A few days before I had my dream of the Swift plant turning into a vast library, I had visited an Arabian horse farm where great pains were taken to treat each horse as an individual. I petted the beautiful stallions, and I felt that they should never be subjected to the feedlot or the slaughterhouse. The next day I was on a feedlot operating the chute while cattle were being branded and vaccinated. When I looked at each steer, it had the same look of individuality as the stallions. For me the big question was, how could I justify killing them?
When I finally gained entry to Swift"s, on April 18, 1973, it was completely anticlimactic, and I was surprised by my lack of a reaction to it. It was no longer the mysterious forbidden place; plus Swift was a very good plant where the cattle did not suffer.Several months later, Lee Bell, the gentle man who maintained the stunners, asked me if I had ever stunned cattle-that is, killing them. After I told him I never had, he suggested that it was now time to do it. The first time I operated the equipment, it was sort of like being in a dream.
After I pulled out of the parking lot, I looked up at the sky, and the clouds were really spectacular. I understood the paradox that unless there is death, we could not appreciate life. Having first faced the paradox of power and responsibility, and coming to terms with my ambivalent feelings of controlling animals with devices such as cattle chutes, I now had to face the paradox of life and death.
The thing that was most upsetting was that there are no definitive answers to the question of what happens when one dies. Philosophers have written about it for centuries. And unanswerable questions have forced people to look to G.o.d.
Swift was a major influence on two parallel aspects of my life. It was the place where my design career started, and it was also the real-life stage where I determined religious beliefs in my unique way. Like the physicists who are trying to find the Grand Theory of Everything, I attempted to integrate all aspects of my life by using my visual mode of thinking. The night after I first killed cattle I could not bring myself to say that I had actually killed them myself. Instead, during the next two weeks I made further suggestions for simple improvements that would reduce bruises when I visited the plant.
About a year later I got my first large design project at the Swift plant, building a new cattle ramp and conveyor restrainer system. The construction crew and I named this project the Stairway to Heaven, after the Led Zeppelin song. At first the construction crew thought it was a joke, but as the stairway took shape, the name started to take on a more serious meaning to everybody who worked on it. Friends told me to make sure that Swift didn"t cheat on paying me, but I felt almost mercenary in accepting money for what I had done. The changes I initiated at the plant made it more humane for the cattle. Even if I didn"t get paid, I was at peace with myself knowing that twelve hundred cattle a day were less frightened.
It was difficult to handle my relations with Swift strictly as a business venture. The emotional involvement was just too great. I would remember the times when I would circle the plant in my car and look upon it as if it were Vatican City. One night when the crew was working late, I stood on the nearly completed structure and looked into what would become the entrance to heaven for cattle. This made me more aware of how precious life is. When your time comes and you are walking up the proverbial stairway, will you be able to look back and be proud of what you did with your life? Did you contribute something worthwhile to society? Did your life have meaning?
The Stairway to Heaven was completed on September 9, 1974. It was a major step in defining my purpose in life. In my diary I wrote, "I greatly matured after the construction of the Stairway to Heaven because it was REAL. It was not just a symbolic door that had private meaning to me, it was a reality that many people refuse to face." I felt I had learned the meaning of life-and not to fear death. It was then that I wrote the following in my diary: I believe that a person goes on to somewhere else after they die. I do not know where. How a person conducts themselves on Earth during their life will have an effect on the next life. I became convinced that some sort of an afterlife exists after I discovered G.o.d at the top of the Stairway to Heaven. The Swift plant was a place where beliefs were tested in reality. It was not just intellectual talk. I watched the cattle die and even killed some of them myself. If a black void truly exists at the top of the Stairway to Heaven, then a person would have no motivation to be virtuous. [September 1977]
For several years I was quite comfortable with my beliefs, especially concerning an afterlife, until I read Ronald Siegal"s article about hallucinations in the October 1977 issue of Scientific American Scientific American. As it turned out, many of the feelings and sights described by people who were resuscitated after they had died could be explained by hallucinations triggered in a brain deprived of oxygen. The vast majority of cases described in popular books about near-death experiences were victims of lack of oxygen. Cardiac arrest and blood loss were the most common causes of death mentioned in both Moody"s books and more recent books such as Embraced by the Light Embraced by the Light and and Saved by the Light Saved by the Light. But the biggest blow to my beliefs was the discovery of the effects of biochemistry on my own brain.
In the summer of 1978 I swam through the dip vat at the John Wayne Red River feed yard as a stupid publicity stunt. Doing this provided a great boost to my career and got me several speaking engagements. However, coming in contact with the chemical organophosphates had a devastating effect. The feeling of awe that I had when I thought about my beliefs just disappeared. Organophosphates are known to alter levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain, and the chemicals also caused me to have vivid and wild dreams. But why they affected my feeling of religious awe is still a mystery to me. It was like taking all the magic away and finding out that the real Wizard of Oz is just a little old man pushing b.u.t.tons behind a curtain.
This raised great questions in my mind. Were the feelings of being close to G.o.d caused by a chemical Wizard of Oz behind the curtain? In my diary I wrote, "To my horrified amazement the chemicals blocked my need for religious feelings." They made me very sick, but gradually the effects wore off and the feeling returned. However, my belief in an afterlife was shattered. I had seen the wizard behind the curtain. Yet there is something in me that really wants to believe that the top of the Stairway to Heaven is not just a black void.
