[1] _Unserm furnchmen nach_. See Introduction, p. 57.
[2] An ironical comparison of the monks" cowl and tonsure with the headgear of the jester.
[3] i. e., Which one turns out to be the real fool.
[4] The proverb ran, _Monachus semper praesens_, "a monk is always there." See Wander, _Deutsches Sprichworterlexicon_, under Monch, No.
130.
[5] Evidently a reference to the _Gravamina of the German Nation_; see Gebhardt, _Die Grav. der Deutschen Nation_, Breslau, 1895.
[6] Councils of the Church, especially those of Constance (1414-18), and of Basel (1431-39).
[7] Charles V. was elected Emperor in 1519, when but twenty years of age. Hutten expresses his "hopes of good" from Charles in _Vadiscus_ (Bocking, IV, 156).
[8] Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1100).
[9] Frederick II (1212-1250), grandson of Barbarossa and last of the great Hohenstaufen Emperors. He died under excommunication.
[10] Pope Julius II (1503-1513). Notorious among the popes for his unscrupulous pursuit of political power, he was continually involved in war with one and another of the European powers over the possession of territories in Italy.
[11] Luther"s recollection of the figures was faulty.
[12] The term "Romanist" is applied by Luther to the champions of the extreme form of papal supremacy. C. Vol. I, p. 343 f.
[13] i. e., The three rods for the punishment of an evil pope.
[14] _Spuknisse_, literally "ghosts." The gist of the sentence is, "the Romanists have frightened the world with ghost-stories."
[15] _Olegotze_--"an image anointed with holy oil to make it sacred"; in modern German, "a blockhead."
[16] Lay-baptism in view of imminent death is a practice as old as the Christian Church. The right of the laity to administer baptism in such cases was expressly recognized by the Council of Elvira, in the year 306, and the decree of that Council became a part of the law of the Church. The right of the laity to give absolution in such cases rests on the principle that in the absence of the appointed official of the Church any Christian can do for any other Christian the things that are absolutely necessary or salvation, for "necessity knows no law."
Cf. Vol. I, p. 30, note 2.
[17] The canon law, called by Luther throughout this treatise and elsewhere, the "spiritual law," is a general name for the decrees of councils ("canons" in the strict sense) and decisions of the popes ("decretals," "const.i.tutions," etc.), promulgated by authority of the popes, and collected in the so-called _Corpus juris canonici_. It comprised the whole body of Church law, and embodied in legal forms the mediaeval theory of papal absolutism, which accounts for the bitterness with which Luther speaks of it, especially in this treatise. The Corpus includes the following collections of canons and decretals: The _Decretum of Gratian_ (1142), the _Liber Extra_ (1234), the _Liber s.e.xtus_ (1298), the _Const.i.tutiones Clementinae_ (1318 or 1317), and the two books of _Extravagantes_ ,--the _Extravagantes of John XXII_, and the _Extravagantes communes_. The last pope whose decrees are included is Sixtus IV (died 1484). See _Catholic Encyclop._,IV, pp. 391 ff.
[18] Augustine, the master-theologian of the Ancient Church, bishop of Hippo in Africa from 395-430.
[19] Ambrose, bishop of Milan from 374-397, had not yet been baptised at the time of his election to the episcopate, which was forced upon him by the unanimous voice of the people of the city.
[20] Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, 247-258, is said to have consented to accept the office only when the congregation surrounded his house and besought him to yield to their entreaties.
[21] _Was ausz der Tauff krochen ist_.
[22] The _character indelebilis_, or "indelible mark," received authoritative statement in the bull _Exultate Deo_ (1439). Eugenius IV, summing up the Decrees of the Council of Florence, says: "Among these sacraments there are three--baptism, confirmation, and orders--which indelibly impress upon the soul a character, i. e., a certain spiritual mark which distinguishes them from the rest" (Mirbt, _Quellen_, 2d ed., No. 150). The Council of Trent in its XXIII.
Session, July 15, 1563 (Mirbt, No. 312), defined the correct Roman teaching as follows: "Since in the sacrament of orders, as in baptism and confirmation, a character is impressed which cannot be destroyed or taken away, the Holy Synod justly condemns the opinion of those who a.s.sert that the priests of the New Testament have only temporary power, and that those once rightly ordained can again be made laymen, if they do not exercise the ministry of the Word of G.o.d."
[23] i. e., They are all Christians, among whom there can be no essential difference.
[24] The sharp distinction which the Roman Church drew between clergy and laity found practical application in the contention that the clergy should be exempt from the jurisdiction of the civil courts, This is the so-called _privilegium fori_, "benefit of clergy." It was further claimed that the government of the clergy and the administration of Church property must be entirely in the hands of the Church authorities, and that no lay rulers might either make or enforce laws which in any way affected the Church. See Lea, _Studies in Church History_, 169-219 and _Prot. Realencyk._, VI, 594.
[25] It was the contention of the Church authorities that priests charged with infraction of the laws of the state should first be tried in the ecclesiastical courts. If found guilty, they were degraded from the priesthood and handed over to the state authorities for punishment. Formula for degradation in the canon law, C. 2 in VI, _de poen._ (V, 9). See _Prot. Realencyk._, VI, 589.
[26] The interdict is the prohibition of the administration of the sacraments and of the other rites of the Church within the territory upon which the interdict is laid (_Realencyk._, IX, 208 f.). Its use was not uncommon in the Middle Ages, and during the time that the power of the popes was at its height it proved an effective means of bringing refractory rulers to terms. A famous instance is the interdict laid upon the Kingdom of England by Innocent III in 1208.
