Pl. 138
[Ill.u.s.tration]
MALURUS garrulus,
_Noisy Soft-tail Warbler._
GENERIC CHARACTER.
_Rostrum validius, breve, totum valde compressum, altius quam latius, culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem aliquand emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membrana tectae, apertura laterali. Alae brevissimae, rotundatae, remigum 3 primorum longitudine proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa, cuneata, radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad digiti medii basin annexo. Hallux validus._
_Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructa._ Tem.
Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and bent at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated, the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong.
Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. _Temminck._
Generic Types--t.u.r.dus brachypterus. _Lath._ Le Fluteur. _Vail. Ois.
d"Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2. Le Capolier. _Do._ _pl._ 129. _pl._ 130.
_f._ 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
_M. fuscus, infra albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis, ac.u.minatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; cauda mediocri, rotundata._
M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid, pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail moderate, rounded.
The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable for its very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in the woodland scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed it: the nest is built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks, without any neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling at a distance a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by accident: sometimes two of these nests appear as if joined together, and there is an opening on the side, besides one at the top. The s.e.xes are generally seen near the nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous chirp, particularly in the morning and evening. I never could bring myself to tear one of their nests to pieces, merely to see its construction.
All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be natives either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these birds are now before me; the other (_Le Capolier_,) is so like the species here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant"s plate) they might easily pa.s.s for the same bird. Two other species, with characters perfectly resembling _M. garrulus_, are likewise found in Brazil.
From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these birds, I conceive they may const.i.tute a very natural genus, closely allied to _Sylvia_, having very compressed bills, short wings, russet coloured plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building rather large and cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of the birds mentioned by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend it will become entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only the birds above mentioned, but the _Motacilla superba_, and a large non-descript bird from New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit, though not in characters, resembles a shrike.
M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short and obscure, that little can be gained from it.
The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give some idea of the singular nest of this bird.
Pl. 139
[Ill.u.s.tration]
SYLVIA plumbea,
_Grey-backed Warbler._
GENERIC CHARACTER.
_Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibula superiori aliquando emarginata, inferiori recta. Nares basales, laterales, membrana partim tectae. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito exteriori ad basin annect.i.tur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinna prima brevissima aliquando caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores._ Temm.
Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral, partly covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is united to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter than the toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or wanting, greater covers much shorter than the quills. _Temminck._
Generic Types--_t.u.r.dus arundinaceus._ Lath. _Sylvia locustella._ _Luscinia._ _Trochilus._ _Regulus._ (Temminck.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
_S. caeruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus albis._
Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with white.
There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the Warblers, that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The species are exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the world; several abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird" of our childhood, the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now before us is a native of Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr. Leadbeater; I never met with it myself. The first quill feather is hardly shorter than the three next, which are all of equal length; the tail-feathers are even, and rather pointed; their colour black, margined with grey; the two outer with a white spot on the inner web; the under wing and tail-covers white.
I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck"s definition of this overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while the generality of the birds composing it remain so little known.
This bird greatly resembles the female of _S. pusilla_ of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham"s description of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two.
Pl. 140
[Ill.u.s.tration]
TROGLODYTES rectirostris,
_Straight-billed Wren._
Troglodytes. _Ray._ _Cuvier._ _Vieillot._ Sylvia. _Latham._ _Temminck._