1564--1579. Maximilian II.
1567. Grumbach"s rebellion.
1576--1612. Rudolf II.
1581. Rise of the Netherlands against Spain.
1606. Rudolf II."s brother, Matthias, rules in Austria.
1608. The "Protestant Union" founded.
1609. The "Catholic League" founded; "War of the Succession of Cleves."
1612--1619. Matthias, Emperor.
1614. End of the "War of the Succession of Cleves."
=The Thirty Years" War.=
1618. Outbreak in Prague.
1619--1637. Ferdinand II.; Frederick V. of the Palatinate chosen King of Bohemia.
1620. Battle near Prague; flight of Frederick V.
1622. Victories of Tilly in Baden.
1623. Tilly defeats Prince Christian of Brunswick.
1624. Union of the northern states.
1625. Christian IV. of Denmark appointed commander; Wallenstein enters the field.
1626. Defeat of Mansfeld by Wallenstein: defeat of Christian IV.
by Tilly.
1628. Wallenstein"s siege of Stralsund.
1629. The "Edict of Rest.i.tution."
1630. Diet in Ratisbon; Wallenstein removed: Richelieu helps the Protestants; Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden lands in Germany.
1631. Tilly destroys Magdeburg; Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly and marches to Frankfort.
1632. Death of Tilly; Gustavus Adolphus in Munich; his attack on Wallenstein"s camp; battle of Lutzen, and death.
1633. Union of Protestants under Oxenstierna.
1634. Murder of Wallenstein; defeat of the Protestants at Nordlingen.
1635. Saxony concludes a "separate peace."
1636. Victories of Baner.
1637--1657. Ferdinand III.
1638. Duke Bernard of Weimar victorious in Alsatia.
1639. Death of Duke Bernard.
1640. Diet at Ratisbon.
1642. Victories of the Swedish general, Torstenson.
1643. Torstenson"s campaign in Denmark.
1645. Torstenson"s victories in Bohemia; his march to Vienna; the French generals, Turenne and Conde, in Germany.
1648. Protestant victories; Konigsmark takes Prague.
1648. The Peace of Westphalia.
FIFTH PERIOD. (1648--1892.)
1640--1688. Frederick William of Brandenburg, the "Great Elector."
1643--1715. Louis XIV., King of France.
1655--1660. War of Sweden and Poland.
1656. Battle of Warsaw.
1657--1705. Leopold I.
1660. The Duchy of Prussia independent of Poland.
1667--1668. Louis XIV."s invasion of the Spanish Netherlands; the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.
1672--1678. Louis XIV."s war against Holland.
1673. The "Great Elector" a.s.sists Holland.
1675. The battle of Fehrbellin.
1676. The Elector conquers Pomerania.
1678. The Peace of Nymwegen.
1681. Strasburg taken by Louis XIV.