The possibility that a void exists after death has motivated me to work hard so I can make a difference-so that my thoughts and ideas will not die. When I was working on my Ph.D., a coworker in our lab told me that the world"s libraries contain our extra soma, or out-of-body genes. Ideas are pa.s.sed on like genes, and I have a great urge to spread my ideas. I read an article in the newspaper about an official at the New York Public Library who said that the only place on earth where immortality is provided is in libraries. This is the collective memory of humanity. I put this on a sign and placed it over my desk. It helped me to persevere and get through my Ph.D. work. When Isaac Asimov died, his obituary contained the statement that death was not much of an issue because all his thoughts would live on in books. This gave him a kind of immortality. The ancient Egyptians and Greeks achieved immortality by leaving behind the pyramids, the Parthenon, and writings by great thinkers. Maybe immortality is the effect one"s thoughts and actions can have on other people.
To destroy other people"s culture is to rob them of their immortality. When I read that the Olympic stadium and the main library in Sarajevo had been destroyed, I wept. Newspaper pictures of the shattered library were most upsetting. That culture was being eliminated. The Olympic stadium, a symbol of civilization and cooperation, was in ruins. I had a difficult time reading a newspaper article describing how the stadium seats were used to make coffins-the last civilized act in a world that had become h.e.l.l. I become very upset and emotional when I think about the loss of knowledge and culture, and I am unable to write about this without crying. One nation was deliberately destroying the literature, architecture, and civilization of another. A civilized city where people had cooperated for centuries was now blown to bits. This was emotion gone wild. I don"t know what it is like to hate somebody so much that you would want to destroy their culture and civilization.
___.
It was quantum physics that finally helped me believe again, as it provided a plausible scientific basis for belief in a soul and the supernatural. The idea in Eastern religion of karma and the inter-connectedness of everything gets support from quantum theory Subatomic particles that originate from the same source can become entangled, and the vibrations of a subatomic particle that is far away can affect another particle that is nearby Scientists in the lab study subatomic particles that have become entangled in beams of laser light. In nature, particles are entangled with millions of other particles, all interacting with each other. One could speculate that entanglement of these particles could cause a kind of consciousness for the universe. This is my current concept of G.o.d.
In all the years I have worked in slaughter plants, I have intuitively felt that I must never misbehave near the kill chute. Doing something bad, like mistreating an animal, could have dire consequences. An entangled subatomic particle could get me. I would never even know it, but the steering linkage in my car could break if it contained the mate to a particle I disturbed by doing something bad. To many people this belief may be irrational, but to my logical mind it supplies an idea of order and justice to the world.
My belief in quantum theory was reinforced by a series of electrical outages and equipment breakdowns that occurred when I visited slaughter plants where cattle and pigs were being abused. The first time it happened, the main power transformer blew up as I drove up the driveway. Several other times a main power panel burned up and shut down the plant. In another case, the main chain conveyor broke while the plant manager screamed obscenities at me during an equipment startup. He was angry because full production was not attained in the first five minutes. Was it just chance, or did bad karma start a resonance in an entangled pair of subatomic particles within the wiring or steel? These were all weird breakdowns of things that usually never break. It could be just random chance, or it could be some sort of cosmic consciousness of G.o.d.
Many neuroscientists scoff at the idea that neurons would obey quantum theory instead of old everyday Newtonian physics. The physicist Roger Penrose, in his book the Shadows of the Mind Shadows of the Mind, and Dr. Stuart Hameroff, a Tucson physician, state that movement of single electrons within the microtubules of the brain can turn off consciousness while allowing the rest of the brain to function. If quantum theory really is involved in controlling consciousness, this would provide a scientific basis for the idea that when a person or animal dies, an energy pattern of vibrating entangled particles would remain. I believe that if souls exist in humans, they also exist in animals, because the basic structure of the brain is the same. It is possible that humans have greater amounts of soul because they have more microtubules where single electrons could dance, according to the rules of quantum theory.
However, there is one thing that completely separates people from animals. It is not language or war or toolmaking; it is long-term altruism. During a famine in Russia, for example, scientists guarded the seed bank of plant genetics so that future generations would have the benefits of genetic diversity in food crops. For the benefit of others, they allowed themselves to starve to death in a lab filled with grain. No animal would do this. Altruism exists in animals, but not to this degree. Every time I park my car near the National USDA Seed Storage Lab at Colorado State University, I think that protecting the contents of this building is what separates us from animals.
I do not believe that my profession is morally wrong. Slaughtering is not wrong, but I do feel very strongly about treating animals humanely and with respect. I"ve devoted my life to reforming and improving the livestock industry. Still, it is a sobering experience to have designed one of the world"s most efficient killing machines. Most people don"t realize that the slaughter plant is much gentler than nature. Animals in the wild die from starvation, predators, or exposure. If I had a choice, I would rather go through a slaughter system than have my guts ripped out by coyotes or lions while I was still conscious. Unfortunately, most people never observe the natural cycle of birth and death. They do not realize that for one living thing to survive, another living thing must die.
