Among 3,421 factory women investigated:
Average length of service 4.46 years Average wage: First year $4.62 per week Second year 5.34 " "
Tenth year 8.48 " "
These stores and factories were presumably filled by girls who seized the most available source of a weekly wage regardless of all but the pay envelope. Few of them remained more than five years, and those who did remain did not receive adequate increase in their pay by the tenth year for workers of ten years" experience.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Photograph by Brown Bros.
A cotton-mill worker. Unfortunately in the factories girls are too often influenced by the pay envelope rather than by any special fitness for the work they are to do]
The whole industrial situation as it concerns women would indicate that women even more than men show lack of discrimination in seeking to place themselves, and that the sources of information for them have been few if not entirely lacking. Happily these conditions are changing. We have now to teach girls to avail themselves of the information and the guidance at hand and to learn to discriminate in their choice of work.
Girls must realize that unskillful, mechanical work, done always with a mental reservation that it is merely a temporary expedient, keeps women"s wages low, destroys confidence in female capacity, and has definite bearing not only on the individual woman"s earning capacity, but on her character as well. Girls must learn to choose in such a way that their work may be an opening into a life career or may be an enlightening prelude to marriage and the making of a home.
Some of the women who uphold the doctrine of equality between the s.e.xes make the mistake of thinking and of teaching that there can be no equality without identical work. They take the att.i.tude that unless women do all the sorts of work that men do, they are unjustly deprived of their rights. Our contention is rather that women have higher rights than that of identical work with men. They, above all other workers, should have the right of intelligent choice of work which they can do to the advantage of themselves, their offspring, and the community. Such a choice will ignore the question of s.e.x as a drawback, accepting it, on the other hand, merely as a condition which, like other conditions, complicates but does not necessarily hamper choice. No girl need feel hampered by her s.e.x because she chooses not to do work which fails either to utilize her peculiar gifts or to lead in what seems to her a profitable direction. No girl should feel that her industrial experience, however short, has nothing to contribute to the home life of which she dreams. No girl need waste the knowledge and skill gained in industrial life when she abandons gainful occupation for the home. Homemaking education, with industrial experience, ought to make the ideal preparation for life work.
This, however, can be true only when the girl"s industrial experience is of the right sort. Girls must therefore be led to choose the developing occupation. It is a part of the world"s economy to lead them to this choice.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 7: From Puffer, _Vocational Guidance_, based on Census figures.]
CHAPTER XI
THE GIRL"S WORK (Continued)--CLa.s.sIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS
It is well at the outset to recognize that vocation choosing is at best a complicated matter which, to be successfully carried out, demands not only much information, but information from different viewpoints. It is not enough to insure a living, even a good living, in the work a girl chooses. We must take into consideration the girl"s effect upon society as a teacher, nurse, saleswoman, or office worker; and no less, in view of her evident destiny as mother of the race, must we consider society"s effect upon her, as it finds her in the place she has chosen. In other words, will she serve society to the best of her ability, and will her service fit her to be a better homemaker than she would have been had no vocation outside the home intervened between her school training and her final settling in a home of her own making?
This double question must find answer in consideration of vocations from each of several viewpoints. We may cla.s.sify occupations open to girls (1) from the standpoint of the girl"s fitness, physical and psychological; (2) from the standpoint of industrial conditions, the sanitary, mental, and moral atmosphere, and the rewards obtainable; (3) as factors increasing, decreasing, or not affecting the girl"s possible home efficiency or the likelihood of taking up home life; (4) from the standpoint of the girl"s education; (5) from the standpoint of service to society.
Our first cla.s.sification concerns the girl"s fitness for this or that work. The everyday work of the world in which our girls are to find a part may be separated into three fairly well-marked cla.s.ses: making things, distributing things, and service. The first question we must ask concerning a girl desirous of finding work is, then: Toward which of these cla.s.ses does her natural ability and therefore probably her inclination tend? Natural handworkers make poor saleswomen; natural traders or saleswomen are likely to be uninterested and ineffective handworkers. The girl whose interests are all centered in people must not be condemned to spend her life in the production of things; nor, as is far more common, must the girl who can make things, and enjoys making them, spend her life in merely handling the things other people have made, as she strives to make connection between these things and the people who want them. Then there is the girl who is efficient and who finds her pleasure in "doing things for people." Service--and we must remember that service is a wide term, and that no stigma should attach to the cla.s.s of workers which includes the teacher, the physician, and the minister--is clearly the direction in which such a girl"s vocational ambition should be turned.
