[Sidenote: Cradock near coast of Chili.]
[Sidenote: German cruisers sighted.]
Sir Christopher Cradock, meanwhile, had rounded the Horn once more, and was cruising northwards up the coast of Chili. That coast, indeed, once the haunt of corsairs and filibusters, was rich in historic a.s.sociations and in natural beauties. An element of grandeur and of mystery seemed to hover around the countless ridges and peaks of the Andes, stretching, with the gleam of their eternal snows, for four thousand miles, and gazing down across the illimitable waters of the occident. Upon the plateaux, miles above sea level, stood old stone temples and pyramids which rivalled in ma.s.siveness and ingenuity those of Egypt and of Babylon. The student of ancient civilizations could trace, in the mystic deities of the Incas and Araucanians, a strange similarity to the deities of the Chaldeans and Babylonians. Speculation upon this a.n.a.logy formed a fascinating theme. This coast, too, was sacred to memories that could not but be dear to sailors as gallant and daring as Cradock, since his services in China, in 1900, was known to be. Among other familiar British names, Cochrane, Lord Dundonald, had won enduring glory in the struggle for Chilian independence, nearly a hundred years before. The conditions of naval warfare had, indeed, through the introduction of armour and the perfection of weapons, radically changed since Cochrane, in a series of singularly audacious exploits, had overcome the fleets of Spain. Sea-fighting had become purely a matter of science. The object of strategy was to concentrate faster ships and more powerful guns against weaker force. The odds with which Cradock was to contend against the Germans were greater in proportion, if less in bulk, than the odds with which Cochrane had contended, with his peasant crews and his hulks, against the Spanish "wooden-walls". Admiral Cradock now knew that there were two more cruisers in the neighbourhood than had at first been supposed. The _Canopus_ had accordingly been sent to join his squadron.
But she was a battleship, and much slower than the cruisers. She could travel no faster than at eighteen knots. Cradock proceeded northwards, ahead of the _Canopus_, made a rendezvous off Concepcion Bay for his colliers, and went into Coronel and on to Valparaiso to pick up news and receive letters. The squadron then returned to the rendezvous and coaled. This completed, the Admiral directed the _Glasgow_ to proceed again to Coronel to dispatch certain cables. Captain Luce duly carried out his mission, and left Coronel at nine o"clock on Sunday morning, November 1, steaming northwards to rejoin the other ships. A gale was rising. The wind was blowing strongly from the south. Heavy seas continually buffeted the vessel. At two o"clock a wireless signal was received from the _Good Hope_. Apparently from wireless calls there was an enemy ship to northward. The squadron must spread out in line, proceeding in a direction north-east-by-east, the flagship forming one extremity, the _Glasgow_ the other. It was to move at fifteen knots. At twenty minutes past four in the afternoon, smoke was observed upon the horizon. The _Glasgow_ put on speed and approached. Officers soon made out the funnels of four cruisers. It was the enemy. The Germans, their big armoured cruisers leading, and the smaller behind, gave chase.
[Sidenote: The squadrons approach.]
The _Glasgow_ swept round to northward, calling to the flagship with her wireless. Von Spee, antic.i.p.ating this move, at once set his wireless in operation, in order to jamb the British signals. Captain Luce soon picked up the _Monmouth_ and the _Otranto_, and the three ships raced northwards towards the flagship, the _Glasgow_ leading. At about five o"clock the _Good Hope_ was seen approaching. The three ships wheeled into line behind her, and the whole squadron now proceeded south. Von Spee, coming up from that direction in line ahead, about twelve miles off, changed his course and also proceeded south, keeping nearer to the coast. The wind was now blowing almost with the force of a hurricane. So heavy was the sea that small boats would have been unable to keep afloat. But the sky was not completely overcast, and the sun was shining. Firing had not opened. The washing of the seas and the roaring of the wind deafened the ear to other sounds. The warship of to-day, when her great turbines are whirling round at their highest speed, moves without throb and almost without vibration through the waves. The two squadrons, drawing level, the Germans nearer to the coast, raced in the teeth of the gale, in two parallel lines, to the south.
[Sidenote: British vessels.]
[Sidenote: Cradock orders attack.]
