"Do you think the day will come when we can understand everything?" I asked.
Kathi grunted. Without giving an answer, she continued with her account.
"There had never been any guarantee that the LHC could build to the energies required to find the elusive particle -unlike the potential of the sc.r.a.pped SSC."
"So more money was wasted..."
"Can you not understand that science - like civilisation, of which science is the backbone - is pieced slowly together from ambitions, mistakes, perceptions - from our faltering intelligences? Patient enquiry, that"s it. One day, one day far ahead in time, we may understand everything. Even the workings of our own minds!"
I remembered something I had been taught as a child. "But Karl Popper said that the mind could not understand itself."
"With mirrors we may easily do what was once impossible, and see the back of our own heads. One step forward may be formed from a number of tiny increments. For example, the hunt for this elusive smudge has been facilitated by the seemingly trivial innovation of self-illuminating paper - ampaper - and 3D-paper. Their impact on scientific development has been incalculable."
"So they did find the Higgs particle at some point?" I asked.
"By 2009, the entire energy range of conceivable relevance to the Higgs particle had been surveyed. No unambiguously identifiable Higgs was found. But what the physicists did find was at least as interesting."
We had continued our walk. As we reached the crest of a small incline, Kathi said, "More of this later. We are nearly there!"
Over the crest, the desolation was broken by tokens of human activity. A group of suited men stood by three parked buggies. Their attention was directed towards a vast silvery tube, above which was suspended something which immediately reminded me of an immense saucepan lid. This lid evidently afforded protection against any slight aerial bombardment - any falling meteorite - for the tube below.
The men hailed us, and as we drew nearer to them I could see that this protective lid was of meshed reinforced plastic. Below it lay a large inflated bag from which cables trailed. In the background were sheds from which the sound of a generator came.
The importance of this installation was emphasised by a metal version of the UN flag, which was now raised on an extemporised flagpole.
Dreiser Hawkwood beckoned us on. His face behind its helmet appeared darker than ever. He briefly embraced Kathi, both of them clumsy in their suits, before shaking my hand in a perfunctory way. I was Kathi"s guest, not his. Among the men in the background, I saw Jon Thorgeson, whose lecture I had postponed while I was pregnant.
Climbing on to a metal box, Dreiser raised himself above us to make a short speech.
"This is such a momentous day, I thought we might hold a small ceremony. It"s to mark the occasion when, at last, the bag is completely filled. It has been a slow process. As you will know, we have had to avoid the possibility of setting up currents in the superfluid. But from this moment onwards, we are able to begin in earnest our search for the Omega Smudge."
Pausing, he reached up to stroke his moustache but had to make do with stroking his visor instead.
"Jon and I were having an argument, although out here is not the best place for it. We were arguing about something hard to define - "consciousness". Jon"s hard-line view is that consciousness emanates from the interaction of brute computation, quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, if you like, and quantum state reduction - those factors which produce a CPS, a sure indicator of mind. mind. Many people - and our quantputers - would agree with him. He claims that science is "nearly there" - and will arrive there before long, in these areographic wastes. Is that a fair description of your position, Jon?" Many people - and our quantputers - would agree with him. He claims that science is "nearly there" - and will arrive there before long, in these areographic wastes. Is that a fair description of your position, Jon?"
Thorgeson said, "Approximately."
"Kathi and I take a more radical view. We see that, indeed, there are still some minor issues to be sorted out from the details of the particle physics, primarily the Smudge parameters. They will determine all the present unknowns. However, we radicals - I prefer the term visionaries - argue that something profound profound is still missing." is still missing."
"Yes," said Kathi. "And we believe that magneto-gravitic fields will turn out to be part of the missing story of that profundity."
Dreiser continued briefly in this vein, before embarking on a different topic.
"You"ll all have made use of the Ng-Robinson Plot? Let"s just have a thought for that vital minor innovation! It was named after its inventors, Ng being a Singaporean and Robinson British. This was East meeting West - very fruitfully. The Plot has given us a wonderful method of displaying vast quant.i.ties of quantputer-generated information. At the time when it was first employed, supercomputers were already giving place to our QPs, or quantputers, to use their full name - much faster and more versatile machines. The computer read off the ma.s.s of a particle along one axis, its lifetime along another, and the g-factor along a third, all colour-coded according to the various quantum numbers possessed by the particle in question - charge, spin, parity, etc.
