CHAPTER XII.
SECOND INVASION OF MARYLAND.--GETTYSBURG.
1863.--Invasion of the Northern States.--Kilpatrick at Aldie.--The b.l.o.o.d.y Battle.--Daring Deeds.--Colonel Cesnola, Fourth New York Cavalry.-- Incidents.--Victory.--Advance to Ashby"s Gap.--Pleasonton"s Official Report.--Rebel Movements on Free Soil.--Difficulties in the North.-- The Cavalry Corps Crosses the Potomac at Edward"s Ferry.--General Meade succeeds Hooker.--Orders.--Changes in the Cavalry.--Movements.
--Kilpatrick"s Fight with Stuart at Hanover Junction.--Solemn and laughable Scenes.--Buford"s Division Opens the Fight at Gettysburg.
--Death of General Reynolds.--First Bay"s Repulse.--Second Bay.-- Rebel Advantages.--Third Bay.--Last Grand Effort.--Death of General Farnsworth.--The Republic just Saved.
For nearly two days we were prepared to march, and awaiting orders, when at last they came. At about six o"clock on the morning of the sixteenth we took up our line of march, which was mostly along the railroad in the direction of Mana.s.sas. Having arrived at these celebrated plains, we struck off a little to the left towards Centreville, where we arrived at ten o"clock, weary with the long journey. Here we ascertained that General Hooker"s headquarters are at Fairfax Court House, or in the vicinity, and that his army covers the approaches to Washington.
_June 17._--After a refreshing night"s rest, we were up early in the morning, and resumed our march at six o"clock, taking the Warrenton Turnpike. Kilpatrick has the advance of the corps. We soon crossed the memorable fields of the two Bull Run battles, pa.s.sed the famous field of Groveton, and there deflecting to the right, and pushing forward rapidly, we arrived by noon in sight of the hills which partially surround the village of Aldie, on the north side of the Bull Run Mountains. Kilpatrick had been directed to move through Aldie, and thence to and through Ashby"s Gap, in the Blue Ridge, learn all he could of the enemy"s movements, and, then returning, to rejoin the corps at Nolan"s Ferry on the Potomac. Colonel Duffie, with his regiment, the First Rhode Island, was ordered to move through Thoroughfare Gap, and to join Kilpatrick in Pleasant Valley beyond. These plans were laid with the presumption that no very heavy force of Rebels remained north of the Blue Ridge, and none at all north of the Bull Run Mountains. But this was a great mistake.
b.l.o.o.d.y BATTLE OF ALDIE.
James Moore, M. D., Surgeon of the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, thus describes what occurred to Kilpatrick and his command at this place:
"Scarcely had his advance reached the town of Aldie, when it came directly upon the advance-guard of W. H. F. Lee. It was entirely unexpected. No enemy was supposed to be on the Aldie side of the Bull Run Mountains.
"The general rode to the front, ran his eye over the field for a moment, and then rapidly gave his orders. He had taken in the whole field at one rapid glance, and saw the important points that must be gained. The Harris Light Cavalry was directed to charge straight down the road, through the town, gain and hold the long, low hill over which runs the road from Middleburg. With anxious eye he watched the charge, on which so much depended, saw that it was successful, and quickly and resolutely pushed in one regiment after another on the right of the Harris Light, till the high hills far on the right of Aldie were gained.
"This fine disposition was made, and important position won, before the Rebel General Fitzhugh Lee could make a single effort to prevent it, although he had a division of cavalry at his back.
"He soon recovered, however, from the temporary surprise, and for two hours made most desperate efforts to regain the position lost. He struck the right, left, and centre in quick succession, while his battery of Blakely guns thundered forth their messengers of death.
"But all in vain! Kilpatrick"s gallant men--the heroes of Brandy Station--met and hurled back each charge, while Randall"s battery, ignoring entirely the Rebel guns, sent his canister and sh.e.l.ls tearing through the heavy columns of the enemy.
"On this day Kilpatrick did wonders. He fought under the eye of his chief, and where bullets flew the thickest, and where the shock came the heaviest, there rang his cheering voice and there flashed his sabre. His own regiment, the Harris Light, had failed to meet his hopes on the plains of Brandy Station. This was known to the officers of that splendid organization, and on that very morning they had pet.i.tioned their general for an opportunity to retrieve their reputation. The opportunity was at hand.
