The story of the childhood of Jesus reads somewhat like that of a prince, in spite of his lowly surroundings. Though he was born in a manger, a herald angel announced the glad tidings of his coming.
Though the people of Bethlehem took no note of the event, a mult.i.tude of the heavenly host sang "Glory to G.o.d in the highest, on earth peace, good-will to men." Wise men from the East made a long journey to find the young child. The lore of the stars had taught them that he was a king, and they brought gifts worthy of royalty, gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.
It was these visitors who were the innocent cause of the child"s first danger. In seeking him out they had gone to King Herod at Jerusalem, asking, "Where is he that is born King of the Jews?" These inquiries made the monarch very uneasy. He had no mind to lose his crown. To prevent the appearance of any possible rival he determined upon summary measures. "He sent forth and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under." By this terrible ma.s.sacre he thought to do away with the child Jesus.
But the Prince of Peace was protected by stronger guards than ever surrounded the cradle of an earthly prince. A warning message was sent to save the child from the impending danger. "The angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him."
"When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt."[1] The journey was long and wearisome, but the mother Mary was young, and strong in courage, and Joseph was a st.u.r.dy defender. As for the babe, what mattered it to him whether he slept in a manger, or under the trees by the wayside? He was safe in his mother"s arms.
[Footnote 1: St. Matthew, chapter ii., verses 13, 14.]
What adventures befell them by the way we do not know, but we like to imagine the incidents of the journey. There is a tradition that angel play-fellows came from time to time to amuse the child Jesus. When Mary and Joseph were forced to pause a little while for food and rest, the lonely places were filled with these glad presences.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE REST IN EGYPT _Pitti Gallery, Florence_]
This is the legend ill.u.s.trated in our picture. Under the spreading branches of a great tree, Mary has found a comfortable seat on a gra.s.sy bank, and Joseph rests behind her. The little child stands on his mother"s knee, clinging to her dress for support, while her arms hold him firm. A band of infant angels play on the flower-strewn gra.s.s in the open s.p.a.ce in front. With joined hands they circle about as in the figure of a dance or game. The music for their sport is furnished by a heavenly choir, hovering in the upper air and singing the score from an open book.
The leader of the dance is evidently the beautiful angel who pauses opposite the Christ-child. Resting on the right foot he draws back the left, poising on his toe, in an att.i.tude of exquisite grace. With his left hand he waves a salute to the infant Christ. His right hand clasps that of a companion angel to form an arch beneath which troop the whole jocund company. It is good sport, and the players scamper gleefully along. A single angel stops to gaze ardently towards the Christ-child.
The mother looks on at the game with queenly dignity. A smile hovers on her lips, as if the eagerness of the little leader pleased her. As for Joseph, his glance is directed towards the tree-tops. Perhaps his senses are not fine enough to discern the spirit company, but he is well content with the happiness of mother and child.
From the safe pedestal of his mother"s knee the child Jesus watches every motion of the angels with breathless interest. The angel leader seems to beckon him to join them, and he is almost ready to go. Yet the firm hands hold him back, and he is glad to cling to his mother"s dress. A circle of light about his head is the halo, or symbol of his divine origin.
The picture is an important record of our painter"s travels in Italy.
It was here he imbibed from the old Italian masters the tender and devotional spirit which animated their sacred works. t.i.tian was the special object of his admiration, and he painted a number of Madonna pictures which show the influence the Venetian painter had upon his art. The circle of dancing angels recalls the cherub throng of t.i.tian"s a.s.sumption.[2]
[Footnote 2: See Chapter XII. in volume on t.i.tian in the Riverside Art Series.]
III
THE SO-CALLED PORTRAIT OF RICHARDOT AND HIS SON
A gentleman has brought his little boy to our painter"s studio for a portrait sitting. Father and son are close friends and understand each other well. On the way they have talked of the picture that is to be made, and the boy has asked many questions about it. It is rather a tedious prospect to an active child to have to sit still a long time.
But his father"s companionship is his greatest delight, and it is a rare treat to both to have a whole morning together. Besides, they have a book with them, a new publication from the Plantin printing press, and the father has promised to read something to him.
The two are richly dressed for the event, the father in black with a fur mantle, and the boy in white satin embroidered with gold. The man wears the stiff quilled ruff of the period, the boy a round collar of soft lace. It is not every day in the year that a little boy is allowed to wear his best satin doublet, and the child feels the gravity of the occasion. We may suppose that these are people of distinction, and that on certain great occasions the boy accompanies his father to court. Perhaps, too, as the eldest son of the house, he is sometimes given a seat at a great banquet, or is brought into the tapestried hall to meet an honored guest. It is at such times that he would be dressed as in the picture. In our own day a child"s finery brings to mind dancing cla.s.ses and parties, but in these far away times it is a.s.sociated only with stately ceremonies.
The painter has led his guests to a place near a window, where, looking over their shoulders, one sees a bit of pleasant country. The man draws the boy towards him and lays one hand on the child"s shoulder. At the painter"s bidding, the little fellow puts his right arm akimbo, imitating the att.i.tude in some of the portraits of the studio. The pose suits perfectly the quaint dignity of the little figure.
It is a proud moment for the boy. It makes him almost a man to be treated as an equal by his father. Not for worlds would he do anything to spoil the picture; he feels the responsibility of carrying out his part well. He regards the painter with solemn eyes, watching intently every motion of the pencil.
There is a gleam of humor in the father"s eyes as he too looks in the same direction. He is a man of large affairs, we are sure. His high forehead shows rare mental powers, and he has the judicial expression of one whose counsel would be worth following. Yet there is that in his face which shows the quiet tastes of the scholar. With his boy beside him and a book in his hand, he is content to let the great world go its way. Nevertheless he is something of a courtier, as his station in life requires, a distinguished figure in any great company.