Sir Christopher Cradock could not but realize that the situation was hazardous. He had three vessels capable of fighting men-of-war. The _Otranto_ was only an armed liner, and must withdraw when the battle developed. The _Good Hope_ displaced some 14,000 tons, and was armed with two 9"2-inch and sixteen 6-inch guns. The _Monmouth_, with a tonnage of 9,800, carried fourteen 6-inch pieces, but the _Glasgow_, a ship of 4,800 tons, had only two of the 6-inch weapons. It was certain that the German 82-inch guns, if the shooting was at all good, would be found to outrange and outcla.s.s the British. Cradock was certainly at a disadvantage in gun-power. His protective armour was weaker than that of the enemy. Nor did his speed give him any superiority. Though the _Glasgow_ was capable of twenty-six knots, the flagship and the _Monmouth_ could only go to twenty-three. But there was another consideration which the Admiral might weigh. Coming slowly up from the south, but probably still a considerable distance off, was the battleship _Canopus_. Her presence would give the British a decided preponderance. She was a vessel of some 13,000 tons, and her armament included four 12-inch and twelve 6-inch pieces. How far was she away?
How soon could she arrive upon the scene? Evening was closing in.
Cradock was steering hard in her direction. If the British, engaging the enemy immediately, could keep them in play throughout the night, when firing must necessarily be desultory, perhaps morning would bring the _Canopus_ hastening into the action. It was possible that the Germans did not know of her proximity. They might, accepting the contest, and expecting to cripple the British next morning at their leisure, find themselves trapped. But in any case they should not be allowed to proceed without some such attempt being made to destroy them. It must not be said that, because the enemy was in greater force, a British squadron had taken to flight. Perhaps it would be better, since darkness would afford little opportunity of man[oe]uvring for action, to draw nearer and to engage fairly soon. It was about a quarter past six. The Germans were about 15,000 yards distant. Cradock ordered the speed of his squadron to seventeen knots. He then signalled by wireless to the _Canopus_, "I am going to attack enemy now".
[Sidenote: At closer range.]
[Sidenote: Only gun flashes to direct fire.]
[Sidenote: The _Good Hope_ blown up.]
The sun was setting. The western horizon was mantled by a canopy of gold. Von Spee"s man[oe]uvre in closing in nearer to the sh.o.r.e had placed him in an advantageous position as regards the light. The British ships, when the sun had set, were sharply outlined against the glowing sky. The Germans were partly hidden in the failing light and by the mountainous coast. The island of Santa Maria, off Coronel, lay in the distance. Von Spee had been gradually closing to within 12,000 yards.
The appropriate moment for engaging seemed to be approaching. A few minutes after sunset, about seven o"clock, the leading German cruiser opened fire with her largest guns. Sh.e.l.ls shrieked over and short of the _Good Hope_, some falling within five hundred yards. As battle was now imminent, the _Otranto_ began to haul out of line, and to edge away to the south-west. The squadrons were converging rapidly, but the smaller cruisers were as yet out of range. The British replied in quick succession to the German fire. As the distance lessened, each ship engaged that opposite in the line. The _Good Hope_ and the _Monmouth_ had to bear the brunt of the broadsides of the _Scharnhorst_ and the _Gneisenau_. The _Glasgow_, in the rear, exchanged shots with the light cruisers, the _Leipzig_ and the _Dresden_. The shooting was deadly. The third of the rapid salvos of the enemy armoured cruisers set the _Good Hope_ and the _Monmouth_ afire. Sh.e.l.ls began to find their mark, some exploding overhead and bursting in all directions. In about ten minutes the _Monmouth_ sheered off the line to westward about one hundred yards.
She was being hit heavily. Her foremost turret, shielding one of her 6-inch guns, was in flames. She seemed to be reeling and shaking. She fell back into line, however, and then out again to eastward, her 6-inch guns roaring intermittently. Darkness was now gathering fast. The range had narrowed to about 5,000 yards. The seven ships were all in action.
