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Woodrow Wilson_ A Biography
Chapter 8
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Newton D. Baker Newton D. Baker PWW.
Woodrow Wilson, Woodrow Wilson, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link et al., 69 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 19661993) RB.
Robert Bridges Robert Bridges RL.
Robert Lansing Robert Lansing RSB.
Ray Stannard Baker Ray Stannard Baker RSBD.
Ray Stannard Baker diary Ray Stannard Baker diary RSBP.
Ray Stannard Baker Papers, Library of Congress Ray Stannard Baker Papers, Library of Congress SA.
Stockton Axson Stockton Axson TR.
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt WHT.
William Howard Taft William Howard Taft WHTP.
William Howard Taft Papers, Library of Congress William Howard Taft Papers, Library of Congress WJB.
William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan WW.
Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson WWP.
Woodrow Wilson Papers, Library of Congress Woodrow Wilson Papers, Library of Congress
PROLOGUE "THIS MAN"S MIND AND SPIRIT" PROLOGUE "THIS MAN"S MIND AND SPIRIT"1. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis The World Crisis, vol. 3, 19161918 19161918 (London, 1927). On the nine decades of argument and a.n.a.lysis of American intervention, see John Milton Cooper, Jr., "The United States," in (London, 1927). On the nine decades of argument and a.n.a.lysis of American intervention, see John Milton Cooper, Jr., "The United States," in The Origins of World War I The Origins of World War I, ed. Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig (New York, 2003).2. Charles E. Swem diary, entry for 1915, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 33; WW speech at Pittsburgh, Oct. 24, 1 1915, PWW, vol. 31.3. WW remarks, Apr. 8, 1918, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 47.4. WW speech, June 13, 1914, PWW PWW, vol. 29. In 2008, a faculty committee at Princeton rated the twenty-five most influential alumni and the twelve alumni who have had the greatest impact on Princeton. On the first list, Wilson ranked third, behind James Madison and the mathematician Alan Turing, and on the second list he ranked first. He and Fitzgerald were the only two to appear on both lists. See Princeton Alumni Weekly Princeton Alumni Weekly, Jan. 23, 2008.5. WW speech, Mar. 20, 1914, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 29.1 TOMMY TOMMY1. The story is told in Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Woodrow Wilsons The Woodrow Wilsons (New York, 1937). (New York, 1937).2. The birth is recorded in the Wilson family Bible, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1. There is some dispute about whether Wilson was born on December 28 or 29. See PWW PWW, vol. 1, n. 7.3. On Joseph Ruggles Wilson, see PWW PWW, vol. 1, n. 1, and John M. Mulder, Woodrow Wilson: The Years of Preparation Woodrow Wilson: The Years of Preparation (Princeton, N.J., 1978). (Princeton, N.J., 1978).4. Harriet Woodrow Welles to RSB, Sept. 28, 1925, RSBP, box 124.5. On the Woodrows, see Mulder, Years of Preparation Years of Preparation, and RSB, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, vol. 1, Youth, 18561890 Youth, 18561890 (Garden City, N.Y., 1927). (Garden City, N.Y., 1927).6. Janet Woodrow Wilson to Thomas Woodrow, Apr. 27, 1857, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.7. On the Augusta church and Joseph Wilson"s move there, see Mulder, Years of Preparation Years of Preparation. It is not possible to determine from the slave schedules of the census for Richmond County, Georgia, the number, age, or s.e.x of the slaves who worked for the Wilsons.8. The proportion of slaves in the population is based on U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population of the United States: Eighth Census Population of the United States: Eighth Census (Washington, D.C., 1861). Richmond County, in which Augusta is located, also had 490 "Free Colored" residents, 386 of whom lived in Augusta. (Washington, D.C., 1861). Richmond County, in which Augusta is located, also had 490 "Free Colored" residents, 386 of whom lived in Augusta.9. WW speech, Feb. 12, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19.10. On Joseph Wilson"s wartime service, see PWW PWW, vol. 1, and Florence Fleming Corley, Confederate City: Augusta, Georgia, 18601865 (Columbia, S.C., 1960), 6364, 6768. (Columbia, S.C., 1960), 6364, 6768.11. On the relations with the respective families, see Harriet Woodrow Welles to RSB, Sept. 28, 1925, RSBP, box 124, and J. Wilson Woodrow to RSB, Feb. 10, 1926, RSBP, box 124.12. WW shorthand note, July 19, 1880, PWW PWW, vol. 1; EMHD, entry for Feb. 14, 1913, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 27.13. Jessie W. Wilson to WW, Aug. 23, 1880, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1; WW to EAW, Apr. 19, 1888, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5; Pleasant A. Stovall to RSB, June 8, 1925, RSBP, box 122. The recollection of c.o.c.kfighting is in EMHD, entry for May 11, 1914, PWW PWW, vol. 30.14. WW to EAW, Apr. 19, 1888, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.15. CTG, interviews by RSB, Feb. 1819, 1926, RSBP, box 109; McAdoo, The Wilsons The Wilsons; WW to EAW, Mar. 9, 1889, PWW PWW, vol. 6. On Josie Wilson, see RSB, Memorandum of a Conversation with J. R. Wilson, Feb. 19, 1926, RSBP, box 124.16. On the left-handed writing, see Edwin A. Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton, N.J., 1981). (Princeton, N.J., 1981).17. WW shorthand diary, entry for June 10, 1876, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1; SA comments on ma.n.u.script of RSB biography of WW, vol. 1, [ca. 1926], RSBP, box 100. On Wilson"s teaching himself shorthand, see Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Study and Use of Shorthand, 18721892," PWW PWW, vol. 1. For the interpretation that Wilson suffered from dyslexia, see Weinstein, Medical and Psychological Biography Medical and Psychological Biography.18. Jessie W. Wilson to WW, Feb. 6, 1877, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1; David Bryant, quoted in William Allen White, Woodrow Wilson: The Man, His Times, and His Task Woodrow Wilson: The Man, His Times, and His Task (Boston, 1924). (Boston, 1924).19. WW speech, May 29, 1914, PWW PWW, vol. 30; CTG, interviews by RSB, Feb. 1819, 1926, RSBP, box 109.20. WW to James Edwin Webster, July 23, 1878, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1. On the work with his father in denominational meetings, see Mulder, Years of Preparation Years of Preparation.21. WW speech, Dec. 27, 1907, PWW, vol. 17; Joseph R. Wilson to WW, Mar. 27, 1877; Nov. 5, 1877, PWW PWW, vol. 1; unnamed niece quoted in Margaret Axson Elliott, My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944). See also CTG, interviews by RSB, Feb. 1819, (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944). See also CTG, interviews by RSB, Feb. 1819, 1926 1926, RSBP, box 109.22. The best account of this incident is in Mulder, Years of Preparation Years of Preparation.23. WW notebook, Apr. 5, 1874, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.24. Douglas McKay to WW, June 25, 1875, PWW PWW, vol. 6. Jessie Bones Brower to RSB, May 9, 1926, RSBP, box 102. The historian who has studied Wilson"s early life most closely has argued that Joseph Wilson did want his son to follow him into the ministry and that Tommy showed some interest, attending lectures at the seminary. See Mulder, Years of Preparation Years of Preparation.25. WW to RB, Aug. 22, 1881, PWW PWW, vol. 2; WW confidential journal, entry for Dec. 28, 1889, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.26. On Wilson"s lack of a southern accent by the time he went to college, see responses to questionnaires sent to his Princeton cla.s.smates by Henry W. Bragdon in the late 1930s and early 1940s, HWBC. On Wilson"s use of a broad a a, see WW, The Priceless Gift: The Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson The Priceless Gift: The Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson, ed. Eleanor Wilson McAdoo (New York, 1962). On his effort to wean Ellen from her southern accent, see WW to EA, Feb. 17, 1885, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.27. Robert H. McCarter, interview by HWB, July 14, 1940, HWBC; WW speech, Jan. 19, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18.28. WW quoted in Edith Gittings Reid, Woodrow Wilson: The Caricature, the Myth and the Man Woodrow Wilson: The Caricature, the Myth and the Man (New York, 1934). The only biographer who interviewed any of the family"s African American servants was William Allen White, who wrote a brief and fundamentally hostile book about Wilson (New York, 1934). The only biographer who interviewed any of the family"s African American servants was William Allen White, who wrote a brief and fundamentally hostile book about Wilson (The Man, His Times, and His Task) (The Man, His Times, and His Task). It is odd that Ray Stannard Baker, who was a.s.siduous in seeking material about Wilson"s early life, did not seem to have sought out any of the family"s black servants. It is doubly odd because Baker was one of the few white journalists of the time who was interested in race relations. In 1907, he