"And one of the crucial features Ng-Robinson introduced is a key intensity factor which indicates the probability of the detection being a reliable one. A very sharp bright image indicates firm identification of a particle, while a fuzzy one implies there may be some considerable uncertainty as to the suggested identification of an actual particle.
"The essentials of so many lines of research, which in earlier times would have presented great difficulties, become immediately transparent. The Ng-Robinson Plot has proved extremely valuable in experimental particle physics, because a lot of that activity consists of sniffing out tiny subtle effects from enormous amounts of almost entirely irrelevant information!
"What they expected for the Higgs would have been one sharp, bright, and very white white spot. That"s according to the conventions used in this system of colour-coding. It should have stood out clearly from a background of variously coloured spots in other places in the generally dark background of the N-R Plot. These other spots would indicate the complex array of particles of different kinds generated by the experiment. Show the vidslide, Euclid." spot. That"s according to the conventions used in this system of colour-coding. It should have stood out clearly from a background of variously coloured spots in other places in the generally dark background of the N-R Plot. These other spots would indicate the complex array of particles of different kinds generated by the experiment. Show the vidslide, Euclid."
At this point, an android stepped forward to project a replica of the plot. It sparkled before the small audience with its dark pointillism. It could have been mistaken for a glimpse of another universe.
Dreiser asked, "What did they see in place of a spot? They saw a smudge. smudge. Just a smudge. It arose around about the right place, pretty precisely where the particle physicists had come to expect that something would be found - which would be consistent with all the other junk observed earlier. But there was no clear-cut Higgs particle - merely a great big Higgs smudge! Just a smudge. It arose around about the right place, pretty precisely where the particle physicists had come to expect that something would be found - which would be consistent with all the other junk observed earlier. But there was no clear-cut Higgs particle - merely a great big Higgs smudge!
"And the ultimate descendant of that smudge is what we hope to capture - one day, starting from now!"
We all clapped. Even Euclid clapped.
Somehow I felt depressed.
Even when I had my babe back in my arms, a feeling of my insignificance in the scheme of things persisted. To arrange for Jon Thorgeson to come at last and give his lecture on the Omega Smudge was a welcome diversion.
Paula Gallin helped me in the early stages. She found a small lecture hall we could use. Lectures made in person had proved more vital than lectures delivered over the Ambient - though I had no suspicion regarding the way this one was going to turn out. While I had forgotten about Jon in my preoccupation with dear Alpha, he had not forgotten his promise.
"Ah, my little honeypot!" was his greeting. I made no retort because it was pleasant to see his young-old face light up at sight of me. He was followed into the anteroom by a porter trundling a large man-size crate. Once it was set down, and was stood upright, Jon thumped it.
"There"s someone in here who can see what we are doing. Give me a kiss before I let him out."
I put up my hands defensively. "No, I don"t do that sort of thing."
"I wish you did," he said, with a sigh. I was angry. The truth was, he was attractive after a fashion; it was just that his manner was so pushy. In a burst of confidence, he told me that he had left a Chinese lover back on Earth. I was a physical reminder to him of this lady. He longed to get back to her. He was miserable on Mars; it was for him a prison. "Sorry to offend you," he said, with a hangdog look.
He turned and unlatched the box the porter had brought. "This is my visual aid," he said, over his shoulder. The door of the box opened. A small android stepped out from its padded interior.
"Where am I?" it asked in a lifelike way.
"On Mars, you idiot." Turning to me, Jon said, with mock-formality, "Cang Hai, I"d like you to meet my friend, Euclid."
"I have met him before," I said, although no recognition was forthcoming from the android.
I offered Euclid my hand. It did not move. Nor did its well-moulded face manage more than a twitch of smile.
"It"s one of Poulsen"s cast-offs," said Jon. "I borrowed it for the occasion. It"s house-trained."
I remembered it then as one of the machines Poulsen had complained about. The android was dressed in blue overalls, much as Thorgeson was dressed. Its hair was cut to a fashionable length, unlike Jon"s which was trimmed short. Its face wore a blankly pleasant expression which changed little. Jon clapped it on the shoulder.
There was something in its extreme immobility I found disconcerting. It had no presence. It gave out no CPS. It lacked body language.
Jon turned to me with a grin. "Kathi tells me you are a mother now! Was it a virgin birth?"
"Change the conversation. It"s none of your business. You didn"t come here to be insulting, I hope."