Many sh.e.l.ls striking the sea sent up columns of white spray, showing weirdly in the twilight. It was an impressive scene. The dim light, the heavy seas, the rolling of the vessels, distracted the aim. Some of the guns upon the main decks, being near the water-line, became with each roll almost awash. The British could fire only at the flashes of the enemy"s guns. Often the heavy head seas hid even the flashes from the gun-layers. It was impossible to gauge the effect of their sh.e.l.ls. The fore-turret of the _Good Hope_ burst into flames, and she began to fall away out of line towards the enemy. The _Glasgow_ kept up a continual fire upon the German light cruisers with one of her 6-inch guns and her port batteries. A sh.e.l.l struck her below deck, and men waited for the planks to rise. No explosion nor fire, however, occurred. But the British flagship was now burning brightly forward, and was falling more and more out of line to eastward. It was about a quarter to eight.
Suddenly there was the roar of an explosion. The part about the _Good Hope"s_ after-funnel split asunder, and a column of flame, sparks, and debris was blown up to a height of about two hundred feet. She never fired her guns again. Total destruction must have followed. Sir Christopher Cradock and nine hundred brave sailors went down in the stormy deep. The other ships raced past her in the darkness. The _Monmouth_ was in great distress. She left the line after a while, and turned back, steaming with difficulty to northwest. She had ceased firing. The vessels had been travelling at a rate which varied from seven to seventeen knots. The _Glasgow_, now left alone, eased her speed in order to avoid sh.e.l.ls intended for the _Monmouth_. The Germans dropped slowly back. The _Scharnhorst_ and the _Gneisenau_ now concentrated their salvos upon the _Glasgow_. The range was about 4,500 yards. A sh.e.l.l struck the second funnel: five others. .h.i.t her side at the waterline, but fortunately not in dangerous places. Luce, her captain, since the flagship was no more, was senior officer. He brought his vessel round and moved rapidly back.
[Sidenote: _Monmouth_ in distress.]
[Sidenote: Enemy is signalling in Morse.]
[Sidenote: _Glasgow_ draws away.]
[Sidenote: The _Monmouth_ finally capsizes.]
The _Monmouth_ had now fallen away to a north-easterly course. Luce stood by signalling. Could she steer north-west? She was making water badly forward, Captain Brandt answered, and he wanted to get stern to sea. The enemy were following, Luce signalled again. There was no reply.
The _Glasgow_ steamed nearer. The _Monmouth_ was in a sinking condition.
Her bows were under water, and the men were a.s.sembled at the stern. The sea was running very high. Rain and mist had come on, though a moon was now rising. The enemy had altered course, and were approaching in line abreast about 6,000 yards away. A light kept twinkling at regular intervals from one of the ships. They were signalling in Morse, and evidently were forming plans of action. Firing was still proceeding intermittently. It was about half-past eight. Captain Luce could see nothing for it but to abandon the _Monmouth_ to her fate. To rescue her crew, under such conditions, was impossible, while to stand by and endeavour to defend her would be folly. The _Glasgow_ was not armoured, and could not contend with armoured vessels. Of the two guns she possessed capable of piercing the enemy"s armour, one had been put out of action ten minutes after the start. If she stayed and fought to the end, 370 good lives, in addition to the sufficiently heavy toll of 1,600 in the _Good Hope_ and the _Monmouth_, would be needlessly sacrificed.
The _Canopus_, moreover, must be warned. She was coming up from the south to sure destruction. She could hardly be expected successfully to combat the whole German squadron. Nevertheless, it must have been with heavy hearts that the men of the _Glasgow_ turned away to seek safety in flight. It is recorded that, as they moved off into the darkness, a cheer broke forth from the _Monmouth"s_ decks. Before the sinking vessel became lost to sight another and a third went up. At about a quarter past nine the _Nurnberg_, which had not been engaged in the main action, came across the _Monmouth_. It is said that, though in a sinking condition, the British ship attempted to ram her enemy. But the _Nurnberg_ began to bombard her, and she capsized.
[Sidenote: _Glasgow_ and _Canopus_ start for Rio de Janeiro.]
The _Glasgow_ steamed off in a north-westerly direction. A few minutes before nine the enemy became lost to sight. Half an hour later many distant flashes of gunfire, the death-struggle of the _Monmouth_, were seen. The play of a searchlight, which lasted a few seconds and then disappeared, was also observed. The vessel bore round gradually to the south. Her wireless was put into operation, and she made efforts to get through to the _Canopus_. But the Germans had again set their apparatus in motion, and the messages were jambed. Only after some hours was the _Glasgow_ successful. Steaming hard at twenty-four knots through the heavy seas, her engines and boilers fortunately being intact, she at length joined the battleship. The two ships made straight for the Falkland Islands.