wrote a series of magazine articles that was published as Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (Garden City, N.Y., 1908). (Garden City, N.Y., 1908).29. WW to Andrew J. Graham, [ca. Apr. 24], 1875, PWW PWW, vol. 1. Mulder views Wilson"s year at Davidson as a time of spiritual and vocational turmoil for him and speculates about his ill health. See Mulder, Years of Preparation Years of Preparation. I do not agree with that interpretation.30. On the founding and early history of Princeton, see Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Princeton, 17461896 Princeton, 17461896 (Princeton, N.J., 1946). (Princeton, N.J., 1946).31. On McCosh and his presidency of Princeton, see J. David Hoeveler, Jr., James McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition: From Glasgow to Princeton James McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition: From Glasgow to Princeton (Princeton, N.J., 1981). (Princeton, N.J., 1981).32. Robert H. McCarter, interview by HWB, July 15, 1940, HWBC; RB, Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J., 1931). (Princeton, N.J., 1931).33. WW shorthand diary, entries for June 12, 1876; Oct. 27, 1876, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1; WW, quoted in SA, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J., 1993). For a similar version of the "mind" discovery, see CTG, interviews by RSB, Feb. 1819, 1926, RSBP, box 109. (Princeton, N.J., 1993). For a similar version of the "mind" discovery, see CTG, interviews by RSB, Feb. 1819, 1926, RSBP, box 109.34. WW shorthand diary, entry for June 9, 1876, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.35. Jessie Wilson Sayre, interview by RSB, Dec. 1, 1925, RSBP, box 121; WW to EA, Oct. 11, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.36. WW shorthand diary, entry for July 4, 1876, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.37. WW to Albert Bushnell Hart, June 3, 1889, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.38. "W" [WW] to Princetonian Princetonian, Jan. 25, 1877, PWW PWW, vol. 1. About the Witherspoon Gang, Wilson later said, "He [Bridges] and Charlie Talcott and Hiram Woods were the real real friends whom college life gave me for an inspiring possession; and if I keep any friends, I shall, before all others keep them." WW to EA, Nov. 20, 1884, friends whom college life gave me for an inspiring possession; and if I keep any friends, I shall, before all others keep them." WW to EA, Nov. 20, 1884, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 3.39. Robert H. McCarter, interview by HWB, July 15, 1940, HWBC; Princetonian Princetonian editorials, Jan. 30, 1879; Feb. 6 and 27, 1879, editorials, Jan. 30, 1879; Feb. 6 and 27, 1879, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1, 461. Also, in contrast to his successor, Fine, Wilson had nothing to say about the place of science in the curriculum. See the cited editorials.40. "Junius" [WW], "Some Thoughts on the Present State of Public Affairs,"PWW, vol. 1.41. William F. Magie, interview by HWB, June 12, 1940, HWBC. For speculation on why Wilson was not elected to a cla.s.s officership, see HWB, Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967). See also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Refusal to Enter the Lynde Compet.i.tion," (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967). See also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Refusal to Enter the Lynde Compet.i.tion," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.42. WW draft to William M. Sloane, [ca. Dec. 5, 1883], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.43. WW, "Cabinet Government in the United States," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.44. WW, "Cabinet Government," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.45. On the composition and its influences, see Editorial Note, ""Cabinet Government in the United States,"" PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.46. WW to EA, Oct. 30, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; RB, Wilson Wilson. In 1913, when the two men met shortly after Wilson"s inauguration as president, Wilson told Lodge, "Senator, ... a man never forgets the first editor who accepts one of his articles. You were the first editor who accepted an article written by me." HCL, The Senate and the League of Nations The Senate and the League of Nations (New York, 1925). (New York, 1925).47. WW to EA, Oct. 30, 1883, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2.2 WOODROW WOODROW1. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, Jefferson the Virginian Jefferson the Virginian (Boston, 1948) WW to RB, Nov. 7, 1879, (Boston, 1948) WW to RB, Nov. 7, 1879, PWW PWW, vol. 1.2. WW, "Self Government in France," [ca. Sept. 4, 1879], PWW PWW, vol. 1; WW, "Congressional Government," [ca. Oct. 1, 1879], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.3. WW, "John Bright," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1.4. William Cabell Bruce, Recollections Recollections (Baltimore, 1936); WW to EA, May 14, 1885, (Baltimore, 1936); WW to EA, May 14, 1885, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.5. Jefferson Society debate, Apr. 2, 1880, PWW PWW, vol. 1; Braxton Gibson, recollection to HWB, ca. Dec. 1941, HWBC.6. Richard Heath Dabney, interview by HWB, Mar. 22, 1941, HWBC; Samuel B. Woods to HWB, Jan. 15, 1942, HWBC; WW to Cordell Hull, Sept. 12, 1922, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 68.7. WW to Charles Talcott, Dec. 31, 1879, PWW PWW, vol. 1; WW to RB, Feb. 15, 1880, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 1; Joseph R. Wilson to WW, Dec. 22, 1879, PWW PWW, vol. 1.8. Harriet Woodrow Welles to RSB, Sept. 28, 1925, RSBP, box 124.9. WW to RB, Jan. 1, 1881, PWW PWW, vol. 2; WW, "Stray Thoughts from the South," PWW PWW, vol. 2. See also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Withdrawal from the University of Virginia," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.10. WW to Harriet Woodrow, Jan. 15, 1881; Apr. 22, 1881; May 10, 1881, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.11. WW to Harriet Woodrow, [Sept. 25, 1881], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; WW to EA, Oct. 11, 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2; on the incident in Chillicothe, see also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Proposal to Hattie Woodrow," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.12. WW to RB, Mar. 15, 1882, PWW PWW, vol. 2. Wilson and Hattie later became friends again. In 1894, on his first trip to the West, he visited her and her husband, Eddie Welles, at their home in Colorado. In 1913 and 1917, Harriet Woodrow Welles attended Wilson"s presidential inaugurations, and she visited him and his family in the White House several times. Many years later, after Wilson"s and Welles"s deaths, one of her grandsons married one of his granddaughters. See Helen Welles Thackwell, "Woodrow Wilson and My Mother," Princeton University Library Chronicle Princeton University Library Chronicle, Autumn 1950.13. WW, "Government by Debate," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2. See also Editorial Note, ""Government by Debate,"" PWW PWW, vol. 2.14. WW to editor, International Review International Review, [ca. Apr. 30, 1881], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.15. WW to RB, Oct. 28, 1882, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.16. WW testimony, Sept. 23, 1882, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; New York World World, Sept. 24, 1882.17. Joseph R. Wilson to WW, Aug. 14 and 20, 1882, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; WW to RB, Oct. 28, 1882, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; WW to Hiram Woods, May 9 [10], 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2; WW to Richard Heath Dabney, May 11, 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2.18. WW to RB, May 12, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; WW to EA, Oct. 30, 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2.19. WW to EA, Oct. 30, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; WW to RB, Feb. 24, 1881, PWW PWW, vol. 2.20. Joseph R. Wilson to WW, Feb. 14, 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2; James Woodrow to Jessie Woodrow Wilson, Mar. 13, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2.21. On this typewriter, see Editorial Note, "Wilson and His Caligraph," PWW PWW, vol. 2. The editors of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson speculate that Wilson purchased this model rather than its rival, the Remington 2, which was simpler and faster, because it cost $40 less. speculate that Wilson purchased this model rather than its rival, the Remington 2, which was simpler and faster, because it cost $40 less.22. WW to EA, Oct. 11, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2. See also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Introduction to Ellen Axson," PWW PWW, vol. 2, and Frances Wright Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady between Two Worlds Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady between Two Worlds (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985). (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985).23. WW to