[20] An allusion to the old legend that Brut, or Brutus, great-grandson of aeneas, founded New Troy (Troynovant), or London.
[21] Probably the reference is to the sunflower.
[22] The cla.s.sic writers usually identify the hyacinth with Apollo.
[23] The rose, that is, of the Virgin Queen--an English Diana--Elizabeth. In Shakespeare"s "Midsummer Night"s Dream"
(Act iv., scene 1) we read of "Diana"s bud."
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER I.
The ancient magic included various kinds of divination, of which the princ.i.p.al may here be catalogued:
_Aeromancy_, or divination from the air. If the wind blew from the east, it signified good fortune (which is certainly not the general opinion!); from the west, evil; from the south, calamity; from the north, disclosure of what was secret; from all quarters simultaneously (!), hail and rain.
_Axinomancy_, practised by the Greeks, more particularly for the purpose of discovering criminals. An axe poised upon a stake, or an agate on a red-hot axe, was supposed by its movement to indicate the offender. Or the names of suspected persons were called out, and the movement of the axe at a particular name was understood to certify guilt.
_Belomancy_, in use among the Arabs, was practised by means of arrows, which were shot off, with written labels attached to them; and the inscription on the arrow first picked up was accepted as prophetic.
_Bibliomancy_, divining by means of the Bible, survived to a comparatively recent period. The pa.s.sage which first caught the eye, on a Bible being opened haphazard, was supposed to indicate the future. This was identical with the _Sortes Virgilianae_, the only difference being that in the latter, Virgil took the place of the Bible. Everybody knows in connection with the Sortes the story of Charles I. and Lord Falkland.
_Botanomancy_, divining by means of plants and flowers, can hardly be said to be extinct even now. In Goethe"s "Faust," Gretchen seeks to discover whether Faust returns her affection by plucking, one after another, the petals of a star-flower (_sternblume_, perhaps the china-aster), while she utters the alternate refrains, "He loves me!"
"He loves me not!" as she plucks the last petal, exclaiming rapturously, "He loves me!" According to Theocritus, the Greeks used the poppy-flower for this purpose.
_Capnomancy_, divination by smoke, the ancients practised in two ways: they threw seeds of jasmine or poppy in the fire, watching the motion and density of the smoke they emitted, or they observed the sacrificial smoke. If the smoke was thin, and shot up in a straight line, it was a good omen.
_Cheiromancy_ (or Palmistry), divination by the hand, was worked up into an elaborate system by Paracelsus, Cardan, and others. It has long been practised by the gipsies, by itinerant fortune-tellers, and other cheats; and recently an attempt has been made to give it a fashionable character.
_Coscinomancy_ was practised by means of a sieve and a pair of shears or forceps. The forceps or shears were used to suspend a sieve, which moved (like the axe in axinomancy) when the name of a guilty person was mentioned.
_Crystallomancy_, divining by means of a crystal globe, mirror, or beryl. Of this science of prediction, Dr. Dee was the great English professor; but the reader will doubtless remember the story of the Earl of Surrey and his fair "Geraldine."
_Geomancy_, divination by casting pebbles on the ground.
_Hydromancy_, divination by water, in which the diviner showed the figure of an absent person. "In this you conjure the spirits into water; there they are constrained to show themselves, as Marcus Varro testifieth, when he writeth how he had seen a boy in the water, who announced to him in a hundred and fifty verses the end of the Mithridatic war."
_Oneiromancy_, divination by dreams, is still credited by old women of both s.e.xes. Absurdly baseless as it is, it found believers in the old time among men of culture and intellectual force. Archbishop Laud attached so much importance to his dreams that he frequently recorded them in his diary; and even Lord Bacon seems to have thought that a prophetic meaning was occasionally concealed in them.
_Onychomancy_, or _Onymancy_, divination by means of the nails of an unpolluted boy.
_Pyromancy_, divination by fire. "The wife of Cicero is said, when, after performing sacrifice, she saw a flame suddenly leap forth from the ashes, to have prophesied the consulship to her husband for the same year." Others resorted to the blaze of a torch of pitch, which was painted with certain colours. It was a good omen if the flame ran into a point; bad when it divided. A thin-tongued flame announced glory; if it went out, it signified danger; if it hissed, misfortune.
_Rabdomancy_, divination by the rod or wand, is mentioned by Ezekiel.