Recently I read an article that had a profound effect on my thinking. It was ent.i.tled "The Ancient Contract," by S. Budiasky, and it was published in the March 20, 1989, issue of U.S. News & World Report U.S. News & World Report. It presented a natural historical view of our evolving relationship with animals. This view presents a middle ground between the supporters of animal rights, who believe that animals are equal to humans, and the Cartesian view, which treats animals as machines with no feelings. I added the biological concept of symbiosis to Budiasky"s view. A symbiotic relationship is a mutually beneficial relationship between two different species. For example, biologists have learned that ants tend aphids and use them as "dairy cows." The ants feed the aphids, and in return the aphids give a sugar substance to the ants. People feed, shelter, and breed cattle and hogs, and in return the animals provide food and clothing. We must never abuse them, because that would break the ancient contract. We owe it to the animals to give them decent living conditions and a painless death. People are often confused by the paradox of my work, but to my practical, scientific mind it makes sense to provide a painless death for the cattle I love. Many people are afraid of death and can"t stand to face it.
Often I get asked if I am a vegetarian. I eat meat, because I believe that a totally vegan diet, in which all animal products are eliminated, is unnatural. Even the Hindus, traditionally vegetarian people, eat dairy products. A completely vegan diet is deficient in vitamin B12, and using dairy products does not eliminate killing animals. A cow has to have a calf every year in order to give milk, and the calves are raised for meat.
But someday in the distant future, when slaughterhouses become obsolete and livestock is replaced with products of gene splicing, the real ethical questions regarding the creation of any kind of animal or plant we desire will seem far more significant than killing cattle at the local slaughter plant. Humans will have the power to control their own evolution. We will have the power of G.o.d to create totally new forms of life. However, we will never be able to answer the question of what happens when we die. People will still have a need for religion. Religion survived when we learned that the earth was not the center of the universe. No matter how much we learn, there will always be unanswerable questions. Yet if we stop evolving, we will stagnate as a species.
Bernard Rollin, a philosopher on animal rights issues at Colorado State University, points out, "It is true that free inquiry is integral to our humanity, but so too is morality. So the quest for knowledge must be tempered with moral concern." A total lack of moral concern can lead to atrocities such as the n.a.z.i medical experiments, but medical knowledge was also delayed for a thousand years because of religious taboos about the dissection and study of human bodies. We must avoid intellectual stagnation, which r.e.t.a.r.ds the progress of medical knowledge, but we must be moral. Biotechnology can be used for n.o.ble, frivolous, or evil purposes. Decisions on the ethical use of this powerful new knowledge should not be made by extremists or people purely motivated by profit. There are no simple answers to ethical questions.
There is a basic human drive to figure out who and what we are. The mega-science projects of the 1990s, such as the Human Genome Project, the Hubble s.p.a.ce telescope, and the now defunct supercollider, replace the pyramids and cathedrals of our ancestors. One of the main purposes of the Hubble s.p.a.ce telescope was to enable us to see all the way to the beginning of the universe. It has confirmed the existence of black holes in the center of other galaxies, and its observations may radically change our theories about the origin of the universe. Some recent Hubble observations are beginning to establish the existence of other planets circling around in alternate solar systems. Years ago, scientists were burned at the stake for talking and writing about these ideas.
As a person whose disability has provided me with certain abilities, especially with regard to understanding how animals sense the world, I appreciate these difficult questions and the importance of religion as a moral ordering code for empathic, just behavior.
When the combination of organophosphate poisoning and antidepressant drugs dampened my religious emotions, I became a kind of drudge who was capable of turning out mountains of work. Taking the medication had no effect on my ability to design equipment, but the fervor was gone. I just cranked out the drawings as if I were a computer being turned on and off. It was this experience that convinced me that life and work have to be infused with meaning, but it wasn"t until three years ago, when I was hired to tear out a shackle hoist system, that my religious feelings were renewed.
It was going to be a hot Memorial Day weekend, and I was not looking forward to going to the new equipment startup. I thought it would be pure drudgery. The kosher restraint chute was not very interesting technically, and the project presented very little intellectual stimulation. It did not provide the engineering challenge of inventing and starting something totally new, like my double-rail conveyor system.
Little did I know that during those few hot days in Alabama, old yearnings would be reawakened. I felt totally at one with the universe as I kept the animals completely calm while the rabbi performed shehita. Operating the equipment there was like being in a Zen meditational state. Time stood still, and I was totally, completely disconnected from reality. Maybe this was nirvana, the final state of being that Zen meditators seek. It was a feeling of total calmness and peace until I was snapped back to reality when the plant manager called me to come to his office. He had spent hours hiding in the steel beams of the ceiling, secretly watching me hold each animal gently in the restraining chute. I knew he was fascinated, but he never asked me anything about it.
When it was time to leave, I cried as I drove to the airport. The experience had been so strangely hypnotic that I was tempted to turn around and return to the plant. As I turned in the rental car and checked in at the gate, I thought about the similarities between the wonderful trancelike feeling I had had while gently holding the cattle in the chute and the s.p.a.ced-out feeling I had had as a child when I concentrated on dribbling sand through my fingers at the beach. During both experiences all other sensation was blocked. Maybe the monks who chant and meditate are kind of autistic. I have observed that there is a great similarity between certain chanting and praying rituals and the rocking of an autistic child. I feel there has to be more to this than just getting high on my own endorphins.
