2. Root of seneka, polygala seneka, of elicampane, inula helenium.
3. Marsh-mallow, althaea, coltsfoot, tussilago farfara, gum arabic, mimosa nilotica, gum tragacanth, astragalus tragacantha. Decoction of barley, hordeum distichon. Expressed oils. Spermaceti, soap. Extract of liquorice, glycyrrhiza glabra. Sugar. Honey.
4. Externally blisters. Oil. Warm bath.
IV. Mild diuretics.
1. Nitre, kali acetatum, other neutral salts.
2. Fixed alkali, soap, calcined egg-sh.e.l.ls.
3. Turpentine. Balsam of Copaiva. Resin. Olibanum.
4. Asparagus, garlic, wild daucus. Parsley, apium. Fennel faeniculum, pareira brava, Cissampelos?
5. Externally cold air, cold water.
6. Alcohol. Tincture of cantharides. Opium.
V. Mild cathartics.
1. Sweet subacid fruits. Prunes, prunus domestica. Ca.s.sia sistula.
Tamarinds, crystals of tartar, unrefined sugar. Manna. Honey.
2. Whey of milk, bile of animals.
3. Neutral salts, as Glauber"s salt, vitriolated tartar, sea-water, magnesia alba, soap.
4. Gum guaiac.u.m. Balsam of Peru. Oleum ricini, castor-oil, oil of almonds, oil of olives, sulphur.
5. Senna, ca.s.sia senna, jalap, aloe, rhubarb, rheum palmatum.
6. Calomel. Emetic tartar, antimonium tartarizatum.
VI. Secretion of mucus of the bladder is increased by cantharides, by spirit of turpentine?
VII. Secretion of mucus of the r.e.c.t.u.m is increased by aloe internally, by various clysters and suppositories externally.
VIII. Secretion of subcutaneous mucus is increased by blisters of cantharides, by application of a thin slice of the fresh root of white briony, by sinapisms, by root of horse-radish, cochlearia armoracia.
Volatile alcali.
IX. Mild errhines. Marjoram. Origanum. Marum, tobacco.
X. Secretion of tears is increased by vapour of sliced onion, of volatile alcali. By pity, or ideas of hopeless distress.
XI. Secretion of sensorial power in the brain is probably increased by opium, by wine, and perhaps by oxygen gas added to the common air in respiration.
ART. IV.
SORBENTIA.
I. Those things which increase the irritative motions, which const.i.tute absorption, are termed sorbentia; and are as various as the absorbent vessels, which they stimulate into action.
1. Cutaneous absorption is increased by austere acids, as of vitriol; hence they are believed to check colliquative sweats, and to check the eruption of small-pox, and contribute to the cure of the itch, and tinea; hence they thicken the saliva in the mouth, as lemon-juice, crab-juice, sloes.
2. Absorption from the mucous membrane is increased by opium, and Peruvian bark, internally; and by blue vitriol externally. Hence the expectoration in coughs, and the mucous discharge from the urethra, are thickened and lessened.
3. Absorption from the cellular membrane is promoted by bitter vegetables, and by emetics, and cathartics. Hence matter is thickened and lessened in ulcers by opium and Peruvian bark; and serum is absorbed in anasarca by the operation of emetics and cathartics.
4. Venous absorption is increased by acrid vegetables; as water-cress, cellery, horse-radish, mustard. Hence their use in sea-scurvy, the vibices of which are owing to a defect of venous absorption; and by external stimulants, as vinegar, and by electricity, and perhaps by oxygen.
5. Intestinal absorption is increased by astringent vegetables, as rhubarb, galls; and by earthy salts, as alum; and by argillaceous and calcareous earth.
6. Hepatic absorption is increased by metallic salts, hence calomel and sal martis are so efficacious in jaundice, worms, chlorosis, dropsy.
7. Venereal virus in ulcers is absorbed by the stimulus of mercury; hence they heal by the use of this medicine.
8. Venesection, hunger, thirst, and violent evacuations, increase all absorptions; hence sweating produces costiveness.
9. Externally bitter astringent vegetables, earthy and metallic salts, and bandages, promote the absorption of the parts on which they are applied.
10. All these in their usual doses do not increase the natural heat; but they induce costiveness, and deep coloured urine with earthy sediment.
In greater doses they invert the motions of the stomach and lacteals; and hence vomit or purge, as carduus benedictus, rhubarb. They promote perspiration, if the skin be kept warm; as camomile tea, and testaceous powders, have been used as sudorifics.