The use of a hazel-rod to trace the existence of water or of a seam of coal seems a survival of this practice. But enough of these follies:
"Necro-, pyro-, geo-, hydro-, cheiro-, coscinomancy, With other vain and superst.i.tious sciences."
Tomkis, "Alb.u.mazar," ii. 3.
CHAPTER II.
THE STORY OF DR. JOHN DEE.
The world must always feel curious to know the exact moment when its great men first drew the breath of life; and it is satisfactory, therefore, to be able to state, on the weighty authority of Dr. Thomas Smith, that Dr. John Dee, the famous magician and "philosopher," was born at forty minutes past four o"clock on the morning of July 13, 1527. According to the picturesque practice of latter-day biographers, here I ought to describe a glorious summer sunrise, the golden light spreading over hill and pasture, the bland warm air stealing into the chamber where lay the mother and her infant; but I forbear, as, for all I know, this particular July morning may have been cloudy, cold, and wet; besides, John, the son of Rowland Dee, was born in London.
From like want of information I refrain from comments on Master Dee"s early bringing-up and education. But it is reported that he gave proof of so exceptional a capacity, and of such a love of letters, that, at the early age of fifteen, he was sent to the University of Cambridge, to study the cla.s.sics and the old scholastic philosophy. There, for three years, he was so vehemently bent, he says, on the acquisition of learning, that he spent eighteen hours a day on his books, reserving two only for his meals and recreation, and four for sleep--an unhealthy division of time, which probably over-stimulated his cerebral system and predisposed him to delusions and caprices of the imagination. Having taken his degree of B.A., he crossed the seas in 1547 "to speak and confer" with certain learned men, chiefly mathematicians, such as Gemma Frisius, Gerardus Mercator, Gaspar a Morica, and Antonius Gogara; of whom the only one now remembered is Mercator, as the inventor of a method of laying down hydrographical charts, in which the parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles. After spending some months in the Low Countries he returned home, bringing with him "the first astronomer"s staff of bra.s.s that was made of Gemma Frisius" devising, the two great globes of Gerardus Mercator"s making, and the astronomer"s ring of bra.s.s (as Gemma Frisius had newly framed it)."
Returning to the cla.s.sic shades of Granta, he began to record his observations of "the heavenly influences in this elemental portion of the world;" and I suppose it was in recognition of his scientific scholarship that Henry VIII. appointed him to a fellowship at Trinity College, and Greek under-reader. In the latter capacity he superintended, in 1548, the performance of the ?????? of Aristophanes, introducing among "the effects" an artificial scarabaeus, which ascended, with a man and his wallet of provisions on its back, to Jupiter"s palace. This ingenious bit of mechanism delighted the spectators, but, after the manner of the time, was ascribed to Dee"s occultism, and he found it convenient to retire to the Continent (1548), residing for awhile at Louvain, and devoting himself to hermetic researches, and afterwards at Paris (1580), where he delivered scientific lectures to large and distinguished audiences.
"My auditory in Rhemes Colledge," he says, "was so great, and the most part older than my selfe, that the mathematicall schooles could not hold them; for many were faine, without the schooles, at the windowes, to be auditors and spectators, as they best could help themselves thereto. I did also dictate upon every proposition, beside the first exposition. And by the first foure princ.i.p.all definitions representing to the eyes (which by imagination onely are exactly to be conceived), a greater wonder arose among the beholders, than of my Aristophanes Scarabaeus mounting up to the top of Trinity-hall in Cambridge."