It would be idle to a.s.sert that all women are suited to marriage, motherhood, and domestic life, although there is little doubt that early training may develop in some a suitability which would otherwise remain unsuspected. When, however, early training fails to bring out any inclination toward these things, we may well consider seriously before we exert the weight of our influence toward them.
Home-mindedness shows itself in many ways, and it should have been a matter of observation years before the girl faces the choice of a vocation. It is usually of little avail to attempt to turn the attention of the girl who is definitely not thus minded toward the domestic life. On the other hand, the girl who is naturally so minded will respond readily to suggestions leading toward the occupations which require and appeal to her domestic nature. The great majority of girls, however, are not definitely conscious of either home-mindedness or the opposite. They are in fact not yet definitely cognizant of any natural bent. It is these girls who are especially open to the influence of environment, of what may prove temporary inclination, or of false notions of the advantage of certain occupations in choosing a life work. These are the girls, too, who are likely to drift into marriage as they are likely to drift into any other occupation, and whose previous vocation may have added to or perfected their homemaking training or, on the other hand, may have developed in them habits and traits which will effectually kill their usefulness in the home life. These, then, are the girls who are most of all in need of wise a.s.sistance in choosing that which may prove to be a temporary vocation or may become a life work. The temporary idea must be combated vigorously in the girl"s mind. Many an unwise choice would have been avoided had the girl really faced the possibility of making the work she undertook a life work. The temporary idea makes inefficient workers and discontented women.
There is in most cases, especially among the fairly well-to-do, no dearth of a.s.sistance offered to the young girl in making her choice.
Much of the advice, unfortunately, is not based on real knowledge either of vocations or of the girl. Knowledge is absolutely necessary to successful judgment in this delicate matter.
From a large number of letters written by high-school girls let me quote the following typical answers to the question: Why have you chosen the vocation for which you are preparing?
"Ever since I could walk my uncle has been making plans for me in music."
"My first ambition was to be a stenographer, but my father objected. My father"s choice was for me to be a teacher, and before long it was mine too."
"My ambition until my Junior year in High School was to be a teacher. From that time until now my ambition is to be a good stenographer. My reason for changing is due partly to my friends and parents. My parents do not want me to be a teacher, as they consider it too hard a life."
"I have been greatly influenced by my teacher, who thinks I have a chance [as a dramatic art teacher]. I am willing to take her word for it.".
"Mother says it is a very ladylike occupation"
[stenography].
"My music instructor wishes for me to become a concert player, or at least a good music teacher, and I now think I wish the same."
These answers all show the customary ease of throwing out advice, and also the undue significance attached by girls to these probably inexpert opinions.
Parents often fail in their attempts to launch their children successfully. Sometimes they attempt unwisely to thrust a child into an occupation merely because "it is ladylike," or the "vacation is long," or "the pay is good," regardless of the child"s apt.i.tude or limitations. Quite often they await inspiration in the form of some revelation of the child"s desires, regardless of the demand of society for such service as the child may elect to supply or the effect of the vocation upon the child"s health or character. Undue sacrifice on the part of parents has without question swelled the ranks of mediocre physicians and lawyers and clergymen. It has doubtless produced thousands of teachers who cannot teach, nurses who are quite unsuited to the sick-room, and office workers who have not the rudiments of business ability.
It would seem that truly successful guidance in a girl"s search for a vocation can come, like much of her training, only from wise cooperation of school and home. Teacher and parent see the girl from different angles. Their combined judgment will consequently have double value.
As the time of vocational choice approaches, school records should cover larger ground than before, and should be made with great care, with constant appeal to parents for confirmation and additional facts.
