Almost simultaneously in all other parts of the colony the rebellion collapsed. The defeats of the Governor in Gloucester, Middles.e.x and York had not long postponed the end. The failure of the movement was due, not to military successes by Berkeley, but to hopeless internal weakness.
Since the death of Bacon the insurgent leaders had been unable to maintain law and order in the colony. Ingram, although he showed some ability as a general, proved utterly unfitted to a.s.sume control of civil affairs. Bacon, when Sir William fled to Accomac, had grasped firmly the reins of government, calling a part of the Council to his a.s.sistance, summoning a new a.s.sembly, and retaining sheriffs and justices in their offices. Like Cromwell, he had shown himself not only a soldier, but a civil ruler of force and ability. But Ingram could not command the respect and obedience of the people. Under him the machinery of government seems to have broken down. The unhappy colony was given over to disorder and anarchy. We are inclined to wonder why Drummond or Lawrence did not a.s.sume the chief command in the government after Bacon"s death. Both were men of intelligence and ability, both esteemed by the people, and both devoted heart and soul to the rebellion. For some reason, neither could take the leadership, and affairs fell into hopeless confusion.
Without a government to supply their needs, or to direct their movements, the rebel bands found it necessary to maintain themselves by plundering the estates of the Governor"s friends. Many wealthy planters paid for their loyalty with the loss of their cattle, their sheep, their corn and wheat, and often the very furniture of their houses. At times the rebel officers could not restrain their rough soldiers from wanton waste and destruction. Crops were ruined, fences thrown down, houses burned.[706] Disgusted with this anarchy, and seeing that Ingram could not preserve order, many of the people began to long for the end of the rebellion. Even the misgoverment of Berkeley was better than lawlessness and confusion.
Ingram himself seems to have perceived that the end was at hand.
Intelligence came to him that some of his own party, dissatisfied with his conduct, were awaiting an opportunity to deprive him of the chief command. The long expected arrival of the English troops would bring swift and complete ruin, for under the present conditions, he could not hope for success against them. So he soon became quite willing "to dismount from the back of that horse which he wanted skill, and strength to Manidge". Could he but secure a pardon from the Governor, he would gladly desert the failing cause of the people, and return to his allegiance.[707]
Nor was Sir William less anxious to come to terms with Ingram. It had been a bitter humiliation to him to be thrust headlong out of his government by the rebellious people. It would add to his shame to be restored by English troops. Could he but reduce the colony before the arrival of the red coats, his position would appear in a much better light, both in Virginia and in England. So he sent a Captain Grantham to negotiate with Ingram and to offer him immunity and pardon in return for prompt submission. The rebel leader willingly accepted these terms and returned to his allegiance.[708]
More delicate was the task of inducing the troops at West Point to follow the example of their general. It was a question whether Ingram, "or any in the countrye could command them to lay down their arms". An attempt to betray them, or to wring the sword out their hands by violence would probably end in failure. It was thought more prudent to subdue "these mad fellows" with "smoothe words", rather than by "rough deeds". So Grantham presented himself to them, told of Ingram"s submission and offered them very liberal terms of surrender. They were to be paid for the full time of their service since the granting of Bacon"s commission; those that so desired were to be retained in arms to fight the Indians; all servants among them were to secure immediate release from their indentures. Deserted by their leader and tempted by these fair promises, the men were at last persuaded to yield. Grantham embarked them on the fleet and took them down to Tindall"s Point, there to make their submission and "kiss the Governour"s hand".[709]
Almost at the same time overtures were made by the Governor to General Walkelett. Could this man be induced to surrender himself and his troops, the last great obstacle to peace would be removed. So anxious was Sir William to seduce him from the cause of the rebels, that he offered him not only his pardon, but part of the plunder taken by Bacon from the Indians.[710] Walkelett a.s.sented, and agreed to lead his troops to Tindall"s Point, and "declare for ye King"s Majesty, the Governour & Country". He was to find there "a considerable Company of resolved men", to a.s.sist him in case his own party offered resistance.[711] This arrangement seems to have been carried out successfully and Walkelett"s entire command was taken.[712]
The collapse of the rebellion sounded the death knell of those "chiefe Incendiaries" Drummond and Lawrence. These men had long protested against Berkeley"s arbitrary government, and had been largely instrumental in bringing on the insurrection. Bacon had considered them his chief advisors and friends. So deep was the Governor"s hatred of them that in his recent proclamations he had excepted them from the general pardon.[713]
When Ingram and Walkelett surrendered, these "arch rebels" were stationed on the south side of the York River, at a place called Brick House. When they heard of Ingram"s intended desertion, they made desperate but futile efforts to prevent his designs. Failing in this, they determined to gather around them the remnants of the rebel forces and march towards the frontier, in hopes of kindling anew the waning spirit of resistance. "They sent downe to Coll: Bacons to fetch of the Gard there, under ... Whaly, to reinforce their own strength." Whaly, whose position was more exposed than their own, promptly obeyed, and succeeded in bringing off his force with "the last remains of Coll: Bacon"s Estate". The rebel leaders now mustered about three hundred men, and with these they retreated through New Kent, "thinking (like the snow ball) to increase by their rouleing". "But finding that in stead of increasing there number decreast; and that the Moone of there fortune was now past the full, they broke up howse-keeping, every one shifting for him selfe."[714]
And now the chief rebels were hunted down like wild beasts by the Governor"s troops. Thomas Hall, formerly clerk of the New Kent county court, Thomas Young, Major Henry Page, and a man named Harris were captured and led before Sir William. They were all tried by court martial, on shipboard off Tindall"s Point, convicted of treason, and at once sent to their execution.[715]
A few days later Drummond was found, exhausted and half starved, hiding in Chickahominy swamp.[716] When he was brought before the Governor, that resentful old man could not restrain his joy. He is said to have "complimented him with the ironicall sarcasm of a low bend", declaring that he was more welcome than any other man in Virginia, or even his own brother.[717] The next day Berkeley went to Colonel Bray"s house and here Drummond was conducted on foot to stand his trial. "In his way thither he complained very much that his Irons hurt him, and ...