The accomplishments of this brilliant scientific mountebank being noised abroad over all Europe, the wonderful story reached the remote Court of the Muscovite, who offered him, if he would take up his residence at Moscow, a stipend of 2,000 per annum, his diet also to be allowed to him free out of "the Emperor"s own kitchen, and his place to be ranked amongst the highest sort of the n.o.bility there, and of his privy councillors." Was ever scholar so tempted before or since? In those times, the Russian Court seems to have held _savants_ and scholars in as much esteem as nowadays it holds _prima-donnas_ and _ballerines_. Dee also received advantageous proposals from four successive Emperors of Germany (Charles V., Ferdinand, Maximilian II., and Rudolph II.), but the Muscovite"s outbade them all. A residence in the heart of Russia had no attraction, however, for the Oxford scholar, who, in 1551, returned to England with a halo of fame playing round his head (to speak figuratively, as Dee himself loved to do), which recommended him to the celebrated Greek professor at Cambridge, Sir John Cheke. Cheke introduced him to Mr. Secretary Cecil, as well as to Edward VI., who bestowed upon him a pension of 100 crowns per annum (speedily exchanged, in 1553, for the Rectory of Upton-upon-Severn). At first he met with favour from Queen Mary; but the close correspondence he maintained with the Princess Elizabeth, who appreciated his multifarious scholarship, exposed him to suspicion, and he was accused of practising against the Queen"s life by divers enchantments. Arrested and imprisoned (at Hampton Court), he was subjected to rigorous examinations, and as no charge of treason could be proved against him, was remitted to Bishop Bonner as a possible heretic. But his enemies failed again in their malicious intent, and in 1555 he received his liberty. Imprisonment and suffering had not quenched his activity of temper, and almost immediately upon his release he solicited the Queen"s a.s.sent to a plan for the restoration and preservation of certain precious ma.n.u.scripts of cla.s.sical antiquity. He solicited in vain.
When Elizabeth came to the throne, Dee, as a proficient in the occult arts, was consulted by Dudley (afterwards Earl of Leicester) as to the most suitable and auspicious day for her coronation. She testified to her own belief in his skill by employing him, when her image in wax had been discovered in Lincoln"s Inn Fields, to counteract the evil charm. But he owed her favour, we may a.s.sume, much more to his learning, which was really extensive, than to his supposed magical powers. He tells us that, shortly before her coronation, she summoned him to Whitehall, remarking to his patrons, Dudley and the Earl of Pembroke, "Where my brother hath given him a crown, I will give him a n.o.ble." She was certainly more liberal to Dee than to many of her servants who were much more deserving. In December, 1564, she granted him the reversion of the Deanery of Gloucester. Not long afterwards his friends recommended him for the Provostship of Eton College.
"Favourable answers" were returned, but he never received the Provostship. He obtained permission, however, to hold for ten years the two rectories of Upton and Long Ledenham. Later in her reign (July, 1583), when two great n.o.bles invited themselves to dine with him, he was compelled to decline the honour on account of his poverty.
The Queen, on being apprised of this incident, sent him a present of forty angels of gold. We shall come upon other proofs of her generosity.
Dee was travelling on the Continent in 1571, and on his way through Lorraine was seized with a dangerous sickness; whereupon the Queen not only sent "carefully and with great speed" two of her physicians, but also the honourable Lord Sidney "in a manner to tend on him," and "to discern how his health bettered, and to comfort him from her Majesty with divers very pithy speeches and gracious, and also with divers rarities to eat, to increase his health and strength." Philosophers and men of letters, when they are ailing, meet with no such pleasant attentions nowadays! But the list of Elizabeth"s bounties is not yet ended. The much-travelling scholar, who saw almost as much of cities and men and manners as Odysseus himself, had wandered into the farthest parts of the kingdom of Bohemia; and that no evil might come to him, or his companion, or their families, she sent them her most princely and royal letters of safe-conduct. After his return home, a little before Christmas, 1589, hearing that he was unable to keep house as liberally as became his position and repute, she promised to a.s.sist him with the gift of a hundred pounds, and once or twice repeated the promise on his coming into her presence. Fifty pounds he _did_ receive, with which to keep his Christmas merrily, but what became of the other moiety he was never able to discover. A malignant influence frequently interposed, it would seem, between the Queen"s benevolence in intention and her charity in action; and the unfortunate doctor was sometimes tantalized with promises of good things which failed to be realized. On the whole, however, I do not think he had much to complain of; and the reproach of parsimony so often levelled at great Gloriana would certainly not apply to her treatment of Dr. Dee.
She honoured him with several visits at Mortlake, where he had a pleasant house close by the riverside, and a little to the westward of the church--surrounded by gardens and green fields, with bright prospects of the shining river. Elizabeth always came down from Whitehall on horseback, attended by a brave retinue of courtiers; and as she pa.s.sed along, her loyal subjects stood at their doors, or lined the roadside, making respectful bows and curtseys, and crying, "G.o.d save the Queen!" One of these royal visits was made on March 10, 1575, the Queen desiring to see the doctor"s famous library; but learning that he had buried his wife only four hours before, she refused to enter the house. Dee, however, submitted to her inspection his magic crystal, or "black stone," and exhibited some of its marvellous properties; her Majesty, for the better examination of the same, being taken down from her horse "by the Earl of Leicester, by the Church wall of Mortlack."