The news of the disaster stirred great alarm in the colony. Before the day on which the ships arrived was out the dismay was further increased.
The _Canopus_ at first expected to stay ten days. Her presence provided substantial relief. If the enemy appeared, she and even the damaged _Glasgow_ could give a very good account of themselves. But during the morning Captain Grant of the _Canopus_ received a wireless message from the Admiralty. He was to proceed immediately to Rio de Janeiro with the _Glasgow_. The Brazilian Government had granted the latter permission to enter the dry dock there to make urgent repairs. But seven days only were allowed for this purpose. In the evening the warships cast off, and steamed away to northward.
[Sidenote: The colony almost defenseless.]
[Sidenote: Falklands prepare for attack.]
[Sidenote: Burying the Governor"s silver and table linen.]
Stanley was now in an unenviable situation. A powerful German squadron, flushed with victory, was probably making for the Islands. The colony was almost defenceless. All the opposition that the enemy would meet would be from a few hundred volunteers. A wireless message that came through emphasized the imminence of the danger. Warnings and instructions were outlined. If the enemy landed, the volunteers were to fight. But retiring tactics must be adopted. Care should be taken to keep out of range of the enemy"s big guns. The Governor at once called a council of war. There could be little doubt that a descent would be made upon the colony. The position was full of peril. But resistance must certainly be offered. The few women, children, and old men who still remained at Stanley must be sent away immediately. Fortunately the time of year was propitious. November is, indeed, in the Falklands considered the only dry month. The ground is then covered with a variety of sweet-scented flowers. Further, all the stores it was possible to remove must be taken into the "camp". Quant.i.ties of provisions must be hidden away at various points within reach of the town. In order to add to the mobility of the defending force, it would be well to bring in another hundred horses from the "camp". Every man should be mounted. These measures were duly carried out. Every preparation was made and every precaution taken. Everybody began to pack up boxes of goods. Clothes, stores, and valuables were all taken away to safety. Books, papers, and money were removed from the Government offices, and from the headquarters of the Falkland Islands Company. What was not sent away was buried. The official papers and code-books were buried every night, and dug up and dried every morning. The Governor"s tableclothes gave rise to much anxiety. It was thought, since they were marked "G. R.", they would be liable to insult by the Germans. They were accordingly buried. This conscientious loyalty, however, proved costly. The Governor"s silver, wrapped in green baize, was, unfortunately, placed in the same hole. The tablecloths became mixed up with the baize. The damp got through, and the linen was badly stained. There was a feeling that the attack would come at dawn. People sat up all night, and only went to bed when morning was well advanced. All offices were closed and business was suspended.
This state of tension lasted several days. At length, from the look-out post above the town, a warship, apparently a cruiser, was seen making straight for the wireless station. When she got within range she turned broadside on. Her decks were cleared for action.
[Sidenote: _Canopus_ arrives.]
There was a call to arms. Church and dockyard bells pealed out the alarm. Non-combatants streamed out of the town into the "camp". The volunteers paraded, and lined up with their horses. It would soon become a question whether to resist a landing or to retire. In any event the men were ready and provided with emergency rations. But no firing sounded. Signals were exchanged between the vessel and the sh.o.r.e. It was a false alarm. The new-comer was H. M. S. _Canopus_.
[Sidenote: A serious outlook--decks are cleared for action.]
She had proceeded, in accordance with her orders, towards Rio de Janeiro with the _Glasgow_. When two days" journey off her destination, however, she received another message. She was directed to return and to defend the Falklands in case of attack. These instructions were received with mingled feelings. To fight alone a powerful squadron was by no means an attractive prospect. Duty, however, was duty. The _Canopus_ turned about, and retraced her pa.s.sage. She set her wireless in operation, and tried to get through to Stanley. But for some reason she was unable to do so. It was concluded that the Germans had made a raid and had destroyed the wireless station. Probably they had occupied the town. The outlook seemed serious. The _Canopus_ had her instructions, however, and there was no drawing back. The decks were cleared for action. Ammunition was served out. Guns were loaded and trained. With every man at his post the ship steamed at full speed into the harbour. Great was the relief when it was found that all was well.
[Sidenote: German raid antic.i.p.ated.]