The record should cover:
1. _Physical characteristics_: Height; weight; lung capacity; sight; hearing; condition of nasal pa.s.sages; condition of teeth; bodily strength and endurance; nerve strength or weakness.
2. _Health history_: Time lost from school by illness; school work as affected by physical condition when the girl is in school; probable ability or inability to bear the confinement of an indoor occupation; any early illness, accident, or surgical operation which may affect health and therefore vocational possibilities.
3. _Mental characteristics_: The quality of school work; studious or active in temperament; best suited for head work, handwork, or a combination; ability to work independently of teacher or other guide; studies most enjoyed; studies in which best work is done; evidences, if any, of special talent, and whether or not sufficient to form basis of life work.
4. _Moral characteristics_: Honesty; moral courage; stability; tact; combativeness; leader or follower.
5. _Heredity_: Physical statistics in regard to parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, uncles, aunts; occupations followed by these, with success or otherwise; family traditions as to work; special abilities in family noted.
6. _Vocational ambitions_.
7. _Family resources for special training_.
Without some such record as this--and it need scarcely be said that the one given here is capable of wide adaptation to special needs--teachers, parents, or other friends of the girl are poorly equipped for giving advice as to the girl"s future. And yet it is common enough for such advice to be thrown out in the most casual manner, with scarcely a thought of the ambitions awakened or of the future to which they may lead.
"You certainly ought to go on the stage," chorus the admiring friends of the girl who excels in the work of the elocution cla.s.s. And sometimes with no other counsel than this, from people who really know nothing about the matter, the girl struggles to enter the theatrical world, only to find that her talent, sufficient to excite admiring comment among her friends, has proved inadequate to make her a worth-while actress.
"Why don"t you study art?" say the friends of another girl; or, "You like to take care of sick people. Why don"t you train for nursing?"
or, "You"re so fond of books. I should think you would be a librarian"--quite regardless of the fact that the girl advised to study art has neither the perseverance nor the health to study successfully; that the one advised to be a nurse lacks patience and repose to a considerable degree; or that the one advised to be a librarian is already suffering from strained eyes and should choose her vocation from the great outdoors.
Knowledge of the girl must, however, be supplemented by a wide knowledge of vocations to be of real value to the teacher or parent who is preparing to give vocational counsel. Final choice may be reached only after the girl and the vocation are brought into comparative scrutiny, and their mutual fitness determined. In rare cases the choice may be made by the swift process of observing a great talent which, in the absence of serious objections, must govern the life work. Oftener the process is one of elimination, or of building up from a general foundation of the girl"s abilities and limitations, and her possibilities for training sufficient to make her an efficient worker in the line chosen.
A knowledge of vocations presupposes, first of all, a grasp of the essentials of the work, and hence the characteristics required in the worker to perform it. What sort of girl is needed to make an efficient teacher, nurse, saleswoman, or office worker? How may we recognize this potential teacher without resorting to a clumsy, time-wasting, trial-and-error method? These are matters with which schools and vocational guides all over the country are occupying themselves.
Perhaps we cannot do better than to examine somewhat these requirements for some occupations toward which girls most often incline.
THE PRODUCING GROUP
The girl who is by nature a maker of things may be a factory worker, a needlewoman, a baker, a poultry farmer, a milliner, a photographer, or an artist with brush or with voice, or in dramatic work. She is still one who makes things. We see at once how wide a range of industry may open to her.
How shall we know this type of girl? First of all, by her interest in things rather than in people. With the exception of, the singer and the dramatic artist, whose production is of an intangible sort, the girl who makes things is a handworker by choice. The extent to which her handwork is touched by the imaginative instinct of course measures the distance that she may make her way up the ladder of productive work. The girl"s school record will usually show her best work with concrete materials. She draws or sews well, has excellent results in the cooking cla.s.s, works well in the laboratory. At home she finds enjoyment in "making things" of one sort or another. She displays ingenuity, perhaps, in meeting constructive problems. If so, that must be considered in finding her place.