant in the rock, which the slave diggeth up.
Yield unto him whose strength is more than thine, who falleth upon thee in anger: be not thou inflamed, neither lay thy hands upon him; so shalt thou escape calamity.
He is froward, it shall not profit thee to contend against him; be contained, and when he rageth against thee, oppose him not; so in the end shalt thou prevail over him.
If one rail against thee, and flout thee, answer him not again, but be as one who cannot be moved; even so shalt thou overcome him. For the bystanders shall declare that he who, being provoked, holdeth his tongue, is greater than he who provoketh; and thou shalt be honored of those who have understanding.
If thou do evil, being thereto commanded by one having authority over thee, the G.o.ds shall not condemn thee.
Know the master, and the slave: be not froward: obey and reverence him to whom is given dominion over thee:
None may know adversity, when it cometh, nor prosperity, when it shall relieve him, for the will of fate is hid from all:
But he that abuseth his servant shall be confounded, and G.o.d who gave him authority shall suddenly take it away; and great shall be his overthrow.
Be diligent, and do more than thy master commandeth thee; for the slothful servant shall be discomfited, and he that is idle shall be chidden.
See thou neglect not thy household; if thou find opportunity to increase thy wealth improve it; business begetteth business, but poverty is the lot of the slothful.
The wise traineth his child to walk devoutly and to serve the Lord; he maketh him obey his law, and do that which is bidden; so shall the love of the father be justified.
The son of a man is flesh of his flesh and bone of his bone; let not thy heart be cold towards him. But if he be froward, and transgress thy law, and, being tempted of evil, turn himself from thy instruction, then do thou smite the mouth that smote thee.
Delay not to bring the erring to obedience, and to chastise the rebellious; so shall he not stray from the path of righteousness, nor stumble among pitfalls.
Hide not thy path, let not thy way be hidden; though thou stand in the council of thy master, declare the truth that is in thee.
Be not as those who go backward, who eat the words of their own mouth, lest peradventure they offend:
Be not like unto them; feigners, answering, He that perceiveth the error of others, the same is wise: when the wise man uplifteth his voice against error, deny him not, but keep silence; for surely none but the wise have understanding.
If thou be wise guard thy house: honor thy wife, and love her exceedingly: feed her belly and clothe her back, for this is the duty of a husband.
Give her abundance of ointment, fail not each day to caress her, let the desire of her heart be fulfilled: for verily he that is kind to his wife and honoreth her, the same honoreth himself.