expressed abundance of thankes for being permitted to rest himselfe upon the Roade, while he tooke a pipe of Tobacco."[718] But he refused the offer of a horse, saying he would come soon enough to his death on foot.
At his trial he was treated with brutal harshness, his clothes stripped from his back and his ring torn from his finger. Although the rebellion was now over, he was denied jury trial, and was condemned by court martial after a hearing of but half an hour. Some months later, when this matter came to the attention of the English Privy Council, the Lord Chancellor exclaimed that "he knew not whether it were lawful to wish a person alive, otherwise he could wish Sir William Berkeley so, to see what could be answered to such barbarity".[719]
Thus ended the rebellion. Apparently it had accomplished nothing for the cause of liberty or the relief of the oppressed commons. Few of the abuses that had caused the people to take arms had been rectified. The taxes were heavier than ever, the Governor was more severe and arbitrary. English troops were on their way to the colony to enforce submission and obedience. Charles II, irritated at the independent spirit of the Virginians, was meditating the curtailment of their privileges and the suppression of their representative inst.i.tutions. Yet this attack of an outraged people upon an arbitrary and corrupt government, was not without its benefits. It gave to future Governors a wholesome dread of the commons, and made them careful not to drive the people again into the fury of rebellion. It created a feeling of fellowship among the poor planters, a consciousness of like interests that tended to mould them into a compact cla.s.s, ready for concerted action in defense of their rights. It gave birth in the b.r.e.a.s.t.s of many brave men to the desire to resist by all means possible the oppression of the Stuart kings. It stirred the people to win, in their legislative halls, victories for the cause of liberty, as real as those which Bacon and his followers had failed to secure on the field of battle.
FOOTNOTES:
[472] Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p. 165; P. R. O., CO1-30-71.
[473] Hen., Vol. I, pp. 323, 380.
[474] Hen., Vol. II, p. 141.
[475] T. M., p. 9; Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, pp. 165, 167.
[476] T. M., p. 9; P. R. O., CO5-1371-370; CO1-36-36; CO1-36-37.
[477] T. M., p. 8; Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p. 165.
[478] T. M., pp. 8-9; P. R. O., CO5-1371-370; Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p.
165.
[479] P. R. O., CO1-39-10; CO1-36-78; W. & M. Q., Vol. IX, p. 10.
[480] W. & M. Q., Vol. IX, p. 6; T. M., p. 11.
[481] W. & M. Q., Vol. IX, p. 6.
[482] Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p. 165; P. R. O., CO1-36-78.
[483] P. R. O., CO5-1371-369; T. M., p. 9.
[484] T. M., p. 10.
[485] T. M., p. 9; P. R. O., CO392.1-173, 178; Cotton, p. 3; Inds"
Pros., p. 5; P. R. O., CO5-1371-370.
[486] P. R. O., CO1-36-78; CO5-1371-369; T. M., pp. 9-10; Inds" Pros., pp. 7-8; Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p. 165.
[487] P. R. O., CO5-1371-370.
[488] Inds" Pros., p. 7; P. R. O., CO-1371-370; CO1-36-66; Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p. 176.
[489] W. & M. Q., Vol. IX, p. 7.
[490] P. R. O., CO5-1371-372; Va. Mag., Vol. III, p. 35.
[491] T. M., p. 10.
[492] P. R. O., CO5-1371-373, 411.
[493] P. R. O., CO1-30-51; CO1-36-37.
[494] T. M., p. 11; W. & M. Q., Vol. IX, p. 7; P. R. O., CO5-1371-375.
[495] P. R. O., CO1-36-36.
[496] Ma.s.s. S. IV, Vol. IX, p 165; Hen., Vol. II, p. 326.
[497] P. R. O., CO5-1371-373; Hen., Vol. II, pp. 327-329.
[498] Inds" Pros., pp. 8, 9.
[499] P. R. O., CO5-1371-378.
[500] P. R. O., CO5-1371-374.
[501] P. R. O., CO5-1371-378; Inds" Pros., p. 8.
[502] P. R. O., CO5-1371-379; CO1-37-17.
[503] P. R. O., CO5-1371-375.
[504] P. R. O., CO1-40-106.
[505] P. R. O., CO5-1371-375.