EA, Oct. 11, 18, and 23, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2, 481, 485. See also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Early Courtship of Ellen Axson," PWW PWW, vol. 2, and Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.24. EA to WW, Nov. 5, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; Rosalie Anderson to Ellen Axson, July 5, 1877, WWP, microfilm ed., reel 4. On her "man-hater" reputation, see Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.25. Rosalie Anderson to EAW, June 29, 1877, WWP, microfilm ed., reel 4. On the Axson family and Ellen Axson"s early years, see Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.26. On Axson"s mother"s death and her father"s depression, see Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.27. WW to EA, July 16, 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2; WW to RB, July 26, 1883, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2.28. EA to WW, Sept. 21, 1883, PWW PWW, vol. 2. On this encounter, see Editorial Note, "The Engagement," PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2, and Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.29. WW to EA, Nov. 27, 1883, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2. On the founding and early years of Johns Hopkins, see Hugh Hawkins, Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 18741889 Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 18741889 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1960), esp. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1960), esp.30. WW to EA, Oct. 30, 1883, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2; minutes of the seminary of history and political science, Apr. 18, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 2. Taking the opposing side was John Dewey, who cited statistics to show that illiteracy was rising in the South. Long afterward, the dry, understated Dewey could still recall Wilson"s "vigorous attack" on the bill, "not exactly on old southern states rights lines, but against anything looking toward "encroachment."" John Dewey to HWB, July 14, 1941, HWBC.31. WW to EA, Oct. 16 and 30, 1883, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2.32. WW to EA, Nov. 27, 1883; Jan. 1, 1884, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2.33. WW to EA, Sept. 18, 1883, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 2; EA to WW, Sept. 21 and 25, 1883; June 21, 1885, PWW PWW, vol. 2; vol. 4. Their youngest daughter later published a collection of these letters. See WW, The Priceless Gift: The Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson The Priceless Gift: The Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson, ed. Eleanor Wilson McAdoo (New York, 1962).34. WW to EA, Oct. 30, 1883, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2.35. WW to EA, Oct. 16, 1883; Jan. 1, 1884, PWW, vol. 2 PWW, vol. 2. On the beginning of the new book, see Editorial Note, "Congressional Government," PWW "Congressional Government," PWW, vol. 4.36. For the writing of this book, see the chronology provided in Editorial Note, "Congressional Government," PWW, vol "Congressional Government," PWW, vol. 4.37. WW to EA, Nov. 28, 1884, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 3; EA to WW, Jan. 24, 1884 [1885], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.38. WW to RB, Nov. 19, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 3; WW, Congressional Government, PWW Congressional Government, PWW, vol. 4, 17, 40. The entire book is reprinted in PWW PWW, vol. 4. The original edition runs to 333 pages.39. WW, Congressional Government, PWW, vol Congressional Government, PWW, vol. 4, 111, 114.40. Ibid.41. Ibid.42. Gamaliel Bradford review, [Feb. 12, 1885], PWW PWW, vol. 4. For other reviews, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4. On later criticisms, see HWB, Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967). (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967).43. A. Lawrence Lowell, interview by HWB, May 23, 1939, HWBC; WW, "Responsible Government and Const.i.tutionalism," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.44. Lowell, interview by HWB, May 23, 1939, HWBC; WW to EA, Feb. 24, 1885, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.45. WW to EA, Feb. 13, 1885, PWW PWW, vol. 4. Wilson"s friend and faculty colleague Winthrop Daniels made a similar observation. See Winthrop M. Daniels memoir, summer 1924, RSBP, box 105.46. WW to EA, May 17, 1884, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 3; Joseph R. Wilson to WW, May 17, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 3. On Edward Axson"s condition, see Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.47. WW to EA, May 1, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 3; EA to WW, June 5, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 3; SA, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J., 1993). (Princeton, N.J., 1993).48. SA to RSB, RSBP, box 100; WW to EA, June 29, 1884, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 3.49. WW to EA, Mar. 27, 1885, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4; EA to WW, Mar. 28, 1885, PWW PWW, vol. 4.50. WW to EA, Nov. 8, 1884, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 3. On the collaboration with Richard Ely, see Editorial Note, "Wilson"s Research for a "History of Political Economy in the United States,"" PWW PWW, vol. 3, and Editorial Note, "Wilson"s "History of Political Economy in the United States,"" PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4. Wilson"s section is reproduced in PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.51. EA to WW, Nov. 28, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 3; WW to EA, Dec. 1, 1884, PWW PWW, vol. 3.52. WW to EA, Nov. 9, 1884; Mar. 3 and 14, 1885, PWW PWW, vol. 3; vol. 4.53. WW to EA, Mar. 21, 1885, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.54. For descriptions of the wedding, see Savannah Morning News Savannah Morning News, June 25, 1885, PWW PWW, vol. 4, and Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.3 PROFESSOR PROFESSOR1. On the founding of Bryn Mawr, see Edith Finch, Carey Thomas of Bryn Mawr Carey Thomas of Bryn Mawr (New York, 1947); Cornelia Meigs, (New York, 1947); Cornelia Meigs, What Makes a College? A History of Bryn Mawr What Makes a College? A History of Bryn Mawr (New York, 1956), esp.; and Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, (New York, 1956), esp.; and Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, The Power and Pa.s.sion of M. Carey Thomas The Power and Pa.s.sion of M. Carey Thomas (New York, 1994), 16365, 18391. (New York, 1994), 16365, 18391.2. Mary Tremain to RSB, Jan. 26, 1926, RSBP, box 116; Effie S. Spalding to Satie Leslie, Jan. 10, 1926, RSBP, box 115; Helen A. Scribner to RSB, Mar. 13, 1926, RSBP, box 115; WW to RB, Nov. 30, 1887, PWW PWW, vol. 5; WW to Richard Heath Dabney, Jan. 25, 1887, PWW PWW, vol. 5; WW journal, entry for Oct. 20, 1887, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.3. WW to Charles Talcott, Nov. 14, 1886, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5; Lucy Maynard Salmon to RSB, Jan. 6 and 15, 1925, RSBP, box 121.4. For the story of Wilson"s shaving his mustache, see SA, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J., 1993). On the births of the first two Wilson daughters and the family"s domestic arrangements, see Frances Wright Saunders, (Princeton, N.J., 1993). On the births of the first two Wilson daughters and the family"s domestic arrangements, see Frances Wright Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady between Two Worlds Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady between Two Worlds (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985). (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985).5. WW to EAW, May 29, 1886, PWW PWW, vol. 5; WW talk, Mar. 23, 1886, PWW PWW, vol. 5. See also Editorial Note, "Wilson"s "First Failure" at Public Speaking," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.6. WW journal, entry for Oct. 20, 1887, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5. Wilson was not the only person at Bryn Mawr who entertained such thoughts. At the time of his appointment, Dean Martha Carey Thomas had rejected the idea of hiring a woman to teach history and political science, sneering, "How can a political zero teach politics, an ineligible statesman, statecraft?" Quoted in Horowitz, Power and Pa.s.sion Power and Pa.s.sion.7. WW to James Bryce, Mar. 6, 1888, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5; WW to RB, Nov. 5, 1887, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.8. WW to James E. Rhoads, June 7, 1888, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5; WW to RB, Aug. 26, 1888, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.9. WW, "The Study of Administration," [ca. Nov. 1, 1886], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.10. WW notes, [ca. Dec. 120, 1885], PWW PWW, vol. 5; WW, "The Modern Democratic State," [ca. Dec. 120, 1885], PWW PWW, vol. 5; WW to Horace Scudder, May 12, 1886, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 5.11. WW to Hiram Woods, Sept. 16, 1886, PWW PWW, vol. 9; WW to EA, Mar. 12, 1885, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 