She was at Dr. Dee"s again on September 17, 1580. This time she came from Richmond in her coach, a wonderfully c.u.mbrous vehicle, drawn by six horses; "and when she was against my garden in the fielde," says the doctor, "her Majestie staide there a good while, and then came into the street at the great gate of the field, where her Majestie espied me at my dore, making reverent and dutifull obeysance unto her, and with her hand her Majestie beckoned for me to come to her, and I came to her coach side; her Majestie then very speedily pulled off her glove, and gave me her hand to kiss; and to be short, her Majestie wished me to resort oftener to her Court, and by some of her Privy Chamber to give her Majestie to wete (know) when I came there."
Another visit took place on October 10, 1580:--"The Queenes Majestie to my great comfort (_hora quinta_) came with her train from the Court, and at my dore graciously calling me unto her, on horseback exhorted me briefly to take my mother"s death patiently; and withal told me, that the Lord Treasurer had greatly commended my doings for her t.i.tle royall, which he had to examine. The which t.i.tle in two rolls of velome parchment his Honour had some houres before brought home, and delivered to Mr. Hudson for me to receive at my coming from my mother"s buriall at church. Her Majestie remembered also then, how at my wives buriall it was her fortune likewise to call upon me at my house, as before is noted."
Dee"s library--as libraries went then--was not unworthy of royal inspection. Its proud possessor computed it to be worth 2,000, which, at the present value of money, would be equal, I suppose, to 10,000.
It consisted of about 4,000 volumes, bound and unbound, a fourth part being MSS. He speaks of four "written books"--one in Greek, two in French, and one in High Dutch--as having cost him 533, and inquires triumphantly what must have been the value of some hundred of the best of all the other written books, some of which were the _autographia_ of excellent and seldom-heard-of authors? He adds that he spent upwards of forty years in collecting this library from divers places beyond the seas, and with much research and labour in England.
Of the "precious books" thus collected, Dee does not mention the t.i.tles; but he has recorded the rare and exquisitely made "instruments mathematical" which belonged to him: An excellent, strong, and fair quadrant, first made by that famous Richard Chancellor who boldly carried his discovery-ships past the Icy Cape, and anch.o.r.ed them in the White Sea. There was also an excellent _radius astronomicus_, of ten feet in length, the staff and cross very curiously divided into equal parts, after Richard Chancellor"s quadrant manner. Item, two globes of Mercator"s best making: on the celestial sphere Dee, with his own hand, had set down divers comets, their places and motions, according to his individual observation. Item, divers other instruments, as the theorie of the eighth sphere, the ninth and tenth, with an horizon and meridian of copper, made by Mercator specially for Dr. Dee. Item, sea-compa.s.ses of different kinds. Item, a magnet-stone, commonly called a loadstone, of great virtue. Also an excellent watch-clock, made by one Dibbley, "a notable workman, long since dead," by which the time might sensibly be measured in the seconds of an hour--that is, not to fail the 360th part of an hour. We need not dwell upon his store of doc.u.ments relating to Irish and Welsh estates, and of ancient seals of arms; but my curiosity, I confess, is somewhat stirred by his reference to "a great bladder," with about four pounds weight of "a very sweetish thing," like a brownish gum, in it, artificially prepared by thirty times purifying, which the doctor valued at upwards of a hundred crowns.
While engaged in learned studies and correspondence with learned men, Dee found time to indulge in those wild semi-mystical, transcendental visions which engaged the imagination of so many mediaeval students.
The secret of "the philosopher"s stone" led him into fascinating regions of speculation, and the ecstasies of Rosicrucianism dazzled him with the idea of holding communication with the inhabitants of the other world. How far he was sincere in these pursuits, how far he imparted into them a spirit of charlatanry, I think it is impossible to determine. Perhaps one may venture to say that, if to some small extent an impostor, he was, to a much larger extent, a dupe; that if he deceived others, he also deceived himself; nor is he, as biography teaches, the only striking example of the credulous enthusiast who mingles with his enthusiasm, more or less unconsciously, a leaven of hypocrisy. As early as 1571 he complains, in the preface to his "English Euclid," that he is jeered at by the populace as a conjurer.