The preparations of antimony vomit, purge, or sweat, either according to the quant.i.ty exhibited, or as a part of what is given is evacuated. Thus a quarter of a grain of emetic tartar (if well prepared) will promote a diaph.o.r.esis, if the skin be kept warm; half a grain will procure a stool or two first, and sweating afterwards; and a grain will generally vomit, and then purge, and lastly sweat the patient. In less quant.i.ty it is probable, that this medicine acts like other metallic salts, as steel, zinc, or copper in small doses; that is, that it strengthens the system by its stimulus. As camomile or rhubarb in different doses vomit, or purge, or act as stimulants so as to strengthen the system.
II. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SORBENTIA.
I. 1. As there is great difference in the apparent structure of the various glands, and of the fluids which they select from the blood, these glands must possess different kinds of irritability, and are therefore stimulated into stronger or unnatural actions by different articles of the materia medica, as shewn in the secernentia. Now as the absorbent vessels are likewise glands, and drink up or select different fluids, as chyle, water, mucus, with a part of every different secretion, as a part of the bile, a part of the saliva, a part of the urine, &c. it appears, that these absorbent vessels must likewise possess different kinds of irritability, and in consequence must require different articles of the materia medica to excite them into unusual action. This part of the subject has been so little attended to, that the candid reader will find in this article a great deal to excuse.
It was observed, that some of the secernentia did in a less degree increase absorption, from the combination of different properties in the same vegetable body; for the same reason some of the cla.s.s of sorbentia produce secretion in a less degree, as those bitters which have also an aroma in their composition; these are known from their increasing the heat of the system above its usual degree.
It must also be noted, that the actions of every part of the absorbent system are so a.s.sociated with each other, that the drugs which stimulate one branch increase the action of the whole; and the torpor or quiescence of one branch weakens the exertions of the whole; or when one branch is excited into stronger action, some other branch has its actions weakened or inverted. Yet though peculiar branches of the absorbent system are stimulated into action by peculiar substances, there are other substances which seem to stimulate the whole system, and that without immediately increasing any of the secretions; as those bitters which possess no aromatic scent, at the head of which stands the famed Peruvian bark, or cinchona.
2. Cutaneous absorption. I have heard of some experiments, in which the body was kept cold, and was thought to absorb more moisture from the atmosphere than at any other time. This however cannot be determined by statical experiments; as the capillary vessels, which secrete the perspirable matter, must at the same time have been benumbed by the cold; and from their inaction there could not have been the usual waste of the weight of the body; and as all other muscular exertions are best performed, when the body possesses its usual degree of warmth, it is conclusive, that the absorbent system should likewise do its office best, when it is not benumbed by external cold.
The austere acids, as of vitriol, lemon-juice, juice of crabs and sloes, strengthen digestion, and prevent that propensity to sweat so usual to weak convalescents, and diminish the colliquative sweats in hectic fevers; all which are owing to their increasing the action of the external and internal cutaneous absorption. Hence vitriolic acid is given in the small-pox to prevent the too hasty or too copious eruption, which it effects, by increasing the cutaneous absorption. Vinegar, from the quant.i.ty of alcohol which it contains, exerts a contrary effect to that here described, and belongs to the incitantia; as an ounce of it promotes sweat, and a flushing of the skin; at the same time externally it acts as a venous absorbent, as the lips become pale by moistening them with it. And it is said, when taken internally in great and continued quant.i.ty, to induce paleness of the skin, and softness of the bones.
The sweet vegetable acids, as of several ripe fruits, are among the torpentia; as they are less stimulating than the general food of this climate, and are hence used in inflammatory diseases.
Where the quant.i.ty of fluids in the system is much lessened, as in hectic fever, which has been of some continuance, or in spurious peripneumony, a grain of opium given at night will sometimes prevent the appearance of sweats; which is owing to the stimulus of opium increasing the actions of the cutaneous absorbents, more than those of the secerning vessels of the skin. Whence the secretion of perspirable matter is not decreased, but its appearance on the skin is prevented by its more facile absorption.
3. There is one kind of itch, which seldom appears between the fingers, is the least infectious, and most difficult to eradicate, and which has its cure much facilitated by the internal use of acid of vitriol. This disease consists of small ulcers in the skin, which are healed by whatever increases the cutaneous absorption. The external application of sulphur, mercury, and acrid vegetables, acts on the same principle; for the animalcula, which are seen in these pustules, are the effect, not the cause, of them; as all other stagnating animal fluids, as the s.e.m.e.n itself, abounds with similar microscopic animals.
4. Young children have sometimes an eruption upon the head called Tinea, which discharges an acrimonius ichor inflaming the parts, on which it falls. This eruption I have seen submit to the internal use of vitriolic acid, when only wheat-flour was applied externally. This kind of eruption is likewise frequently cured by testaceous powders; two materials so widely different in their chemical properties, but agreeing in their power of promoting cutaneous absorption.