4.12. WW, "Socialism and Democracy," [ca. Aug. 22, 1887], PWW PWW, vol. 5; WW, "The Functions of Government," [ca. Feb. 17, 1888], PWW PWW, vol. 5.13. Ibid.14. C. F. Price, quoted in RSB, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, vol. 1, Youth, 18561890 Youth, 18561890 (Garden City, N.Y., 1927); H. Monmouth Smith to HWB, Mar. 1941, HWBC. (Garden City, N.Y., 1927); H. Monmouth Smith to HWB, Mar. 1941, HWBC.15. WW to Horace Scudder, Mar. 31, 1889, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8.16. RB to WW, Nov. 5, 1889, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.17. Frances Landey Patton to WW, Feb. 18, 1890, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6; WW to Albert Shaw, May 5, 1890, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.18. WW, "Bryce"s American Commonwealth," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.19. WW to Munroe Smith, Jan. 7, 1889, PWW PWW, vol. 6; WW, "Bryce"s American Commonwealth," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.20. WW, The State The State (Boston, 1889), in (Boston, 1889), in PWW PWW, vol. 6 (this volume of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson reprints only some of the chapters, not the entire book). One high estimate of reprints only some of the chapters, not the entire book). One high estimate of The State The State came from Edward S. Corwin. See Corwin, "Departmental Colleague," in came from Edward S. Corwin. See Corwin, "Departmental Colleague," in Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories, ed. William Starr Myers (Princeton, N.J., 1946). The lead editor of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Arthur S. Link, also told me on several occasions that he considered The State The State Wilson"s best work. Wilson"s best work.21. WW, "Leaders of Men," [June 17, 1890], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 6.22. WW speech, Jan. 30, 1891, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 7; Alfred P. Dennis, G.o.ds and Little Fishes G.o.ds and Little Fishes (Indianapolis, 1931); Robert Mc.n.u.tt McElroy, interview by HWB, Nov. 20, 1940, HWBC. (Indianapolis, 1931); Robert Mc.n.u.tt McElroy, interview by HWB, Nov. 20, 1940, HWBC.23. Ernest Poole, The Bridge: My Own Story The Bridge: My Own Story (New York, 1940); Booth Tarkington, interview by HWB, Nov. 27, 1940, HWBC; (New York, 1940); Booth Tarkington, interview by HWB, Nov. 27, 1940, HWBC; Baltimore Sun Baltimore Sun, Feb. 2, 1894, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8.24. WW, "University Training and Citizenship," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 7.25. WW to Albert Shaw, July 14, 1891, PWW PWW, vol. 7; WW to Patton, Mar. 28, 1897, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10.26. WW to Shaw, Nov. 3, 1890, PWW PWW, vol. 7; WW speech at Chicago, July 26, 1893, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 7.27. EAW to WW, June 22, 1892, PWW PWW, vol. 8.28. WW to Charles W. Kent, Apr. 22, 1898, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10; Francis Landey Patton to Cyrus McCormick, Apr. 4, 1898, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10.29. WW to EAW, Mar. 10, 1892; Feb. 12, 1898, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 7; vol. 10.30. SA, interviews by RSB, Feb. 811, 1925; Mar. 12, 1925, RSBP, box 99; Bliss Perry Bliss Perry, And Gladly Teach: Reminiscences (Boston, 1935). (Boston, 1935).31. Jessie Wilson Sayre, interview by RSB, Dec. 1, 1925, RSBP, box 115; SA and George Howe, interviews by RSB, Feb. 811, 1925, RSBP, box 99 99.32. On the Wilson daughters, see Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Woodrow Wilsons The Woodrow Wilsons (New York, 1937), esp. and Saunders, (New York, 1937), esp. and Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson, esp. For the game of tag in the White House, see SA, interviews by RSB, Feb. 811, 1925, RSBP, box 99.33. Margaret Axson Elliott, My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944). On the circle of friends. (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944). On the circle of friends.34. EAW to Anna Harris, June 1, 1895, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 9.35. EAW to Frederick Jackson Turner, Dec. 15, 1896, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10.36. For speculation about a stroke, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 9, n. 2, and Edwin A. Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton, N.J., 1981). (Princeton, N.J., 1981).37. WW, "Princeton in the Nation"s Service," PWW PWW, vol. 10. The entire address is.38. EAW to Mary Hoyt, Oct. 27, 1896, PWW PWW, vol. 10. For descriptions of the event and Wilson"s speech, see New York Tribune New York Tribune, Oct. 22, 1896, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10, and Horace Elisha Scudder diary, entry for Oct. 21, 1896, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10. On the disappointment of the Princeton presidential aspirant, see George McLean Harper, "A Happy Family," in Myers, Princeton Memories Princeton Memories.39. WW to Albert Shaw, July 18, 1893, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8; WW to EAW, Aug. 3, 1896, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 9.40. WW to Caleb Winchester, May 13, 1893, PWW PWW, vol. 8; WW, "Edmund Burke: The Man and His Times," [ca. Aug 31, 1893], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8.41. WW, "A Calendar of Great Americans," Feb. 1894, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8; WW, "Mere Literature," [Dec. 1893], PWW PWW, vol. 8. See also Editorial Note, ""Mere Literature,"" PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8.42. WW to EAW, Jan. 24, 1894, PWW PWW, vol. 9; WW to Albert Shaw, Feb. 28, 1893, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 8.43. WW to EAW, Mar. 15, 1900, PWW PWW, vol. 11; WW speech, Oct. 13, 1899, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 11; EAW to WW, [July 13, 1902], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.44. SA, "Mr. Wilson As Seen by One of His Family Circle," [ca. 1916], RSBP, box 99; SA, interviews by RSB, Feb. 811, 1925; Mar. 12, 1925, RSBP, box 99. SA, interviews by RSB, Feb. 811, 1925; Mar. 12, 1925, RSBP, box 99.45. WW, "Leaderless Government," Aug. 5, 1987, PWW PWW, vol. 10; Bliss Perry, interview by RSB, Nov. 12, 1925, RSBP, box 119; SA comments on ma.n.u.script of RSB biography of WW, Sept. 1931, RSBP, box 100; Chicago Inter-Ocean Chicago Inter-Ocean, Jan. 14, 1899, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 11.46. WW, Introduction, Aug. 15, 1900, PWW PWW, vol. 11; WW, "Democracy and Efficiency," [Mar. 1901], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 12. On the Wilsons" fondness for Kipling, see EAW to WW, Feb. 11, 1897, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10, and WW to EAW, Feb. 14, 1897, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10.47. WW to EAW, Feb. 4 and 17, 1898, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 10, 399.48. WW to RB, Jan. 12, 1900, PWW PWW, vol. 11; Edward S. Corwin, interview by HWB, June 6, 1939, HWBC, box 1.49. WW to Frederick Jackson Turner, Jan. 21, 1902, PWW PWW, vol. 12.50. John Hibben to WW, July 20, 1899, PWW PWW, vol. 11; WW to EAW, July 31, 1899; Mar. 8, 1900, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 11.51. Samuel B. Dod to WW, June 25, 1902, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 12.52. Annie B. Perry to EAW, June 10, 1902, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 12; EAW to Florence Hoyt, June 28, 1902, PWW PWW, vol. 12; WW speech, June 11, 1902, PWW PWW, vol. 12.4 BOLD LEADER BOLD LEADER1. TR to Cleveland H. Dodge, June 16, 1902, in TR, Letters Letters, ed. Elting E. Morison, vol. 3, The Square Deal, 19011905 The Square Deal, 19011905 (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1951). For a description of the inaugural ceremony, see (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1951). For a description of the inaugural ceremony, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.2. WW, "The Making of a Nation," [July 1897], PWW PWW, vol. 10; Jessie Wilson Sayre, interview by RSB, Dec. 1, 1925, RSBP, box 121; Jessie Wilson Sayre to RSB, [Apr. 25, 1927], RSBP, box 121. The female representatives in the procession were the president of Mount Holyoke, the dean of Radcliffe, and a professor from Wellesley. Neither President M. Carey Thomas nor anyone else from Bryn Mawr was present. Examination of records at Princeton and Bryn Mawr does not reveal whether Thomas received an invitation, but it seems likely that she did.3. WW, "Princeton for the Nation"s Service," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.4. On George Harvey"s spotting Wilson as a presidential possibility, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, The Road to the White House The Road to the White House (Princeton, N.J., 1947). (Princeton, N.J., 1947).5. WW to EAW, July 19, 1 1902, PWW, vol. 14; SA, "The Princeton Controversy," [Feb. 1925], RSBP, box 99 99.6. SA, "The Princeton Controversy."7. WW, Report to the Board of Trustees, Oct. 21, 1902, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.8. Ibid..9. WW draft to Benjamin F. Jones, Jr., [Mar. 30, 1904], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 15.10. Mary