On January 11, 1992, I returned to the kosher plant and made the following entry in my diary: When the animal remained completely calm I felt an overwhelming feeling of peacefulness, as if G.o.d had touched me. I did not feel bad about what I was doing. A good restraint chute operator has to not just like the cattle, but love them. Operating the chute has to be done as an act of total kindness. The more gently I was able to hold the animal with the apparatus, the more peaceful I felt. As the life force left the animal, I had deep religious feelings. For the first time in my life logic had been completely overwhelmed with feelings I did not know I had.
It was then that I realized that there can be a conflict between feeling and doing. Zen meditators may be able to achieve the perfect state of oneness with the universe, but they do not bring about reform and change in the world around them. The dreadful shackle hoist system would still exist if I had not been involved in convincing the plant to remodel. I also realized that the religious slaughter ritual was valuable, because it put controls on killing.People who work in high-speed slaughter plants get overdosed with death, and they become numb and desensitized.
It is the religious belief of the rabbis in the kosher plants that helps prevent bad behavior. In most kosher slaughter plants, the rabbis are absolutely sincere and believe that their work is sacred. The rabbi in a kosher plant is a specially trained religious slaughterer called a hochet, who must lead a blameless life and be moral. Leading a blameless life prevents him from being degraded by his work.
Almost all cultures have slaughter rituals. When you read a modern English translation of Deuteronomy and Leviticus, it becomes obvious that the temple was also the town slaughterhouse. American Indians showed respect for the animals they ate, and in Africa the use of rituals limited the number of animals killed. In the book The Golden Bough The Golden Bough, J. G. Fraser describes slaughter rituals practiced by the ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Romans, and Babylonians. Both Judaism and Islam have detailed slaughter rituals. Killing is kept under control because it is done in a special place, according to strict rules and procedures.
I believe that the place where an animal dies is a sacred one. There is a need to bring ritual into the conventional slaughter plants and use it as a means to shape people"s behavior. It would help prevent people from becoming numbed, callous, or cruel. The ritual could be something very simple, such as a moment of silence. In addition to developing better designs and making equipment to insure the humane treatment of all animals, that would be my contribution. No words. Just one pure moment of silence. I can picture it perfectly.
Update: Teaching Right from Wrong Changes in my religious beliefs are too complex for a brief update. So in this section I am going to give my recommendations on how to teach children on the autism/Asperger spectrum right from wrong. The concept of right and wrong is too abstract for an autistic child to understand. They have to learn right from wrong by being given many examples of right and wrong behavior. These examples can then be placed into different categories in their brains. For example, you do not steal another child"s toy because you would not like it if they stole your toy. You are polite to another child and share your toys with him because you would like to get a chance to play with his toys.
I am a person who learns by concrete examples. Depending on how I was brought up, I could be taught to be a good person or taught to be bad. When I was a child I never saw grownups behaving badly on TV and getting away with it. My heroes, Superman and the Lone Ranger, were clearly good guys who fought bad guys. These heroes never engaged in mean acts or stole things. Today heroes in movies often do bad things. This is difficult for an autistic child to categorize into good and bad. My sportsmanship was poor. By specific examples I was taught the principles of fair play. Cheating at games was not tolerated in our house. I was taught that winning by cheating was totally wrong and booing the winner was bad sportsmanship. When I stole a toy fire engine from a birthday party, my mother made me return it to its rightful owner.
When I was in elementary school, the Lord"s Prayer made little sense. It was too abstract. If there is no picture in my mind, I cannot think. There were two things we did at church that had meaning to me. Every Christmas, each child had to take one of his or her really nice toys and wrap it up as a Christmas gift for a poor child. At the service the minister stood in front of a manger filled with the presents and said, "It is better to give than to receive." This made a big impression. I also never forgot the fourth grade Sunday School field trip to a local jail. This was to show us what would happen if you were bad. The worst thing in the jail was the horrible slop they served out of big kettles at lunch.
Rules of Civilized Society When I was in high school, I categorized all of society"s rules into four categories. They are: 1. 1. Really bad things 2. 2. Courtesy rules 3. 3. Illegal but not bad 4. 4. Sins of the system I still follow these rules today In order for a civilized society to exist, there have to be prohibitions against really bad things such as killing or injuring people, stealing, and destruction of property Courtesy rules and manners are important because they help people to get along. However, there needs to be a category where rules sometimes can be broken. An example of illegal but not bad would be enrolling a teenager in a community college even if he was underage. To justify breaking this rule, the teenager must be well behaved and not disruptive. It must be impressed on him or her that attending the community college is a grownup privilege. The sins of the system are specific to each specific society. A sin of the system in the United States would be of no consequence in Holland. A good example would be drug offenses. In the United States the penalty for a drug offense may be worse than the penalty for murder. This makes no logical sense. The "sins" have very severe penalties that are not logical. When I was in high school, I learned I could get away with more illegals but not bads if I could be trusted never to commit a sin of the system. The high school sins were s.e.x, smoking, and drugs. Some examples of illegals but not bads were staying outside after dark or flying my kite out on the hill without a staff member being present.
