Mr. Johnson: Is it doing well now?
Mr. Wick: Yes, it is doing well.
Mr. Ludlow: How many years is the planting of the King raspberry good for?
Mr. Johnson: I think it would be good for fifteen years or more if they are handled as I do it. Keep at the plant, hoeing and spraying them twice a year; trim out the old wood and keep them healthy.
The President: You take out all the old wood every year?
Mr. Johnson: Yes, sir.
Mr. Ludlow: When do you do that?
Mr. Johnson: In the fall. I figure this way, every extra cane that you grow on the plant is a waste. If I see a cane a little higher than the others I just stop it, and it throws the sap back.
Mr. Berry: Do you fertilize and how and when?
Mr. Johnson: I found I didn"t need much fertilizer. I put on wood ashes and such things when I burn the tr.i.m.m.i.n.g of the berries and such things.
A Member: When do you spray?
Mr. Johnson: I generally spray in the spring after they get started and just before they are starting to ripen. I spray them sometimes when they are starting to ripen, and the berries would pick up in one day.
A Member: You mean to say you could grow them for fifteen years without fertilizing?
Mr. Johnson: Yes, sir.
KNOWLEDGE of the temperature of the pantry and cellar is important, in order that one may make improvements in conditions.
Putrefaction will start at 50, so that a pantry or closet where food is kept should have a temperature at least as low as that. Cellars where canned goods are stored should have a temperature of 32 or over. Apples are frequently stored in outside cellars, where the temperature should be kept at 31 or 32; but apples may be kept satisfactorily at 34 or 36. When stored at the higher temperatures, the fruit should be placed there soon after being picked.
Annual Report, 1915, Nevis Trial Station.
JAS. ARROWOOD, SUPT., NEVIS.
We would say that the station is in good condition; all trees and shrubbery have done well; no complaint as far as growth is concerned.
This being an off year for fruit in this section, the fruit crop in general was light, the late frost and heavy rains destroying most all, both wild and tame fruits.
The strawberries, raspberries and currants were fairly good; plums and apples were very light, except some seedlings, both apples and plums, which seemed to hold their fruit. Most all the large apples were destroyed by the freeze, such as d.u.c.h.ess, Wealthy, Greening and Hibernal. There were some of the d.u.c.h.ess seedlings that seemed to stand all kinds of freezing.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Jas. Arrowood in his trial orchard, at Nevis, in Northern Minnesota.]
Now in regard to the fruits that were sent here from Central station.
The majority are doing fairly well, especially in regard to strawberry No. 3, which is doing splendidly and points to be the coming strawberry of northern Minnesota. It is a good runner and has a large, dark foliage. Plants that we left out last winter without covering came through in splendid condition and made a heavy crop. In regard to the fruit, it is of the best quality, large and firm and a good keeper. In regard to raspberries, Nos. 1, 4 and 7 did very well, and stood the winter without laying down, and bore a good crop.
In regard to the eighteen plum trees I received three years ago, Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 12 have done very well and have made a good growth, but have had no fruit so far.
The sand cherry that was received the same year, No. 2, has done very well and bore some fruit this last year of a fair quality.
Hansen cherries are doing fairly well and bore some fruit this year.
Now in regard to plums that were received in 1914 Nos. 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 20, have all made a good growth. What was received in 1915 have all grown.
The grapes that we received two years ago have made but little growth.
There were no grapes in this section this year; they all froze off about twice.
I received at the county fair about sixteen first prizes on apples and plums this year. We did considerable top-working, mostly on Hibernals and native seedlings, which are doing very well. Some of our seedling cherries are commencing to bear and show to be perfectly hardy. They are of the Oregon strain of sweet cherry.
In regard to gardens, they were fairly good throughout the section. Corn crop a failure.
In regard to the condition of the trees and shrubbery, this are going into their winter quarters with lots of moisture and with a large amount of fruit buds, with a good prospect for fruit next year.