W. Hoyt memoir, Oct. 1926, RSBP, box 111; WW to Peyton Harrison Hoge, Jan. 31, 1903, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14; WW to TR, Feb. 1, 1903, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.11. Henry B. Fine, interview by RSB, June 18, 1925, RSBP, box 108. On Wilson as a recruiter, see Edward Grant Conklin, "As a Scientist Saw Him," in Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories, ed. William Starr Myers (Princeton, N.J., 1946), and Robert K. Root, "Wilson and the Preceptors," in Myers, Princeton Memories Princeton Memories.12. Bliss Perry, And Gladly Teach: Reminiscences And Gladly Teach: Reminiscences (Boston, 1935). (Boston, 1935).13. The Catholic was David McCabe, in Wilson"s own department, Politics, and the Jew was Horace M. Kallen, in English.14. WW, Report to the Board of Trustees, Dec. 10, 1903, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 15.15. WW to Edward Graham Elliott, July 15, 1902, PWW PWW, vol. 14. On his befriending Fosd.i.c.k, see Raymond B. Fosd.i.c.k, Chronicle of a Generation: An Autobiography Chronicle of a Generation: An Autobiography (New York, 1958). (New York, 1958).16. On the changes at Princeton, see SA, "The Princeton Controversy;" Hardin Craig, Woodrow Wilson at Princeton Woodrow Wilson at Princeton (Norman, Okla., 1960), 3941; and HWB, (Norman, Okla., 1960), 3941; and HWB, Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967), 27274. (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967), 27274.17. Mary W. Hoyt memoir, Oct. 1926, RSBP, box 111.18. WW, "Statement of the Tutorial System," [ca. Feb. 18, 1905], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16; WW, "The Princeton Preceptorial System," [ca. June 1, 1905], PWW PWW, vol. 16. On the use of the ter term preceptor preceptor, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16, n. 1 and 2.19. Charles H. McIlwain, interview by HWB, Jan. 2, 1940, HWBC; Norman S. Mackie, interviews by HWB, Feb. 2122, [1940?], HWBC. On the first group of preceptors, see WW reports to trustees, [ca. June 12], 1905; [ca. Oct. 21], 1905; Dec. 14, 1905, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16, 198, 24959.20. WW speech at Morristown, N.J., Feb. 23, 1903, PWW PWW, vol. 14; WW speech at Chicago, Nov. 22, 1902, PWW PWW, vol. 14; Roland S. Morris, interviews by RSB, Mar. 78, 1926, RSBP, box 117; WW to John Rogers Williams, Sept. 2, 1904, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 15. No African American would receive an undergraduate degree from Princeton until 1947.21. On the death of Edward Axson and his family and its impact on Ellen Wilson, see Frances Wright Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady Between Two Worlds Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady Between Two Worlds (Chapel Hill, N.C. 1985). (Chapel Hill, N.C. 1985).22. Margaret Axson Elliott, My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944); J. Duncan Spaeth, "Wilson As I Knew Him and View Him Now," in Myers, (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944); J. Duncan Spaeth, "Wilson As I Knew Him and View Him Now," in Myers, Princeton Memories Princeton Memories.23. Henry B. Fine, quoted in Elliott, My Aunt Louisa My Aunt Louisa. On Wilson"s losing the sight in his left eye, see Editorial Note, PWW PWW, vol. 16, n. 1, and Edwin A. Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton, N.J., 1981). (Princeton, N.J., 1981).24. EAW to Florence Hoyt, June 27, [1906], PWW PWW, vol. 16; WW to EAW, Sept. 2, 1906, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16.25. Andrew West, "A Narrative of the Graduate College of Princeton University from Its Proposal in 1896 until Its Dedication in 1915," Princeton University Archives, Seeley G. Mudd Ma.n.u.script Library, Princeton University. That MIT offered its presidency to West, who had even less interest in or acquaintance with science than Wilson, seemed odd at the time and has remained a mystery ever since. According to one story, the delegation from MIT intended to make the offer to Fine, who would have been a natural choice and was subsequently offered the job, but they called at the wrong dean"s office and mistakenly delivered the offer to West. For the story of the mistaken offer, see Winthrop M. Daniels, interview by HWB, Mar. 30, 1940, HWBC; Jacob Beam, interview by HWB, May 3, 1941, HWBC.26. WW, supplementary report to Princeton University trustees, [ca. Dec. 13, 1906], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16.27. Harry A. Garfield, interview by HWB, Feb. 14, 1940, HWBC; WW report to the Graduate School Committee, [ca. May 30, 1907], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16.28. WW, "Report on the Social Coordination of the University," [ca. June 6], 1907, PWW PWW, vol. 17; WW address to Princeton University trustees, June 10, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.29. WW speech at Harvard University, June 26, 1907, PWW PWW, vol. 17.30. George Harvey speech, [Feb. 3, 1906], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16; WW to St. Clair McKelway, Mar. 11, 1906, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 16.31. WW speech at Cleveland, May 19, 1906, PWW PWW, vol. 16; WW speech to the South Carolina Society of New York, Mar. 18, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.32. WW to Adrian H. Joline, Apr. 29, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17. On Wilson"s Senate candidacy, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17, n. 1.33. Andrew West to WW, July 10, 1907, PWW PWW, vol. 17; Henry van d.y.k.e, "The "Residential Quad" Idea at Princeton," Princeton Alumni Weekly Princeton Alumni Weekly, Sept. 25, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.34. WW to John Hibben, July 10, 1907, PWW PWW, vol. 17; WW to Cleveland Dodge, July 1, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.35. Elliott, My Aunt Louise and Woodrow Wilson My Aunt Louise and Woodrow Wilson. See also SA, "The Princeton Controversy;" Jessie Wilson Sayre, interview by RSB, Dec. 1, 1925, RSBP, box 121; Hibben, interviews by RSB, June 18, 1925; Oct. 27, 1926, RSBP, box 111; Charles H. McIlwain, interview by HWB, Jan. 2, 1940, HWBC; William Magie, interview by HWB, June 13, 1939, HWBC; Ralph Barton Perry, interview by HWB, May 29, 1945, HWBC.36. WW to MAHP, Feb. 12, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 22; Margaret Wilson, quoted in Edith Gittings Reid, Woodrow Wilson: The Caricature, the Myth and the Man Woodrow Wilson: The Caricature, the Myth and the Man (New York, 1934). (New York, 1934).37. William Starr Myers diary, entry for Sept. 30, [1907], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17. For the vote, see faculty minutes, Sept. 30, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.38. David B. Jones to WW, Mar. 15, 1904, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.39. Henry B. Fine, interview by RSB, June 18, 1925, RSBP, box 108; WW draft statement, [ca. Oct. 4, 1907], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17. See also trustees" minutes, Oct. 17, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.40. WW shorthand draft, [Oct. 17, 1907], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17; WW to Melancthon William Jacobus, Oct. 23, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17; New York Evening Sun Evening Sun, Oct. 18 and 23, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17; WW talk, [Oct. 24, 1907], PWW PWW, vol. 17.41. Moses Pyne to WW, Dec. 24, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18.42. WW, Const.i.tutional Government in the United States, PWW Const.i.tutional Government in the United States, PWW, vol. 18. The entire volume is reprinted.43. WW, Const.i.tutional Government, PWW, vol Const.i.tutional Government, PWW, vol. 17.44. Ibid., 132, 141, 158, 162.45. Ibid.46. WW speech, Nov. 12, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18; Jessie Wilson Sayre, interview by RSB, Dec. 1, 1925, RSBP, box 121; WW, "A Credo," Aug. 6, 1907, PWW PWW, vol. 18.47. This was not the first recurrence of the condition: during the summer of 1904, Wilson had complained of a weakness in his right hand that hampered his writing. The 1904 and 1907 incidents, like the first one, may have been the result of small strokes caused by arteriosclerosis, but the length of time between the incidents and the fact that they affected Wilson"s right side whereas the hemorrhage affected his left eye have raised questions about the exact nature of his condition. For speculation on the cause of these incidents, see PWW PWW, vol. 17, n. 1, and Weinstein, Medical and Psychological Biography Medical and Psychological Biography, 179.48. WW to MAHP, Feb. 6, 1907; Mar. 27, 1907, PWW PWW, vol. 17; Florence Hoyt interview by RSB, Oct. 1926, RSBP, box 121.49. WW shorthand note, [ca. Feb. 1, 1908], PWW PWW, vol. 17; WW to MAHP, Sept. 26, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.50. WW to EAW, June 26, 1908, PWW PWW, vol. 18; TR, quoted in William Allen White essay [1924], William Allen White Papers, series E, box 1, LC.51. WW to EAW, July 20, 1908, PWW PWW, vol. 18. The editors of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson observe that the first quoted sentence probably refers to Mrs. Peck. See observe that the first quoted sentence probably refers