Emphasize Positive Teachings The autism/Asperger"s mind often has a tendency to get obsessed with the negative. Teach the autistic child positive religious values. Instruct the child to live a good life where others are treated with kindness and respect. Use examples where the child partic.i.p.ates in an activity. Elementary children could help pick up trash in the neighborhood. During the holidays they could make cards and decorations for people in a nursing home. They must be taught that they should do things to make the community a better place. High school students could help teach younger children to read or paint an old lady"s house. Abstract religious concepts will not be understood by many individuals on the spectrum. It is better to teach them how to be good citizens through a series of hands-on activities. Through many examples, children on the autism/Asperger"s spectrum need to learn the "Golden Rule." In modern English it states, treat other people the way you would like to be treated. This principle is in all major religions.
One good teaching tool for Christians are key chains and necklaces that say, "What would Jesus do?" if he lived in today"s world. He would never steal, he would be polite, he would be kind to animals, he would be honest, he would never tease, and he would help an old lady with her grocery bags. When the child does something nice, tell him, you did a Jesus good deed. In Judaism, how a person lives their life is very important. Teach children the importance of doing good deeds to help the community. In the Muslim faith, giving alms to the poor and helping people in need is one of the pillars of Islam. Get children to help in a soup kitchen or have them use some of their own money to buy food or clothing for a person in need. Some children with autism have difficulty understanding the purpose of money. To help them learn, they need to purchase the items for the poor themselves from money they have earned doing ch.o.r.es.
Another old-fashioned set of values that I could relate to were things like the scouting code, the 4-H pledge, and the "Rules of Living" from Roy Rogers, a children"s cowboy hero in the 1950s. His rules emphasized politeness and kindness. You should drill into a young child"s brain that acts such as killing or hurting other people is totally wrong. The two most important rules in the Ten Commandments for an individual on the spectrum are thou shalt not kill and thou shalt not steal. This will help prevent a child from becoming involved in gangs or other criminal activity.
I am concerned about religious obsessions especially in high-functioning autism and Asperger"s. One of the most dangerous, unhealthy obsessions is the view that people from other religions are evil or bad. The worst wars in all of history have been fought between people in the name of religion. It is much better for a person on the spectrum to be obsessed with computers or sports statistics than to be obsessed with religion in a negative way. They need to be taught to live for their religion by being a good person. When I was in high school, I received a brochure from a cattle chute company that said, "thoughts with no price tags." "Men will wrangle for religion, write for it, fight for it, die for it, anything but live for it." I never forgot that quote.
References and Selected Readings
Chapter 1 Thinking in Pictures: Autism and Visual Thought.
REFERENCESC. Biever 2005 New Scientist, Lots of clues but no answers. May 14, pp. 1415M. Chase 1993 Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal Inner music, imagination may play role in how the brain learns muscle control. Oct. 13 pp. 18 Inner music, imagination may play role in how the brain learns muscle control. Oct. 13 pp. 18E. Courchesne 2004 Brain development in autism: Early overgrowth followed by premature arrest of growth. Mental r.e.t.a.r.dation and Developmental Disabilities Mental r.e.t.a.r.dation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10: 106111 Research Reviews, 10: 106111E. Courchesne, E. Redcay, Kennedy D. P. 2004 The autistic brain: Birth through adulthood, Current Opinion in Neurology Current Opinion in Neurology 17: 489496 17: 489496Farah M. J. 1989 The neural basis of mental imagery. Trends in Neuroscience Trends in Neuroscience 12: 395399 12: 395399Freedman D. J. M. Riesenhuber, T. Poggio, Miller E. K. 2001 Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex, Science Science 291: 312315 291: 312315Galton F 1911 Inquiries into human faculty and development Inquiries into human faculty and development. Dutton, New YorkM. Glurfa, S. Zhang, A. Jenett, R. Menzel, Mandyam V. S. 2001 The concepts of sameness and difference in an insect. Nature Nature 410: 930932 410: 930932T. Grandin 2000 My mind as a web browser: How people with autism think, Cerebrum Cerebrum (Winter) 1322 (Winter) 1322T. Grandin 2002 Do animals and people with autism have true consciousness, Evolution and Cognition Evolution and Cognition 8: 241248 8: 241248C. Hart 1989 Without reason Without reason New York, Harper & Row New York, Harper & RowJ. Horgan 2005 Can a single cell recognize Bill Clinton? Discover Discover June pp. 6469 