Interdicts of more limited local extent were quite frequent. The use of the interdict as punishment for trifling infractions of church law was a subject of complaint at the diets of Worms (1521) and Nurnberg (1524). See A. Wrede, _Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Kaiser Karl V._, II, pp. 685 f, III, 665.
[27] The statement of which Luther here complains is found in the Decretum of Gratian, _Dist. XL, c. 6, Si papa_. In his _Epitome_ (see Introduction, p. 58), Prierias had quoted this canon against Luther, as follows: "_A Pontifex indubitatus_ (i. e., a pope who is not accused of heresy or schism) cannot lawfully be deposed or judged either by a council or by the whole world, even if he is so scandalous as to lead people with him by crowds into the possession of h.e.l.l."
Luther"s comment is: "Be astonished, O heaven; shudder, O earth!
Behold, O Christians, what Rome is!" (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 336).
[28] Gregory the Great, pope 590-604. The pa.s.sage is found in Migne, LXXVI, 203; LXXVII, 34.
[29] Antichrist, the incarnation of all that is hostile to Christ and His Kingdom. His appearance is prophesied in 2 Thess. 2:3-10 (the "man of sin, sitting in the temple of G.o.d"); 1 John 2:18, 22; 4:3, and Rev.
13. In the early Church the Fathers sometimes thought the prophecies fulfilled in the person of some especially pestilent heretic. Wyclif applied the term to the pope,--"the pope would seem to be not the vicar of Christ, but the vicar of Antichrist" (see Loos, _Dogmengeschichte_, 4th ed., p. 649). On Dec. 11, 1518, Luther wrote to Link: "You can see whether my suspicion is correct that at the Roman court the true Antichrist rules of whom St. Paul speaks"; and March 13, 1519, he wrote to Spalatin: "I am not sure but that the pope is Antichrist or his apostle." It was the worldly pretensions of the papacy which suggested the idea both to Wyclif and to Luther. By the year 1520 Luther had come to the definite conclusion that the pope was the "man of sin, sitting in the temple of G.o.d," and this opinion he never surrendered.
[30] See above, p. 65.
[31] According to academic usage, the holder of a Master"s degree was authorised to expound the subject named in the degree.
[32] The doctrine of papal infallibility was never officially sanctioned in the Middle Ages, but the claim of infallibility was repeatedly made by the champions of the more extreme view of papal power, e. g., Augustinus Triumphus (died 1328) in his _Summa de potestate Papae_. In his attack upon the XCV Theses (_Dialogus de potestate Papae_, Dec, 1517) Prierias had a.s.serted, "The supreme pontiff (i. e., the pope) cannot err when giving a decision as pontiff, i. e., speaking officially (_ex officio_), and doing what in him lies to learn the truth"; and again, "Whoever does not rest upon the teaching of the Roman Church and the supreme pontiff as an infallible rule of faith, from which even Holy Scripture draws its vigor and authority, is a heretic" (_Erl. Ed., op. var. arg._, I, 348). In the _Epitome_ he had said: "Even though the pope as an individual (_singularis persona_) can do wrong and hold a wrong faith, nevertheless as pope he cannot give a wrong decision" (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 337).
[33] Most recently in Prierias"s _Epitome_. See preceding note.
[34] Luther had discussed the whole subject of the power of the keys in a Latin treatise, _Resolutio super propositione xiii. de potestate papae_, of 1519 (_Weimar Ed._, II, pp. 185 ff.), and in the German treatise _The Papacy at Rome_ (Vol. I, pp. 337-394).
[35] Pp. 66 ff.
[36] Another contention of Prierias. In 1518 (Nov. 25th) Luther had appealed his cause from the decision of the pope, which he foresaw would be adverse, to the decision of a council to be held at some future time. In the _Epitome_ Prierias discusses this appeal, a.s.serting, among other things, that "when there is one undisputed pontiff, it belongs to him alone to call a council," and that "the decrees of councils neither bind nor hold (_nullum ligant vel astringunt_) unless they are confirmed by authority of the Roman pontiff" (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 335).
[37] i. e., A mere gathering of people.
[38] The Council of Nicaea, the first of the great councils of the Church, a.s.sembled in 325 for the settlement of the Arian controversy.
Luther"s statement that it was called by the Emperor Constantine, and that its decisions did not derive their validity from any papal confirmation, is historically correct. On Luther"s statements about this council, see _Schaffer, _Luther als Kirchenhistoriker_, pp. 291 ff.; Kohler, Luther und die Kg., pp. 148 ff.
[39] Luther is here referring to the earlier so-called "ec.u.menical"
councils.
[40] i. e., A council which will not be subject to the pope. Cf.
_Erl. Ed._, xxvi, 112.
[41] i. e., They belong to the "spiritual estate"; see above, p. 69.
[42] _Der Haufe_, i. e. Christians considered _en ma.s.se_, without regard to official position in the Church.
[43] The papal crown dates from the XI Century; the triple crown, or tiara, from the beginning of the XIV. It was intended to signify that very superiority of the pope to the rulers of this world, of which Luther here complains. See _Realencyk._, X, 532, and literature there cited.
[44] A statement made by Augustinus Triumphus. See above, p. 73, note 5; and below, p. 246.
[45] The Cardinal della Rovere, afterwards Pope Julius II, held at one time the archbishopric of Avignon, the bishoprics of Bologna, Lausanne, Coutances, Viviers, Mende, Ostia and Velletri, and the abbacies of Nonantola and Grottaferrata. This is but one ill.u.s.tration of the scandalous pluralism practised by the cardinals. Cf. Lea, in _Cambridge Mod. Hist._, I, pp. 650 f.