He shrugged, dismissing the topic. "All right, you invited me over just to talk science. And when I get in that hall, I am going to talk about the continuing search for the ultimate smudge. All miseries forgotten."
"Let"s go. The audience is waiting. How long will you talk for?"
"My lecture is designed for ten-year-olds," said Thorgeson. "Euclid helps to hold their interest through the technical bits." He caught my wrist. "Do you think the audience knows anything of the past history of particle physics?" As he spoke, he slid an arm about my waist.
"I think you can count on it," I said, disengaging myself.
"Oh, good. Then I had better not go into all that too much. How long have I got to talk?"
"Until you lose their interest. Now come on and don"t be nervous."
He was anything but nervous with me. "Be nice to me," he begged. "I only came over to see you again."
I told him not to be silly. But I was not completely annoyed.
We went into the hall, followed by the android. The audience gave us a round of applause. I introduced Thorgeson by saying that he would explain why there were so many scientists on Mars, and that he would speak of the problems they were hoping to solve. He would touch on matters affecting us all. His artificial friend, I said, would a.s.sist him.
Tom sat in the front row and nodded approval of my short speech - the first I had made before such a large gathering.
Thorgeson began nervously, clearing his throat and gesticulating too much.
"As our understanding of the basic units of the universe deepens, it becomes yet clearer that these units are ent.i.ties that possess no ma.s.s. There is a profound mystery here. Ordinary matter obviously possesses ma.s.s, and so do the basic particles of which matter is composed - protons, neutrons, and electrons, and also their const.i.tuent quarks and kliks. For many decades, physicists have struggled with the question: where does ma.s.s come from?
"This is a serious issue. Without ma.s.s everything would disintegrate. We"d be instantly dispersed into a flash of ethereal substance - not even mist - spreading outwards with the speed of light. Not a brilliant way to get to the nearest star."
The feeble joke earned chuckles enough from the audience for Thorgeson to relax a little.
Euclid spoke. "So tell us, what is the purpose of the Mars Omega Smudge Project?"
Glancing at a prepared script, Thorgeson continued, "The Omega Smudge is what has brought us here. To explain why we call this vital smudge a smudge I should remind you of some history of particle physics last century and earlier this century.
"Euclid, do you remember the names given to the six varieties of basic subnuclear ent.i.ty which was postulated last century?"
Euclid: "Down, Up, Strange, Charm, Bottom, Top."
"He has a faultless memory," Thorgeson said, as another chuckle ran through the listeners.
He continued for a while, describing highlights of twentieth-century particle physics, which I was able to follow mainly because of Kathi"s earlier explanations.
He was saying,"... the superconducting supercollider or SSC that was planned to be built under Texas was a miracle that did not quite happen. It would have cost billions and was designed to discover what was referred to as "the Higgs particle". I see that some of you DOPs remember the name, though, of course, not the excitement of the time.
"Here"s an artist"s impression of the proposed SSC entrance." He showed a vidslide in 3D of an airy and imposing gla.s.s structure, topped by a geodesic dome.
Euclid: "Why would anyone think that so much money should be spent in search of a single particle?"
"It"s a good question, Euclid. In the end the US Congress dropped the project. But the physicists - why, they argued that finding the elusive "Higgs" would have supplied them with the answer to the question of what comprises the basic units of the universe."
Euclid: "Did they believe that in those days?"
"Well, maybe not quite. But they did regard the finding of the Higgs as vitally important in their scheme of things. Also, completing the SSC would have achieved other targets. They put all their eggs in one basket to get the collider funded. The argument became over-heated. Certain physicists a.s.signed an almost religious quality to the Higgs, referring to it as "the G.o.d particle" - a good journalistic phrase..."
Euclid: "Did they believe that in those days?"
Thorgeson looked nonplussed. "No Euclid, that"s where you say, "Why was the Higgs regarded as so important?""
Amid sympathetic laughter, Euclid spoke. "Why was the Higgs regarded as so important?"
At his ease now, Thorgeson said, "I"m glad you asked me that, Euclid. It all has to do with the question of ma.s.s. You are aware that most particles of nature have ma.s.s, but the photon and graviton - the basic quanta of electromagnetism and gravitation respectively - are exceptions. Those quanta of which matter is mainly composed, the protons and neutrons or their const.i.tuent quarks, are ma.s.sive particles. So also are the kliks and pseudo-kliks that compose the much less ma.s.sive leptons, such as electrons and muons."