June pp. 6469Huttenlocher P. R. 1984 Synaptic elimination in the cerebral cortex. American Journal of Mental Deficiency American Journal of Mental Deficiency 88: 488496 88: 488496Just M. A. Cherka.s.sky J. L. Keller T. A. Minshew N. J. 2004 Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity, Brain Brain 127: 18111821 127: 18111821Kosslyn S. M. Thompson W. L. 2003. Psychological Bulletin Psychological Bulletin 129: 723746 129: 723746Luria A. R. 1987 The mind of a mnemonist The mind of a mnemonist Cambridge, Ma.s.s, Harvard University Press Cambridge, Ma.s.s, Harvard University PressC. Park 1992 High Functioning Autism High Functioning Autism. (eds.) E. Schopler G. B. Mesibov. Autism into art: a handicap transfigured. In. New York, Plenum Press, pp. 250259D. Park, P. Youderian 1974 Light and number: ordering principles in the world of an autistic child. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 4: 313323 4: 313323Quiroga R. Q. L. Reddy, G. Kreimen, C. Koch, I. Fried 2005 Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature Nature 435: 11021107 435: 11021107Thorpe S. J. Thorpe M. F. 2001 Seeking categories in the brain, Science Science 291: 260263 291: 260263G. Urton, Brezine C. J. 2005 Khipu accounting in ancint Peru, Science Science 309: 10631067 309: 10631067I. Wickelgreen 2005 Autistic brains out of synch. Science Science 308: 18561858 308: 18561858Willis T. J. C. Lever, F. Cacucci, N. Burgess, J. O"Keefe 2005 Attractor dynamics in the hippocampal representation of the local environment, Science Science 308: 873876 308: 873876S. Zeki 1992 The visual image in the mind and brain, Scientific American Scientific American September pp. 6976 September pp. 6976OTHER READINGSA. Geyde 1991 The neural basis of mental imagery. Trends in Neuroscience Trends in Neuroscience 12: 395399 12: 395399T. Grandin 1995 (eds.) E. Schopler G. B. Mesibov. Learning and Cognition in Autism Learning and Cognition in Autism How people with autism think. In. New York, Plenum Publishing, pp. 137156 How people with autism think. In. New York, Plenum Publishing, pp. 137156West T. G. 1991 In the mind"s eye In the mind"s eye Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books
Chapter 2 The Great Continuum: Diagnosing Autism.
REFERENCESD. Allen 1994 Conference. The Virginia Foundation for the Exceptional Child and Adolescent, October 8. Virginia, RichmondAmerican Psychiatric a.s.sociation, 1994 Diagnostic and statistical manual IV Diagnostic and statistical manual IV Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.H. Asperger 1944 Autism and Asperger"s syndrome Autism and Asperger"s syndrome. (ed.) U. Frith. Autistic psychopathy in childhood. Translated by Uta Frith. In. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, pp. 3792Bauman M. L. Kemper T. L. 1994 (eds.) M. L. Bauman T. L. Kemper. The neurobiology of autism The neurobiology of autism Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism. In. Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 119145 Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism. In. Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 119145Berger C. L. 1992 Facilitated communication guide Facilitated communication guide Eugene, Oregon, New Breakthroughs Eugene, Oregon, New BreakthroughsL. Berk 1994 Why children talk to themselves. Scientific American Scientific American November 1994 pp. 7883 November 1994 pp. 7883Bouchard T. J. 1994 Genes, environment and personality. Science Science 264: 17001701 264: 17001701Canter D. S. Thatcher R. W. M. Hrybyk, H. Kaye 1986 Computerized EEG a.n.a.lysis of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders Journal of Autism and Development Disorders 16: 169187 16: 169187A. Cunningham 2005 Finding autism earlier, Scientific American Mind Scientific American Mind 16 (1), 7 16 (1), 7Delacato C. H. 1974 The ultimate stranger The ultimate stranger. California, Arena, NovatoM. Eastham 1990 Silent words Silent words Ottawa, Oliver Pate Ottawa, Oliver PateElliot R. O. Dobbin A. R. Rose G. D. Soper H. 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Journal of Child Psychiatry Journal of Child Psychiatry, 42: 227240C. Hart 1989 Development and cortical functioning in adolescents with Asperger"s syndrome: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychiatry Journal of Child Psychiatry, 42: 227240C. Holden 2005 Mating for autism, Science Science, 308: 948M. Horney, D. Chian, Lipkin W. I. 2004 Neurotoxic effects of postnatal thimerosal mouse strain dependent. Molecular Psychiatry Molecular Psychiatry, 9: 833845L. Kanner 1943 Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child Nervous Child 2: 217250 2: 217250D. Kennedy 2002 The ADHD Autism Connection The ADHD Autism Connection, Colorado, Water Brook Press, Colorado SpringsD. Kirby 2005 Evidence of Harm Evidence of Harm, New York, St. Martin"s PressL. Koegel, C. Lazebnik 2004 Overcoming Autism Overcoming Autism, New York, Viking (Penguin Group)P. Liddle, T. Barnes 1990 Symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry, 157: 558561I. 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Chapter 3 The Squeeze Machine: Sensory Problems in Autism.