to Mrs. Peck. See PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18, n. 8.52. CTG, quoted in Breckinridge Long diary, entry for Jan. 11, 1924, PWW PWW, vol. 68.53. WW shorthand draft, [ca. Sept. 20, 1915], PWW PWW, vol. 34; WW to EBG, Sept. 21, 1915, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 34.54. WW speech, Mar. 12, 1908, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18.5 ACADEMIC CIVIL WAR ACADEMIC CIVIL WAR1. SA, "The Princeton Controversy," [Feb. 1925], RSBP, box 99; EAW to John Hibben, Feb. 10, 1912, EAW to John Hibben, Feb. 10, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24.2. Frederick W. Yates to EAW, Sept 1, 1908, PWW PWW, vol. 24.3. Charles Grosvenor Osgood, interview by HWB, Apr. 12, 1939, HWBC.4. WW, preface to The Proposed Graduate College of Princeton University The Proposed Graduate College of Princeton University, Feb. 17, 1903, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 14.5. For descriptions of Merwick, see Raymond B. Fosd.i.c.k, Chronicle of a Generation: An Autobiography Chronicle of a Generation: An Autobiography (New York, 1958), and Maxwell Struthers Burt, "Life at Merwick," (New York, 1958), and Maxwell Struthers Burt, "Life at Merwick," Princeton Alumni Weekly Princeton Alumni Weekly, May 8, 1907.6. SA, "The Princeton Controversy."7. Harlow Shapley, interview by HWB, Mar. 6, 1967, HWBC.8. Cleveland quoted in Andrew West, "A Narrative of the Graduate College of Princeton University from Its Proposal to Its Dedication in 1915," Princeton University Archives, Seeley G. Mudd Ma.n.u.script Library, Princeton University.9. WW speech, Oct. 16, 1908, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18; WW speech, Nov. 6, 1908, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18.10. WW speeches, Apr. 3 and 13, 1908, PWW PWW, vol. 18. On the faculty debate, see William Starr Myers diary, entry for May 8, [1908], PWW PWW, vol. 18. The preceptor who reb.u.t.ted Wilson"s arguments was Edward S. Corwin. See Corwin, "Departmental Colleague," in Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories, ed. William Starr Myers (Princeton, N.J., 1946).11. WW speech, Nov. 16, 1907, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 17.12. WW to MAHP, Nov. 2, 1 1908, PWW, vol. 18.13. For examples supporting the interpretation that Wilson"s turn toward progressivism was reflected in his struggles at Princeton, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, The Road to the White House The Road to the White House (Princeton, N.J., 1947), and John M. Mulder, (Princeton, N.J., 1947), and John M. Mulder, Woodrow Wilson: The Years of Preparation Woodrow Wilson: The Years of Preparation (Princeton, N.J., 1978). (Princeton, N.J., 1978).14. WW, Const.i.tutional Government in the United States, PWW, vol Const.i.tutional Government in the United States, PWW, vol. 18.15. WW speeches, Feb. 12 and 19, 1909; Nov. 2, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19.16. WW speech, Oct. 8, 1908, PWW PWW, vol. 18; WW speeches, May 6, 1909; Oct. 29, 1909, PWW PWW, vol. 19; WW, "The Tariff Make-Believe," PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19.17. Mary Yates diary, entry for July 31, [1908], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18, Daily Princetonian Daily Princetonian, Apr. 3, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19; WW memorandum, ca. Dec. 3, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 18.18. On the digestive problems see Edwin A. Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton, N.J., 1981). (Princeton, N.J., 1981).19. WW speech, Mar. 20, 1 1909, PWW, vol. 19.20. WW to Frank A. Vanderlip, Feb. 1, 1909, PWW PWW, vol. 19; WW to MAHP, July 18, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19.21. WW speech, Mar. 11, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 20. On the Procter offer, see also William Cooper Procter to Andrew West, May 8, 1909; June 7, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19, 23738. On Cram"s change of mind, see also Ralph Adams Cram, interview by HWB, May 8, 1940, HWBC.22. WW to MAHP, Oct. 24, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19.23. WW to Moses Pyne, Dec. 22 and 25, 1909, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19.24. Pyne to William Cooper Procter, Jan. 15, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 19. The editors of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson have observed, "[T]here can be no doubt that Wilson"s statement that the site of the Graduate College was not important was one of the great strategic errors of his career." Editorial Note, "Wilson at the Meeting of the Board of Trustees of January 13, 1910," have observed, "[T]here can be no doubt that Wilson"s statement that the site of the Graduate College was not important was one of the great strategic errors of his career." Editorial Note, "Wilson at the Meeting of the Board of Trustees of January 13, 1910," PWW PWW, vol. 20. By contrast, Cyrus McCormick later recalled that this statement was "an ill.u.s.trative comparison to clinch his point that the kind of organization adopted be in close sympathy between teacher and scholar was the main goal to be reached." McCormick to William Allen White, William Allen White Papers, series E, box 83, LC.25. Pyne to Wilson Farrand, Jan. 25, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 20; Procter to Pyne, Jan. 30, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20.26. WW to Herbert B. Brougham, Feb. 1, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 20; New York Times New York Times, Feb. 3, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20. For Farrand"s account, see Princeton University Archives, Seeley G. Mudd Ma.n.u.script Library, Princeton University. For the reactions of alumni and Pyne, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20, n. 1.27. WW to Cleveland H. Dodge, Feb. 7, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20.28. WW to Melancthon William Jacobus, Apr. 2, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 20; WW speech, Apr. 7, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20.29. WW to MAHP, Apr. 19, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 20; Pittsburgh Dispatch Pittsburgh Dispatch, Apr. 17, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20; Pittsburgh Gazette-Times Gazette-Times, Apr. 17, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20.30. On the Wyman bequest, see Andrew West, "A Narrative of the Graduate College of Princeton University from Its Proposal in 1896 until Its Dedication in 1916," Princeton University Archives, Seeley G. Mudd Ma.n.u.script Library, Princeton University, 8788, 1057, and John F. Raymond to West and WW, May 22, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20.31. Margaret Axson Elliott, My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944); Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944); Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Woodrow Wilsons The Woodrow Wilsons (New York, 1937); West, "Narrative of the Graduate College," WW to Hiram Woods, May 28, 1910, (New York, 1937); West, "Narrative of the Graduate College," WW to Hiram Woods, May 28, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20.32. WW to MAHP, June 5, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 20; SA, "The Princeton Controversy."33. For speculation about strokes" affecting Wilson"s behavior, see HWB, Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967), and Weinstein, (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1967), and Weinstein, Medical and Psychological Biography Medical and Psychological Biography. The comparison between the Graduate College and the League of Nations arose early. In 1925, both Stockton Axson and a faculty supporter of Wilson"s drew the comparison privately. See SA, "The Princeton Controversy," and George McLean Harper, interview by RSB, Nov. 12, 1925, RSBP, box 107.34. WW speeches, May 25, 1911; Sept. 2, 1912, PWW PWW, vol. 23; vol. 25; EMHD, entries for Dec. 12, 1913; Jan. 22, 1914, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 29, 163.35. WW to MAHP, Oct. 8, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23; EMHD, entry for Jan. 24, 1913, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 26.36. Henry B. Fine, interview by RSB, June 18, 1925, RSBP, box 105. For a superb account and interpretation of the rise of Princeton to the top rank of universities, see James Axtell, The Making of Princeton University: From Woodrow Wilson to the Present The Making of Princeton University: From Woodrow Wilson to the Present (Princeton, N.J., 2006). (Princeton, N.J., 2006).6 GOVERNOR GOVERNOR1. On Smith and his role in New Jersey politics, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, The Road to the White House The Road to the White House (Princeton, N.J., 1947). (Princeton, N.J., 1947).2. George Harvey quoted in Editorial Note, "Colonel Harvey"s Plan for Wilson"s Entry into Politics," PWW PWW, vol. 20.3. WW statement, July 15, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 20. On the meeting with the party bosses, see Editorial Note, "The Lawyers" Club Conference," PWW PWW, vol. 20.4. WW to Edgar Williamson, Aug. 25, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 21; WW speech, Aug. 31, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21.5. Audience member"s remark, quoted in SA comments, n.d., on ma.n.u.script of RSB biography of WW, RSBP, box 100. For accounts of the convention by people who were there, see James Kerney, The Political Education of Woodrow Wilson The Political Education of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1926), and JPT, (New York, 1926), and JPT, Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him (Garden City, N.Y., 1921). (Garden City, N.Y., 1921).6. WW speech, Sept. 15, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 21.7. Dan Fellows Platt to WW, Sept. 19, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 21. See also JPT, Wilson As I Know Him Wilson As I Know Him.8. Kerney, Political Education Political Education; Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Woodrow Wilsons The Woodrow Wilsons (New York, 1937); WW, (New York, 1937); WW, The Priceless Gift: The Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson The Priceless Gift: The Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson, ed. Eleanor Wilson McAdoo (New York, 1962).9. For the estimate of campaign spending, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.10. Philadelphia Record Philadelphia Record, Oct. 2, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21; WW speech at Long Branch, Oct. 3, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21.11. Vivian Lewis speech, Sept. 20, 1910, quoted in PWW PWW, vol. 21, n. 1; WW speech, Oct. 3, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 21. On the New Idea Republicans, see Ransom E. n.o.ble, Jr., New Jersey Progressivism before Wilson New Jersey Progressivism before Wilson (Princeton, N.J., 1946). (Princeton, N.J., 1946).12. WW speeches, Oct. 13, 20, and 22, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21.13. George Record to WW, Oct. 17, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21.14. WW to Record, Oct. 24, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21. Wilson originally wrote some of his answers in shorthand on Record"s letter and later produced several drafts on his own typewriter. See PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21, n. 1.15. Record, quoted in ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1; Record, interview by RSB, Apr. 6, 1928, RSBP, box 114; WW speech, Nov. 5, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21.16. WW to Lawrence C. Woods, Oct. 27, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21. On the trustees" action, see minutes of the Board of Trustees, Oct. 20, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 21, and editorial comment, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21, n. 1.17. WW, quoted in ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1. For an a.n.a.lysis of the returns, see PWW PWW, vol. 21, n. 1. At that time, New Jersey elected governors to three-year terms, so the two previous elections had taken place in 1904 and 1907.18. See PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22, n. 3, for both the quotations and the judgment of the editors of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson The Papers of Woodrow Wilson.19. WW to George Harvey, Nov. 15, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.20. WW, quoted in PWW, vol in PWW, vol. 21, n. 1; WW statement, Dec. 8, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.21. WW to MAHP, Dec. 9, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22; WW to Thomas Jones, Dec. 8, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22; WW speeches, Jan. 5 and 16, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.22. WW to MAHP, Jan. 29, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 22. For an account of the caucus and legislative actions, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.23. New York World World, Jan. 28, 1911; WW to MAHP, Jan. 3, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23.24. Trenton Evening Times Trenton Evening Times, Nov. 10, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 22; WW speech, Nov. 29, 1910, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.25. On the family affairs, see Frances Wright Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady between Two Worlds Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady between Two Worlds (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985). (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985).26. Much later, there would be two governors" mansions in Princeton: from 1945 to 1981, Morven, the home of Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; then, from 1981 to the present, Drumthwacket, which had been the home of Momo Pyne, Wilson"s nemesis on the board of trustees.27. On Tumulty, see John M. Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era (Boston, 1951). Tumulty"s memoir, (Boston, 1951). Tumulty"s memoir, Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him, tends toward sentimental exaggeration, but it has useful parts.28. New York Evening Post New York Evening Post, Jan. 19, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 22. For an eyewitness account of the meeting, see Kerney, Political Education Political Education.29. WW speech, Jan. 17, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.30. Ida B. Taylor to RSB, Nov. 11, 1927, RSBP, box 116; WW to MAHP, Feb. 12, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.31. WW to MAHP, Apr. 2, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.32. On the Geran bill, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.33. WW speech at Harrison, Feb. 28, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.34. WW to MAHP, Mar. 5, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22; WW, quoted in PWW PWW, vol. 22, n. 1.35. Trenton Evening Times Trenton Evening Times and Trenton and Trenton True American True American, Mar. 14, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22, n. 1.36. WW statement, Mar. 20, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22; WW to MAHP, Mar. 26, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22. On Tumulty"s activities, see Blum, Tumulty and the Wilson Era Tumulty and the Wilson Era.37. On the pa.s.sage of the Geran bill, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.38. On these bills, see, ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, and PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22, n. 4.39. On these measures, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, and PWW PWW, vol. 22, n. 2.40. WW to MAHP, Apr. 23, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 22.41. James Nugent, quoted in PWW PWW, vol. 23, n. 1. On the committee meeting, n. 3. For another account of Nugent"s behavior, see Kerney, Political Education Political Education.42. WW speeches, Sept. 19 and 21, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23; Newark Evening News Newark Evening News, Oct. 4, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23.43. WW speeches, Oct. 5 and 7, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23, 416.44. Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Wilsons The Wilsons.45. Kerney, Political Education Political Education.46. SA, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J., 1993). (Princeton, N.J., 1993).47. Saunders, Ellen Axson Wilson Ellen Axson Wilson.7 NOMINEE NOMINEE1. On Walter Page"s activities on Wilson"s behalf, see John Milton Cooper, Jr., Walter Hines Page: The Southerner as American, 18551918 Walter Hines Page: The Southerner as American, 18551918 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1977). (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1977).2. WW to MAHP, Mar. 26, 1911; Apr. 2, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.3. WJB to WW, Jan. 5, [1911], PWW PWW, vol. 22; WW to MAHP, Mar. 12, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 22; EAW, quoted in James Kerney, The Political Education of Woodrow Wilson The Political Education of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1926). (New York, 1926).4. WW to MAHP, Apr. 9, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.5. WW speech, Feb. 21, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22; Archibald b.u.t.t to Clara b.u.t.t, Mar. 11, 1911, in Archibald b.u.t.t, Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie b.u.t.t Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie b.u.t.t (Garden City, N.Y., 1930), vol. 2; WW to MAHP, Mar. 13 [12], 1911, (Garden City, N.Y., 1930), vol. 2; WW to MAHP, Mar. 13 [12], 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.6. WW speech, Apr. 13, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.7. On Jefferson"s legacy, see Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (New York, 1960), esp. (New York, 1960), esp.8. WW speeches, Nov. 2, 1910; May 12, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 21; vol. 23.9. Portland Oregonian Oregonian, May 19, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 23; WW speeches, May 25, 1911; June 2, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 3.10. Nebraska State Journal Nebraska State Journal, May 27, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23; WW to Walter Page, June 7, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 23. On the meeting in Washington, see Frank