As Thorgeson continued, referring to "LEP", the "LHC", and various particle physics notions such as "lepton" and "hadron", I found that I was beginning to lose the thread of much of what he was saying. Fortunately Kathi"s earlier explanations were still useful to me, so I knew what some of the terms meant.
Then I heard Euclid saying, "Could they use the LHC to trace the Higgs? Could they use the LHC to trace the Higgs? Could they use the LHC to trace the Higgs?"
Thorgeson thumped Euclid"s back. "You mean to say, "Could they use the LHC to trace the Higgs?" Well, they finally got the equipment working in about 2005..."
I realised that Euclid was talking with Thorgeson"s voice although, without inflection, it sounded almost like a foreign language. But Thorgeson had programmed it. It amused me to think that, although Thorgeson was a stalwart "hard science" man where questions of the human mind were concerned - believing there was nothing more to human mentality than the functions of a very effective quantputer - he could not resist making fun of his creature now and again.
Kathi had once tried to explain this "hard science" position to me. Apparently it is commonly held by today"s scientists.
She told me that they are simply missing the point. She explained their view to be that human mentality results solely from those physical functions that underlie an ordinary quantputer. I"m not really familiar with these underlying principles, but Kathi did have a go at trying to explain them. Apparently quantputers, and their smaller brothers the quantcomps, act by a combination of brute force computation in the old twentieth-century sense, and a collection of quantum effects referred to as "coherence", "entanglement" and "state reduction". Although I was never clear about these terms, Kathi explained that mentatropy and CPS detectors ("savvyometers"!) are based on such effects.
Thorgeson was saying, "The riddle of ma.s.s needed a solution. A Korean scientist by the name of Tar Il-Chosun came up with a brilliant conception that, in effect, increased the energy range of the LHC by a factor of about one hundred. As a result, by 2009 the LHC had surveyed the complete range of energies that could possibly be relevant to the Higgs ma.s.s. Frustratingly, there was nothing that could be clearly identified with the Higgs. Instead they found something else, as strange as it was interesting."
Euclid: "What was that?"
"Using the newly perfected Ng-Robinson Plot, they found a smudge, roughly where the Higgs particle should have appeared."
Euclid: "So they found the Higgs?"
"They just found a smudge. No particle."
Euclid: "So that"s where the name Smudge came from..."
"Absolutely."
Euclid: "But if they found this smudge in 2009, why all this business of setting up an umpteen-billion-dollar project to look for it here on Mars?" (Spoken with that same bland pleasant expression on its face.) "What excitement this smudge caused! Excitement and dissension in the ranks! This, by the way, was when the consortium we know as EUPACUS was being a.s.sembled. Since CERN was already involved, the Europeans agreed to invest ma.s.sively in it. You can bet they"re regretting that now!
"The first problem the smudge threw up was that, by its very nature, its appearance on the Plot merely indicated a probability of something being there. The Higgs smudge had a very faint intensity, meaning the probability of the existence of a particle corresponding to any particular position on the Plot was very slight. Yet, on the other hand, the smudge covered so large a region of the Plot that the overall probability that something was there approached certainty.
"More experiments needed. The smudge remained.
"With finances forthcoming, the Americans with Asian and European backing finally built the SHC, the Superconducting Hypercollider, of beloved memory. My father worked on it as a young man, in an engineering capacity. They constructed this monumental bit of Big Science not in Texas, but straddling the states of Utah and Nevada."
He projected a vidslide of an artist"s cutaway of the great tube, burrowing under desert.
"And when they got the SHC working - darned if it didn"t come out with the same results as previously! Seems a lot of dough had gone down the drain for nothing, one more time! The sought-after smudge remained just a smudge ... At that, it was a smudge on an entirely theoretical construct, the Ng-Robinson Plot. No actual Higgs particle could be pin-pointed. Yet, you see, the overall probability that something was there amounted to certainty."
Euclid: "No actual particle could continue to produce just an unresolvable smudge on the Plot?"
"Quite right, Euclid. They had a first-cla.s.s mystery on their hands. And there, just when it gets exciting, we"re going to take a break for ten minutes."
Applause broke out as I led Jon into an anteroom. We left Euclid on the platform, standing facing the audience with his customary pleasant blank expression.
Thorgeson shut the door behind us and came towards me saying, "I"m doing all this for you, my little Asian honeypot!"