The face is one of striking n.o.bility of character. He is a man in whom we could place great confidence.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE SO-CALLED PORTRAIT OF RICHARDOT AND HIS SON _The Louvre, Paris_]
Two qualities of the portrait give it artistic value, life-likeness, and character. The figures almost seem to speak to us from the canvas, and we feel a sense of intimacy with them, as if we had actually known them in real life. Indeed there is very little in the picture to make it seem foreign to our own surroundings. The stiff ruff is the most distinctly old-fashioned feature. The man"s closely cut pointed beard is such as has long been called the "Van Dyck beard." The painter wore his own trimmed in the same way, which seems at one time to have been equally the fashion in England and on the continent.
We remark in the picture the excellent characterization of the hands.
In later days when the painter was busier, he often a.s.signed this part of the work to a.s.sistants. They did not try to reproduce the hand of the portrait sitter, but painted this feature from a model. Now this man"s hand is plainly his own; it is of a character with the face, strong and sensitive.
The landscape view is an important element in the picture. If we compare our ill.u.s.tration with others which have no such setting, we shall better understand its value. An enclosed s.p.a.ce sets a more or less definite limit to the imagination. A glimpse of the country, on the other hand, suggests wide s.p.a.ces for the fancy to explore. It will also be noticed that this light spot in the upper right corner balances well the white costume of the boy in the lower left corner.
The portrait group of our ill.u.s.tration has long borne the t.i.tle of Jean Grusset Richardot and his Son. This Richardot was a celebrated Flemish diplomat of the sixteenth century, and president of the Privy Council of the Low Countries. As he died in Van Dyck"s boyhood, his portrait could not have been made by our painter directly from life.
Nor can we believe with some that years after the diplomat"s death Van Dyck copied from some old picture the likeness seen here. A portrait painted in this way would not have the vitality of our ill.u.s.tration.
We are therefore obliged to consider the picture nameless; but our enjoyment of its good qualities is by no means less keen.
IV
THE VISION OF ST. ANTHONY
St. Anthony of Padua was a Franciscan friar of the thirteenth century, celebrated for his piety and eloquence. He was a Portuguese by birth, and early in life determined to be a Christian missionary. His first labors were in Africa, but being seized by a lingering illness, he returned to Europe and landed in Italy. Here he came under the influence of St. Francis of a.s.sisi, who was just establishing a new religious order. The rules were to be very strict: the members could possess nothing of their own, but were to beg their food and raiment of fellow Christians. They were to mingle with the people as brothers, hence _friars_,[3] ministering to their bodily needs, and advising, comforting, and admonishing in higher concerns. What sort of a habit they wore we may see in our picture. There was a long dark brown tunic made with loose sleeves, and having a sort of hood attached. The garment was fastened about the waist with a knotted rope. By this strange girdle the wearer was continually reminded that the body is a beast to be subdued by a halter.
[Footnote 3: From the French frere.]
On account of his learning, St. Anthony became a teacher of theology.
He was connected successively with the universities of Bologna, Toulouse, Paris, and Padua, and with this last city his name has ever since been a.s.sociated. At length, however, he forsook all other employments and devoted himself wholly to preaching among the people.
These were troublous times in Italy, when the poor were cruelly oppressed by the rich. St. Anthony espoused the cause of those who were wronged, and denounced all forms of tyranny. His influence was a great power among the people, and many stories are told of his preaching. It is related that one day, as he was explaining to his hearers the mystery of the Incarnation, the Christ-child appeared to him as in a vision.
It is this story which the painter had in mind in our picture: St.
Anthony kneels before the mother and babe in an ecstasy of devotion.
An open book lies on the ground beside him, as if he had been conning its pages when the vision broke upon him. The landscape surroundings are especially appropriate, for St. Anthony was fond of out-of-door life. His sermons were often given in the open air, and it is said that he sometimes preached to the fishes. He delighted to point out to his hearers the beauties of nature, the whiteness of the swan, the mutual charity of the storks, and the purity and fragrance of the lilies.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE VISION OF ST. ANTHONY _Brera Gallery, Milan_]
The poetic refinement of his nature is indicated in his face. He is young and handsome, with the gentle expression which used to win the hearts of his hearers. There is little here to show the more forcible elements of his character. The tonsured head is the common mark of membership in religious orders.
The Christ-child bends forward to caress the saint"s face with his tiny hand. He is a loving little fellow, not particularly pretty, except in his infantine plumpness, yet the face is full of innocent sweetness. A mysterious light shines above his head, the emblem of divinity. The good friar does not presume to touch the holy child, but folds his hands reverently across his breast. His eyes are lifted with the rapt look of the visionary.
St. Anthony"s biographers tell us how he loved to recite the old Latin hymn by St. Fortunatus, beginning,--
O Gloriosa Domina Excelsa super sydera.
[O most glorious Lady Exalted above the stars.]
We may fancy that in the ecstasy of this vision these lines now rise to his lips. The last stanza expresses the sum of his adoration:--
Gloria tibi Domine Qui natus es de Virgine c.u.m Patre et sancto Spiritu In sempiterna saecula.
[Glory to thee, O Lord, Who wast born of a Virgin, With the Father and Holy Spirit For eternal ages.]
It is easy to see from a comparison of this picture with the Rest in Egypt that it was painted at about the same time. We at once recognize the mother and child of the other ill.u.s.tration, and note the similarity in pose. We may imagine the Madonna bending forward and holding the babe a little lower on her lap, and we should have the grouping as it is here.