Stockbridge, interview by RSB, Nov. 2, 1927, RSBP, box 122.11. William McCombs to WW, Sept. 26, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 23. On McCombs"s role, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, The Road to the White House The Road to the White House (Princeton, N.J., 1947). (Princeton, N.J., 1947).12. On McAdoo, see his autobiography, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston, 1931), and a contemporary biography, Mary Synon, (Boston, 1931), and a contemporary biography, Mary Synon, McAdoo: The Man and His Times, a Panorama in Democracy McAdoo: The Man and His Times, a Panorama in Democracy (Indianapolis, 1924). (Indianapolis, 1924).13. WW speech, Oct. 26, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23; WW to MAHP, Apr. 30, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 22.14. Charlotte Observer Charlotte Observer, Dec. 7, 1911, quoted in ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1; George Fred Williams, quoted in ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.15. WW statement, Dec. 5, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 23; EAW to Richard Heath Dabney, Feb. 12, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24.16. WW to MAHP, PWW PWW, vol. 23. The original letter from WW to Adrian Joline, Apr. 29, 1907, is in vol. 17.17. Dudley Field Malone, interview by RSB, Nov. 1, 1927, RSBP, box 111. On Daniels"s influence on Bryan, see JD, The Wilson Era The Wilson Era, vol. 1, Years of Peace, 19101917 Years of Peace, 19101917 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944). (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944).18. Malone, interview by RSB, Nov. 1, 1927, RSBP, box 116; WW speech, Jan. 8, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24; WW to MAHP, Jan. 12, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24.19. EAW to Robert Ewing, Jan. 12, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24; WW to George Harvey, Dec. 21, 1911, PWW PWW, vol. 23; Commoner Commoner, Jan. 26, 1912, quoted in ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1. On this incident, see also SA, interview by RSB, Mar. 12, 1925, RSBP, box 99, and Malone, interview by RSB, Nov. 1, 1927, RSBP, box 111.20. On James Beauchamp Clark, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, 401. There is no biography of Clark, and his autobiography, My Quarter Century of American Politics My Quarter Century of American Politics (New York, 1920), is singularly unreflective and uninformative, even in a genre noteworthy for those failings. (New York, 1920), is singularly unreflective and uninformative, even in a genre noteworthy for those failings.21. On the division of support in the South, see John Milton Cooper, Jr., The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1983). On the presidential candidacy of Oscar W. Underwood, see ASL, (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1983). On the presidential candidacy of Oscar W. Underwood, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, and Evans C. Johnson, Oscar W. Underwood: A Political Biography Oscar W. Underwood: A Political Biography (Baton Rouge, La., 1980). (Baton Rouge, La., 1980).22. WW, quoted in ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.23. For an excellent account of these primaries, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.24. On the appeal of James Beauchamp Clark, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.25. New York World World, Dec. 24, 1911; WW speeches, Jan. 12, 1912; Apr. 17, 1912; May 23, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24.26. WW public letter, May 24, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24; Newark Evening News Newark Evening News, May 28, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24. On the near encounter with Roosevelt, see William Starr Myers, "Wilson in My Diary," in Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories Woodrow Wilson: Some Princeton Memories, ed. William Starr Myers (Princeton, N.J., 1946). On the primary results, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.27. New York World World, Apr. 25, 1912; May 28, 1912; WW to MAHP, June 9, 1912, PWW PWW, vol. 24.28. On Wilson"s organization and contributors, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, 4023.29. TR speech, June 17, 1912, Theodore Roosevelt, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Hermann Hagedorn (New York, 1926), vol. 17; WW to Edith Gittings Reid, May 26, 1912, PWW PWW, vol. 24. Of the many accounts of the 1912 Republican convention, the best is Lewis L. Gould, Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (Lawrence, Kan., 2008). (Lawrence, Kan., 2008).30. On Roosevelt"s thinking, see Cooper, Warrior and Priest Warrior and Priest.31. WW speech, Feb. 12, 1912, PWW PWW, vol. 24; Kermit Roosevelt, quoted in JD, "Wilson and Bryan," Sat.u.r.day Evening Post Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, Sept. 5, 1925.32. On these ballots, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.33. WJB to WW, June 21, 1912, PWW PWW, vol. 24; WW to WJB, June 22, 1912, PWW PWW, vol. 24; New York Times New York Times, July 4, 1912. On these incidents, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, 44243.34. WW telephone messages, June 29, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24; New York Times New York Times, June 30, 1912. For Joseph Tumulty"s recollection and William McCombs"s claim, see PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24, n. 1.35. WW to MAHP, July 6, 1 1912, PWW, vol. 24; New York World World, June 30, 1912. On the back and forth among Wilson, McCombs, and McAdoo, see McAdoo, Crowded Years Crowded Years, and PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24, n. 3.36. On the Wilson managers" tactics and Sullivan"s switch, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1.37. New York Times New York Times, July 3, 1912.38. Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Woodrow Wilsons The Woodrow Wilsons (New York, 1937); WW to MAHP, July 6, 1912, (New York, 1937); WW to MAHP, July 6, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24.8 THE GREAT CAMPAIGN THE GREAT CAMPAIGN1. Soon after Wilson"s nomination, a Democratic senator told him that Robert La Follette, who nursed a grudge against Roosevelt for s.n.a.t.c.hing away the insurgent Republican leadership, had said that "the real fight would be between you [Wilson] and Roosevelt in November and that Taft would not win the electoral vote of more than six states-a view very generally shared by the shrewdest of the Washington correspondents and by many well-informed members of Congress." Luke Lea to WW, July 13, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 24.2. TR speech at Chicago, Aug. 6, 1912, in TR, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Hermann Hagedorn (New York, 1926), vol. 17, 292, 299.3. WW speech, Aug. 7, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 25.4. TR to Hiram Johnson, Oct. 27, 1911, in TR, Letters Letters, ed. Elting E. Morison, vol. 7, The Days of Armageddon, 19001914 The Days of Armageddon, 19001914 (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1954). On Roosevelt"s att.i.tude toward Wilson, see also John Milton Cooper, Jr., (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1954). On Roosevelt"s att.i.tude toward Wilson, see also John Milton Cooper, Jr., The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1983), 160. (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1983), 160.5. WW to MAHP, Dec. 17, 1911, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 23. On the discussion of the New Nationalism, see Winthrop M. Daniels to WW, Oct. 13, 1910, PWW, vol. 21, and WW to Daniels, Oct. 17, 1910, PWW PWW, vol. 21. On Wilson"s att.i.tude toward Roosevelt, see Cooper, Warrior and Priest Warrior and Priest.6. On the early visits and arrangements, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, The Road to the White House The Road to the White House (Princeton, N.J., 1947). (Princeton, N.J., 1947).7. Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, The Woodrow Wilsons The Woodrow Wilsons (New York, 1937); WW to MAHP, Aug. 25, 1912, (New York, 1937); WW to MAHP, Aug. 25, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 25.8. McAdoo, The Wilsons The Wilsons; WJB to WW, Aug. [1]8, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 25.9. On Brandeis, see Alpheus T. Mason, Brandeis: A Free Man"s Life Brandeis: A Free Man"s Life (New York, 1946), and Philippa Strum, (New York, 1946), and Philippa Strum, Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1984). (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1984).10. New York Times New York Times, Aug. 29, 1912; Louis Brandeis, interview by RSB, Mar. 3, 1929, RSBP, box 102.11. WW to Brandeis, [Nov. 12, 1912], PWW, vol PWW, vol. 25. On the meeting and Brandeis"s influence, see ASL, Wilson Wilson, vol. 1, and Cooper, Warrior and Priest Warrior and Priest.12. WW speech, Sept. 2, 1912, PWW, vol PWW, vol. 25.13. TR speech at Fargo, Sept. 6, 1912, Outlook Outlook, Sept. 11, 1912.14. Oscar King Davis, Released for Publication: Some Inside Political History of Theodore Roosevelt and His Times, 18981918 (Boston, 1925). (Boston, 1
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