[Sidenote: Shackleton"s visit to South Georgia.]
The inhabitants were not less relieved. The presence of the battleship was felt to add materially to the security of the town. The Germans would probably hesitate before attacking a ship of her size. If they sustained damage involving loss of fighting efficiency, there was no harbour they could turn to for repair, except so far as their seaworthiness was affected. Nevertheless, it was almost certain that some raid upon the Islands would be attempted. Guns were landed from the ship, and measures were taken to make the defence as effective as possible. Perhaps if the enemy blockaded Stanley, the British would be able to hold out until other warships, certain to be sent to avenge the defeat, arrived. Relief could hardly be expected for two or three weeks.
The Falklands formed a very distant corner of the Empire. It was doubtful, indeed, whether even the ubiquitous German spy had penetrated to these remote and barren sh.o.r.es. It could, however, be recalled that, in 1882, a German expedition had landed on South Georgia, a dependent island of the Falklands, eight hundred miles to their south-east, to observe the transit of Venus. Upon that same island, indeed, another and a quite unsuspicious expedition had landed, early in that very month, November. Sir Ernest Shackleton, the explorer, had left Buenos Ayres on the morning of October 26, on his way across the antarctic continent. His little vessel of 230 tons, the _Endurance_, pa.s.sed through the war zone in safety, and reached South Georgia on November 5.
He remained for about a month before leaving for the lonely tracts for which his little party was bound. The island was his last link with civilization. Though sub-antarctic, it possessed features as up-to-date as electric-light, universal even in pigsties and henhouses. And the march of man, it was observed, had introduced the familiar animals of the farmyard, and even a monkey, into a region whose valleys, dest.i.tute of tree or shrub, lay clothed with perpetual snow.
[Sidenote: St.u.r.dee"s squadron reaches Port Stanley.]
[Sidenote: German cruisers sighted.]
Meanwhile, November pa.s.sed into December without any appearance of the Germans off the Falklands. The tension became very much relieved. Women and children were brought back to Stanley, after being away a month or six weeks. Messages emanating from the hostile squadron, registered by the wireless station, indicated that the enemy were still in the vicinity. But the condition of the colony became again almost normal.
The relief and security were complete when, at length, on Monday, December 7, a powerful British squadron, under Vice-Admiral Sir Doveton St.u.r.dee, arrived at Port Stanley. There were seven warships, besides the _Canopus_. The _Invincible_ and the _Inflexible_ had left Plymouth on November 11, and had proceeded to the West Indies. Their mission was to avenge Coronel. They had picked up at Albatross Rock the _Carnarvon_, _Cornwall_, _Bristol_, _Kent_, _Glasgow_, now repaired, and _Macedonia_, an armed liner. All had then steamed southwards towards the Falklands.
The vessels started coaling. Officers came ash.o.r.e to stretch their legs.
Certain stores were laid in. It was antic.i.p.ated that the squadron would depart in search of the enemy on the evening of the following day. That search might, indeed, be a matter of months. Early next morning, December 8, at about eight o"clock, a volunteer observer posted on Sapper"s Hill, two miles from Stanley, sighted two vessels upon the horizon. Twenty minutes later the smoke of two others came into view in the same direction. They were soon recognized as German cruisers. The excitement was intense. The news was immediately carried to the authorities. It was hastily signalled to the fleet. Most of the ships were at anchor in Port William, the outer entrance to Port Stanley. Some of the naval officers were aroused from their repose. It is recorded that, upon hearing the news, the flag-lieutenant dashed down to Admiral St.u.r.dee"s cabin, clad in his pyjamas. Sir Doveton was shaving. The lieutenant poured forth his information. "Well," said the Admiral, dryly, "you had better go and get dressed. We"ll see about it later."[1]
FOOTNOTE:
[1] The writer cannot vouch for the truth of this anecdote, which he merely records as given in a letter published in the press. But the source from which it was taken, together with many of the preceding details of the condition of Stanley during the period of tension, has proved so accurate in essential points of fact, that their insertion seems justifiable.
[Sidenote: Achievements of the raiders.]
[Sidenote: Supplies hard to obtain.]
[Sidenote: The question of neutrality.]
[Sidenote: Chile"s neutrality.]
[Sidenote: Falklands a possible base.]