By degrees, it is evident, he begins to feel a pride in his magical attainments. He records with the utmost gravity his remarkable dreams, and endeavours to read the future by them. He insists, moreover, on strange noises which he hears in his chamber. In those days a favourite method of summoning the spirits was to bring them into a gla.s.s or stone which had been prepared for the purpose; and in his diary, under the date of May 25, 1581, he records--for the first time--that he had held intercourse in this way with supra-mundane beings.
Combining with his hermetico-magical speculations religious exercises of great fervour, he was thus engaged, one day in November, 1582, when suddenly upon his startled vision rose the angel Uriel "at the west window of his laboratory," and presented him with a translucent stone, or crystal, of convex shape, possessing the wonderful property of introducing its owner to the closest possible communication with the world of spirits. It was necessary at times that this so-called mirror should be turned in different positions before the observer could secure the right focus; and then the spirits appeared on its surface, or in different parts of the room by reason of its action. Further, only one person, whom Dee calls the _skryer_, or seer, could discover the spirits, or hear and interpret their voices, just as there can be but one medium, I believe, at a spiritualistic seance of the present day. But, of course, it was requisite that, while the medium was absorbed in his all-important task, some person should be at hand to describe what he saw, or professed to see, and commit to paper what he heard, or professed to hear; and a seer with a lively imagination and a fluent tongue could go very far in both directions. This humbler, secondary position Dee reserved for himself. Probably his invention was not sufficiently fertile for the part of a medium, or else he was too much in earnest to practise an intentional deception. As the crystal showed him nothing, he himself said so, and looked about for someone more sympathetic, or less conscientious. His choice fell at first on a man named Barnabas Saul, and he records in his diary how, on October 9, 1581, this man "was strangely troubled by a spiritual creature about midnight." In a MS. preserved in the British Museum, he relates some practices which took place on December 2, beginning his account with this statement: "I willed the skryer, named Saul, to looke into my great crystalline globe, if G.o.d had sent his holy angel Azrael, or no." But Saul was a fellow of small account, with a very limited inventive faculty, and on March 6, 1582, he was obliged to confess "that he neither heard nor saw any spiritual creature any more." Dee and his inefficient, unintelligent skryer then quarrelled, and the latter was dismissed, leaving behind him an unsavoury reputation.
EDWARD KELLY.
Soon afterwards our magician made the acquaintance of a certain Edward Kelly (or Talbot), who was in every way fitted for the mediumistic _role_. He was clever, plausible, impudent, unscrupulous, and a most accomplished liar. A native of Worcester, where he was born in 1555, he was bred up, according to one account, as a druggist, according to another as a lawyer; but all accounts agree that he became an adept in every kind of knavery. He was pilloried, and lost his ears (or at least was condemned to lose them) at Lancaster, for the offence of coining, or for forgery; afterwards retired to Wales, a.s.sumed the name of Kelly, and practised as a conjurer and alchemist. A story is told of him which ill.u.s.trates the man"s unhesitating audacity, or, at all events, the notoriety of his character: that he carried with him one night into the park of Walton-le-Dale, near Preston, a man who thirsted after a knowledge of the future, and, when certain incantations had been completed, caused his servants to dig up a corpse, interred only the day before, that he might compel it to answer his questions.
How he got introduced to Dr. Dee I do not profess to know; but I am certainly disinclined to accept the wonderful narrative which Mr.
Waite renders in so agreeable a style--that Kelly, during his Welsh sojourn, was shown an old ma.n.u.script which his landlord, an innkeeper, had obtained under peculiar circ.u.mstances. "It had been discovered in the tomb of a bishop who had been buried in a neighbouring church, and whose tomb had been sacrilegiously up-torn by some fanatics," in the hope of securing the treasures reported to be concealed within it.
They found nothing, however, but the aforesaid ma.n.u.script, and two small ivory bottles, respectively containing a ponderous white and red powder. "These pearls beyond price were rejected by the pigs of apostasy: one of them was shattered on the spot, and its ruddy, celestine contents for the most part lost. The remnant, together with the remaining bottle and the unintelligible ma.n.u.script, were speedily disposed of to the innkeeper in exchange for a skinful of wine." The innkeeper, in his turn, parted with them for one pound sterling to Master Edward Kelly, who, believing he had obtained a hermetic treasure, hastened to London to submit it to Dr. Dee.
This accomplished and daring knave was engaged by the credulous doctor as his skryer, at a salary of 50 per annum, with "board and lodging,"