REFERENCESH. Asperger 1944 Decreasing self-stimulatory behavior with physical exercise in a group of autistic boys. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10: 379387.Ayres J. A. 1979 Sensory integration and the child. Los Angeles., Western Psychological ServicesJ. Barron, S. Barron 1992 There"s a boy in here There"s a boy in here. New York., Simon and SchusterBauman M. L. Kemper T. L. 1994 There"s a boy in here There"s a boy in here. New York., Simon and SchusterS. Betlison 1997 The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26: 361374.L. Biel, N. Peske 2004 Raising a Sensory Smart Child, the Definitive Handbook for Helping a Child with Sensory Integration Issues Raising a Sensory Smart Child, the Definitive Handbook for Helping a Child with Sensory Integration Issues. New York., Penguin BooksN. Boddaert, N. Chabane, P. Belin, et al. M. Bourgeois 2004 Perception of complex sounds in autism: Abnormal auditory cortical processing in children. American Journal of Psychiatry American Journal of Psychiatry, 161: 21172120.L. Cesaroni, M. Garber 1991 Exploring the experience of autism through firsthand accounts. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders accounts. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21: 303312.Ciesielski K. T. E. Courchesne, R. Elmasian 1990 Effects of focused selective attention tasks on event-related potentials in autistic and normal individuals. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 75: 207220.E. Courchesne 1991 Neuroanatomic imaging in autism. Pediatrics Pediatrics (Supplement), 87: 781790. (Supplement), 87: 781790.E. Courchesne 1989 A new model of brain and behavior development in infantile autism A new model of brain and behavior development in infantile autism. Proceedings, Autism Society of America, 25.E. Courchesne, R. Yeung-Courchesne, Press G. A. Hesselink J. R. Jernigan T. L. 1988 Hypoplasia of cerebellar vernal lobules VI and VII in autism. New England Journal of Medicine New England Journal of Medicine, 318: 13491354.A. Damasio 1994 Descartes" error: emotion, reason and the human brain Descartes" error: emotion, reason and the human brain. New York., PutnamA. Damasio 1994 Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature Nature, 372: 669672.M. Eastham 1990 Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature Nature, 372: 669672.Edelson S. M. Edelson M. G. Kerr D. C. T. Grandin 1999 Behavioral and physiological effects of deep pressure on children with autism: A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of Grandin"s Hug Machine. American Journal of Occupational Therapy American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53: 145152.Evans B. J. F. Joseph 2002 The effect of coloured filters on the rate of reading in an adult student population. Ophthalmic Physiological Optometry Ophthalmic Physiological Optometry, 22: 535545.T. Hashimoto, M. Tayama, M. Miyazaki, N. Sakurama, T. Yoshimoto, K. Murakawa, Y. Kurodo 1992 Reduced brain stem size in children with autism. Brain and Development Brain and Development, 14: 9497.H. Irlen 1991 Reading by the colors Reading by the colors. New York., AveryT. Joliffe, R. Lakesdown, C. Robinson 1992 Autism, a personal account. Communication Communication, 26, 3:, 1219.B. Keverne 1990 Junkie monkey get quick fix from grooming. New Scientist New Scientist, 32. January 20,Kranowitz C. S. 1998 The Out of Synch Child The Out of Synch Child, New York., Penguin Books, Skylight PressA. Lightstone, T. Lightstone, A. Wilkins 1999 Both coloured overlays and coloured lenses can improve reading fluency, but their optimal chromaticities differ. Ophthalmic Physiological Optometry Ophthalmic Physiological Optometry, 19: 274285.McClelland D. C. D. Eyre, Watson G. J. C. Sherrard, E. Sherrard 1992 Central conduction time in autism. British Journal of Psychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry, 160: 659663.McDonnell J. M. 1993 News from the border News from the border. New York., Ticknor & FieldsMcKean T. A. 1994 Soon will come the light Soon will come the light. Arlington, Texas., Future EducationMuckhopadhyay T. R. 2004 The Mind Tree The Mind Tree, New York., Arcade PublishingE. Ornitz 1985 Neurophysiology in infantile autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24: 251262.B. Rimland, Edelson S. M. 1995 Brief report: A pilot study of auditory integration training, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25: 6170.Rogers S. J. S. Hepburn, E. Wehner 2003 Parent reports of sensory symptoms in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33: 631642.O. Sacks 1993 To see and not to see. New Yorker New Yorker, 5973. May 10,C. Sicile-Kira 2004 Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York., Perigree BooksJ. Sinclair 1992 Bridging the gaps on inside view of autism. In. (eds.), E. Schopler Mesibov G. B.. High-functioning individuals with autism High-functioning individuals with autism. New York, Plenum, 294302.A. Stehli 1991 Sound of a miracle Sound of a miracle. New York., DoubledayTanquay P. E. Edwards R. M. 1991 Sound of a miracle Sound of a miracle. New York., DoubledayN. Walker, Whelan 1994 Geneva Symposium on Autism. October 27, 1994.. Canada., TorontoWhite D. B. White M. S. 1987 Autism from the inside. Medical Hypothesis Medical Hypothesis, 24: 223229.D. Williams 1994 Somebody somewhere Somebody somewhere. New York., Time BooksD. Willilams 1996 Autism-An Inside-Out Approach Autism-An Inside-Out Approach. England., Jessica Kingsley LondonWilliams N. G. Borchelt P. L. 2003 Full body restraint and rapid stimulus exposure as a treatment for dogs with defensive aggressive behavior: Three case studies. International Journal of Comparative Psychology International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 16: 226236.OTHER READINGSBhatara V., Clark D. L. Arnold L. E. Gunsett R., Smeltzer D. J. 1981 Hyperkinesis treated with vestibular stimulation: an exploratory study. Biological Psychiatry Biological Psychiatry, 61: 269279.Creedon M. P. 1994 Conference. Autism Society of America. July 69, 1994.. Nevada., Las VegasT. Grandin 1992 Calming effects of deep touch pressure in patients with autistic disorders, college students and animals animals. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2: 6370. 2: 6370.T. Grandin, M. Scariano 1986 Emergence: labelled autistic Emergence: labelled autistic. California., Arena, NavatoT. Grandin, Dodman T. N. L. Shuster 1989 Effect of naltrexone on relaxation induced by lateral flank pressure in pigs. Pharmacal Biochemistry of Behavior Pharmacal Biochemistry of Behavior, 33: 839842.L. King 1989 Facilitating neurodevelopment. Conference Proceedings, Autism Society of America, July 19-22,. Washington, Seattle, pp. 117120.T. k.u.mazawa 1963 "Deactivation" of the rabbit"s brain by pressure application of the skin. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 15: 660671.McClure M. K. M. Holtz 1991 The effects of sensory stimulatory treatment on an autistic child. American Journal of OccupationalTherapy American Journal of OccupationalTherapy, 45: 11381142.E. Ornitz 1993 The effects of sensory stimulatory treatment on an autistic child. American Journal of OccupationalTherapy American Journal of OccupationalTherapy, 45: 11381142.Ray T. C. King L. J. T. Grandin 1988 The effectiveness of self-initiated vestibular stimulation in producing speech sounds. Journal of Occupational Therapy Research Journal of Occupational Therapy Research, 8: 186190.K. Takagi, S. Kobagasi 1956 Skin pressure reflex. Acta Medica et Biologica Acta Medica et Biologica, 4: 3137.L. Zissermann 1992 The effects of deep pressure on self-stimulating behaviors in a child with autism and other disabilities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46: 547551.
