1450. Invention of printing.
1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks.
1466. Treaty of Thorn; Prussia tributary to Poland.
1474. War with Charles the Bold of Burgundy.
1476. Battles of Grandson and Morat.
1477. Death of Charles the Bold; marriage of Maximilian of Austria and Mary of Burgundy.
1486--1525. Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony.
1493--1516. Maximilian I.
1495. Perpetual peace declared; the imperial court.
1512. Division of Germany into districts.
FOURTH PERIOD. (1517--1648.)
=The Reformation.=
1483. Martin Luther born.
1502. He enters the University of Erfurt.
1508. Is appointed professor at Wittenberg.
1510. Luther"s journey to Rome.
1517. Luther nails his ninety-five theses, against the sale of indulgences, to the church-door in Wittenberg.
1518. Interview with Cajeta.n.u.s in Augsburg.
1519. Interview with Milt.i.tz in Altenburg.
1520. Luther burns the Pope"s Bull.
1520--1556. Charles V., Emperor.
1521. Luther at the Diet of Worms; his concealment.
1522. His return to Wittenberg.
1524. Ferdinand of Austria and the Bavarian dukes unite against the Reformation.
1525. The Peasants" War.
1525--1532. John the Steadfast, Elector of Saxony.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg joins the Reformers; end of the German Order; battle of Pavia.
1526. Ferdinand of Austria inherits Hungary and Bohemia.
1526. The League of Torgau.
1527. War of Charles V. against Francis I. and the Pope; Rome taken by the Constable de Bourbon.
1529. Peace of Cambray; Diet of Speyer; the name of "Protestants;" Luther meets Zwingli; Vienna besieged by the Turks; Charles V. crowned at Bologna.
1530. Diet of Augsburg; the "Augsburg Confession."
1531. League of Schmalkalden.
1532. Religious Peace of Nuremberg.
1532--1554. John Frederick, Elector of Saxony.
1534. Duke Ulric of Wurtemberg joins the Protestants.
1536--1538. Charles V."s third war with Francis I.
1540. Ignatius Loyola founds the Order of Jesuits.
1542--1544. Charles V."s fourth war with Francis I.
1545--1563. The Council of Trent.
1546. Death of Luther; the Schmalkalden War; treachery of Maurice of Saxony.
1547. Battle of Muhlberg; capture of John Frederick of Saxony; Philip of Hesse imprisoned.
1548. The Augsburg "Interim."
1552. Maurice of Saxony marches against Charles V.; Henry II. of France takes Toul, Metz, and Verdun.
1553. Death of Maurice of Saxony.
1555. The religious Peace of Augsburg.
1556. Abdication of Charles V.
1556--1564. Ferdinand I.
1558. Death of Charles V.
1560. Death of Melanchthon.