DESTROYING PLANT LICE.--According to the results of experiments a 10 per cent kerosene emulsion should prove effective against the green apple aphis. The kerosene emulsion made either with 66 per cent stock, 10 per cent, or with naphtha soap and cold water, seemed to kill all the green apple aphides. The 40 per cent nicotine solution, with a dilution up to 1 to 2,000 combined with soap, were likewise effective aphidicides. The kerosene emulsions under 10 per cent were not satisfactory, neither were the soaps at the strengths tested, except that fish-oil soap, 5 to 50, killed 90 per cent of the aphides. Laundry soap, 3 to 50, was effective against the young aphides only. a.r.s.enate of lead alone, as was to be expected, had little or no effect upon the aphides. The combination of a.r.s.enate of calcium with kerosene emulsions is not a desirable one, since an insoluble calcium soap is formed, thereby releasing some free kerosene.--U.S. Dpt. of Agri.
New Fruits Originated at Minnesota Fruit-Breeding Farm.
CHAS. HARALSON, SUPT., EXCELSIOR.
The subject on which I am to talk is rather difficult to present at this time, but I will mention a few of the most promising new varieties.
[Ill.u.s.tration: The new and valuable hardy raspberry No. 4, growing at State Fruit-Breeding Farm.]
We have developed several hundred new varieties of fruit since we started fruit-breeding at the State Fruit Farm. Many of them are very promising, but it probably will take several years before we really know what we have that will be of value to the public.
We have been growing thousands of seedlings of apples, plums, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries and currants, from which valuable varieties have been selected. All of them have been put under propagation in a small way for testing at the Fruit Farm, trial stations and many other places. Some very favorable reports from several places have been received during the last year from parties who have fruited these new creations. We also have some hybrid peach and apricot seedlings which have stood the test of the last two winters. Some of them blossomed very freely last spring, but on account of the hard freeze in May they did not set any fruit. I hope to be able to report on these another year.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Hybrid plum No. 21--at Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm.]
The results of breeding strawberries have given us one everbearing and one June-bearing variety, which have been tested in many places throughout the state. The June-bearing variety has been introduced as Minnesota No. 3. The berries are almost identical with Senator Dunlap in color and shape, but somewhat larger and, I think, more productive. The plants are equal to Dunlap in hardiness, or more so, a stronger plant, and a good plant-maker. The fruiting season is about a week earlier than Dunlap. It is a firm berry and stands shipping a long distance. My belief is that this variety will make one of the best commercial berries for the Northwest.
The everbearing variety is known as No. 1017. It is a large, round berry, dark red color, and is of the best quality. This variety is strong and vigorous and a good plant-maker when blossoms are picked off early in the season. It is also very productive. The blossoms and berries on a number of plants were counted in October, and we found all the way from 200 to 345 berries and blossoms on single plants. This is, of course, a little more than the average, but it shows what it will do under ordinary conditions. This variety has been growing next to Progressive, on the same soil, with the same cultivation, and I think that persons who have seen it this summer will agree with me that it is far ahead of Progressive in size and productiveness. I will say right here, if you expect to have a good crop of fruit in the fall, keep the most of the runners off. If you encourage them to make runners, or plants, you will have less fruit.
The raspberries sent out as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, are all worthy of trial. The No. 4 has fruited several years and gave the best showing so far. The fruit resembles the Marlboro somewhat, but the color is darker. It is not one of very high quality, but the size of the berry and its appearance will more then make up for this. The canes and foliage are generally healthy and very hardy. This variety will be planted very extensively just as soon as enough stock can be supplied to fruit growers.
The Burbank crossed with Wolf, hybrid plums. There have been several of these sent out to trial stations, and as premiums to members of the Horticultural Society. I will mention them in order as to size of fruit.
No. 5, 12, 4, and 6 will measure 1-3/4 inch in diameter. Nos. 21, 10, 17, 9, and No. 1 are nearly as large. The kinds which have given best all around satisfaction up to the present time, are Nos. 1, 6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 21 and 25. One or two years more trial should give us an idea which ones will be worthy of general propagation.