"A large force of the enemy occupied a strong position behind rail barricades encircling large stacks of hay. For a long time Rebel sharp-shooters, from this secure position, had baffled every attempt to advance our lines on the left. The general ordered up a battalion of the Harris Light. Quickly they came! Addressing a few encouraging words to the men, and then turning to Major McIrvin, the officer in command, he said, pointing to the barricades: "Major, _there_ is the opportunity you have asked for. Go, take that position!" Away dashed this officer and his men. In a moment the enemy was reached, and the struggle began. The horses could not leap the barricade, but the men dismounted, scaled those formidable barriers, and, with drawn sabres, rushed upon the hidden foe, who quickly asked for quarter.
"Another incident occurred worth mentioning. Colonel Cesnola, of the Fourth New York Cavalry, had that morning, through mistake, been placed under arrest, and, his sword being taken from him, was without arms. But in one of these wild charges, made early in the contest, his regiment hesitated. Forgetting that he was under arrest, and without command, he flew to the head of his regiment, rea.s.sured his men, and, without a weapon to give or ward a blow, led them to the charge. This gallant act was seen by his general, who, meeting him on his return, said: "Colonel, you are a brave man; you are released from arrest;" and, taking his own sword from his side, handed it to the colonel, saying: "Here is my sword; wear it in honor of this day!" In the next charge Colonel Cesnola fell, desperately wounded, and was taken prisoner.
"The Rebel general, being foiled at every point, resolved to make one more desperate effort. Silently and quickly he ma.s.sed a heavy force upon our extreme right, and, led by General Rosser, made one of the most desperate and determined charges of the day. Kilpatrick was aware of this movement, and satisfied that his men, exhausted as they were, could not withstand the charge, had already sent for reenforcements.
"Before these could reach him the shock came. The First Ma.s.sachusetts had the right, and fought as only brave men could to stem the tide that steadily bore them back, until the whole right gave way. Back rushed our men in wild confusion, and on came the victorious Rebel hors.e.m.e.n. The general saw, with anguish, his flying soldiers, yet in his extremity retained his presence of mind, and proved himself worthy the star he had won at Brandy Station.
"Sending orders for the centre and left to stand fast, he placed himself at the head of the First Maine, sent to his a.s.sistance, and coolly waited till the Rebel charging columns had advanced within fifty yards of Randall"s guns. He then shouted "Forward!" and the same regiment that saved the day at Brandy Station was destined to save the day at Aldie.
Rosser"s men could not withstand the charge, but broke and fled up the hill. The general"s horse was killed in the charge, and here the brave Colonel Doughty fell.
"The general determined now to complete the victory, and, mounting a fresh horse, he urged on the First Maine and First Ma.s.sachusetts, sent orders for his whole line to advance, and then sounded the charge. Lee struggled for a few minutes against this advance, and then ordered a retreat, which ended in a rout. His troops were driven in confusion as far as Middleburg, and night alone saved the remnant of his command.
"This was by far the most b.l.o.o.d.y cavalry battle of the war. The Rebel chivalry had again been beaten, and Kilpatrick, who was the only general on the field, at once took a proud stand among the most famous of our Union cavalry generals. The fame of our cavalry was now much enhanced, and caused the greatest joy to the nation."
_June 18._--General Pleasonton was anxious to press the Rebel cavalry back upon their infantry, to ascertain minutely their movements; hence, to-day, Kilpatrick was ordered to advance through the Bull Run Mountains, and to occupy Middleburg. Jaded as we were, as well as our horses, with the fearful yet glorious labors of the previous day, with mercury up to 98 Fahrenheit in the shade, and 122 in the sun, with an atmosphere unusually oppressive for Virginia, and through dust which many tramping hoofs made almost intolerable, we marched into Pleasant Valley. The outpost of the Rebel cavalry was met near the town, but they were driven from the streets, and we took possession of Middleburg.
About three o"clock in the afternoon a heavy wind arose, betokening rain, which began to fall about five o"clock, mingled with hail. For this atmospheric change we had earnestly prayed. The heat had become so oppressive, and the roads so dusty, as to make our movements very unpleasant and disastrous to men and beasts, especially to the latter.
In this beautiful region of country we spent a few days very pleasantly, recruiting our strength and awaiting orders.
CAVALRY BATTLE AT UPPERVILLE.
_June 21._--The Cavalry Corps, with General Pleasonton at its head, moved, at eight o"clock this morning, in the direction of Ashby"s Gap, in the Blue Ridge. We had not proceeded far before we encountered the Rebel pickets, which we drove steadily before us. Their strength, however, greatly increased as we advanced. Quite a large force contested our progress when we entered Carrtown, and from this place to Upperville the engagement was a little too heavy to be called a skirmish.