Chapter 4 Learning Empathy: Emotion and Autism.
REFERENCESJ. Barron, S. Barron 1992 The effects of deep pressure on self-stimulating behaviors in a child with autism and other disabilities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46: 547551.M. Bauman, Kemper T. L. 1994 The effects of deep pressure on self-stimulating behaviors in a child with autism and other disabilities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46: 547551.Bemporad M. L. 1979 Adult recollections of a formerly autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9: 179197.L. Casler 1965 Effects of extra tactile stimulation on a group of inst.i.tutionalized infants. Genetic Psychology Monographs Genetic Psychology Monographs, vol. 71, pp. 137175.Chambers W. W. 1947 Electrical stimulation of the interior cerebellum of the cat. American Journal of Anatomy American Journal of Anatomy, 80: 5593.W. Condon 1981 Asyncrony. Omni Omni, p. 18. December, Reported by Walli Leff.E. Courchesne 1988 Asyncrony. Omni Omni, p. 18. December, Reported by Walli Leff.A. Damasio 1994 Asyncrony. Omni Omni, p. 18. December, Reported by Walli Leff.T. Grandin 1984 My experiences as an autistic child and review of related literature. Journal of Orth.o.m.olecular Psychiatry Journal of Orth.o.m.olecular Psychiatry, 13: 144174.T. Grandin 1989 Effect of rearing environment and environmental enrichment on behavior and neural development in young pigs. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois.T. Grandin 2001 Welfare of cattle during slaughter and prevention of non ambulatory cattle. JournalofAmericanVeterinaryMedicala.s.sociation JournalofAmericanVeterinaryMedicala.s.sociation, 219: 13771382.T. Grandin 2005 Maintenance of good animal welfare standards in beef slaughter plants by using auditing programs, Journal of American Veterinary Medical a.s.sociation Journal of American Veterinary Medical a.s.sociation, 226: 370373.Greenough W. T. 1984 Anatomical substrates of behavioral plasticity. In C. W. Cotman (eds.), R. F. Thompson. Plasticity in neurobiology: Cell to behavior Plasticity in neurobiology: Cell to behavior. 1984 Society for Neuroscience Short Course Syllabus,. Washington DC. pp. 4253.Harlow H. F. Zimmerman R. R. 1959 Affectional responses in the infant monkey. Science Science, 130: 421432.et al. Hutt S. J. 1965 A behavioral and electroencephalographic study of autistic children children. Journal of Psychiatric Research Journal of Psychiatric Research, 3: 181197.et al. Joliffe T. 1992 A behavioral and electroencephalographic study of autistic children children. Journal of Psychiatric Research Journal of Psychiatric Research, 3: 181197.M. Konner 1982 The tangled wing The tangled wing. New York., Holt, Rinehart, WinstonMason W. A. 1960 The effects of social restriction on the behavior of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychiatry Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychiatry, 6: 582588.R. Melzack, Burns S. K. 1965 Neurophysiological effects of early sensory restriction. Experimental Neurology Experimental Neurology, 13: 163175.G. Miller 2005 Reflecting on another"s mind. Science Science, 308: 945947.Rapoport J. L. 1989 The boy who couldn"t stop washing The boy who couldn"t stop washing. New York., E. P. DuttonC. Sagan 1977 The dragons of Eden: speculations on the evolution of human intelligence The dragons of Eden: speculations on the evolution of human intelligence. New York., Random HouseD. Simons, P. Land 1987 Early tactile stimulation influences organization of somatic sensory cortex. Nature Nature, 326: 694697.D. Williams 1994 Early tactile stimulation influences organization of somatic sensory cortex. Nature Nature, 326: 694697.
Chapter 5 The Ways of the World: Developing Autistic Talent.
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