Nevertheless, we pushed ahead without being seriously r.e.t.a.r.ded until we reached Upperville. Here our advance was met with great desperation, the enemy charging us handsomely, but with no great damage. When our forces had been properly arranged, and the right time had come, Kilpatrick was ordered to charge the town. With drawn sabres--weapons in which the general always had great confidence, and generally won success--and with yells which made the mountains and plains resound, we rushed upon the foe. The fray was terrible. Several times did the Rebels break, but, being reenforced or falling back upon some better position, again endeavored to baffle our efforts. But they were not equal to the task, and we drove them through the village of Paris, and finally through Ashby"s Gap, upon their infantry columns in the Shenandoah Valley. In these charges and chase we captured two pieces of artillery, four caissons, several stand of small arms, and a large number of prisoners.
It was my misfortune, in one of those desperate encounters, to have a favorite horse shot under me. But it was also my fortune to escape from the deadly missiles which filled the air, and from my fallen horse, unhurt. Another animal was soon provided for me from the captures we had made.
Our scouts, during this engagement, had managed to gain an entrance into the Valley, where they ascertained that the Rebel army, in heavy columns, was advancing towards the Upper Potomac.
This fight was of sufficient importance to call forth from the commanding general the following official doc.u.ment:
HEADQUARTERS CAVALRY CORPS, Camp near Upperville, 5.20 P. M., June 21.
_Brigadier-General S. Williams_:
GENERAL: I moved with my command this morning to Middleburg, and attacked the cavalry force of the Rebels under Stuart, and steadily drove him all day, inflicting a heavy loss at every step.
I drove him through Upperville into Ashby"s Gap.
We took two pieces of artillery, one being a Blakely gun, and three caissons, besides blowing up one; also, upwards of sixty prisoners, and more are coming; a lieutenant-colonel, major, and five other officers, besides a wounded colonel and a large number of wounded Rebels left in the town of Upperville.
They left their dead and wounded upon the field; of the former I saw upward of twenty.
We also took a large number of carbines, pistols, and sabres. In fact, it was a most disastrous day to the Rebel cavalry.
Our loss has been very small both in men and horses.
I never saw the troops behave better, or under more difficult circ.u.mstances.
Very heavy charges were made, and the sabre used freely, but always with great advantage to us.
A. PLEASONTON, _Brigadier-General_.
The day following this decided victory by force of arms, and by the stratagem of scouts, who obtained all needful information as to the intentions of the enemy, the Cavalry Corps retired from Ashby"s Gap and established its headquarters at Aldie. Our outposts are near Middleburg.
We are now receiving some exciting news from Maryland and the North. It appears that Rebel cavalry was raiding through Maryland, destroying railroads and bridges, telegraph lines and depots, and making havoc on the Chesapeake and Ohio Ca.n.a.l as early as the fifteenth instant; and that General Ewell, with a corps of infantry, crossed the Potomac at Williamsport on the sixteenth, and advanced _via_ Hagerstown towards Pennsylvania.
A sad and distressing alarm seems to have aroused the North. General Lee"s advance thus far, excepting the repulses of his cavalry on his right flank, has been a perfect success. It is true that Washington, the glittering prize before him, has been protected by General Hooker"s cautious movements. But this protection of the Capital has consumed time and given the enemy a decided advantage in other quarters. He had already entered the Free States before we fairly understood his intentions.
Winchester, an important post in the Shenandoah Valley, guarded by General Milroy, was nearly surrounded by the advancing Rebel hordes, before our general even dreamed that he was in jeopardy. The few of our men who escaped from that garrison, were greatly demoralized, while about four thousand were made prisoners, and many heavy guns, small arms, wagons, horses, and stores of all kinds fell into the enemy"s hands.
These blunders on our part and losses, together with the prowess and boast of the Rebel legions, gave the malcontents of the North, and political tricksters, a coveted opportunity to rail against the Administration, and to weaken, as far as their influence could be felt, the confidence which had been reposed in it. The President was represented as an imbecile, utterly devoid of statesmanship. The army was berated with no measured terms. Every reverse of fortune was attributed to a want of brains and heart in the heads of departments.
The Republic had certainly fallen upon dark days.
General Lee, undoubtedly, expected to make capital out of this state of things, and hoped that by winning a grand victory on Northern soil, so to cripple the Administration and to demoralize the political party in power, that he could secure the aid and comfort of the opposing party, and thus compel the North to submit to any terms of peace which the anomalous Confederacy might dictate.