"result in Civil War" Frothingham, Frothingham, Edward Everett, Edward Everett, 414-15. 414-15.
"tension and frustration" Dougla.s.s" Monthly, Dougla.s.s" Monthly, April 1861; and April 1861; and The Life and Writings of Frederick Dougla.s.s, The Life and Writings of Frederick Dougla.s.s, 3:72/"4. 3:72/"4.
"Some thought we had" David Blight, David Blight, Frederick Dougla.s.s" Civil War: Keeping Faith with Jubilee Frederick Dougla.s.s" Civil War: Keeping Faith with Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 78-79. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 78-79.
supplies to last Browning, Browning, Diary, Diary, July 3, 1861, 476. July 3, 1861, 476.
Absent from the floor Niven, Niven, Salmon P. Chase, Salmon P. Chase, 237-38. 237-38.
"I accept the post" Salmon P. Chase to AL, March 6, 1861, ALPLC. Salmon P. Chase to AL, March 6, 1861, ALPLC.
Bates confided Bates, Bates, Diary, Diary, March 6, 1861, 177. March 6, 1861, 177.
large walnut table William O. Stoddard, William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln"s Secretary, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln"s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 11. ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 11.
"he had no administrative" David Davis (WHH Interview), September 20, 1866, Hi, 351. David Davis (WHH Interview), September 20, 1866, Hi, 351.
"When [I] first commenced" Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, HI, HI, 207. 207.
"There was little order" John Hay, John Hay, Addresses of John Hay Addresses of John Hay (New York: The Century Company, 1906), 323-24. (New York: The Century Company, 1906), 323-24.
"He was disinclined" Welles, Welles, Diary, Diary, March 30, 1861, 1:4, 6. Welles, although referring to events by date, often entered his comments days or weeks after events and conversations. March 30, 1861, 1:4, 6. Welles, although referring to events by date, often entered his comments days or weeks after events and conversations.
wrote out three questions AL to Winfield Scott, March 9, 1861, AL to Winfield Scott, March 9, 1861, CW, CW, 4:279. 4:279.
"To raise, organize" Winfield Scott to AL, March 11, 1861, ALPLC. Winfield Scott to AL, March 11, 1861, ALPLC.
"I may have said" Francis P. Blair, Sr., to Montgomery Blair, March 12, 1861, ALPLC. Francis P. Blair, Sr., to Montgomery Blair, March 12, 1861, ALPLC.
"a.s.suming it to be possible" AL to William H. Seward, March 15, 1861, AL to William H. Seward, March 15, 1861, CW, CW, 4:284. 4:284.
"the Sentiment of National Patriotism" Stephen A. Hurlbut, March 27, 1861, ALPLC. Stephen A. Hurlbut, March 27, 1861, ALPLC.
There entered William Howard Russell, William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berw.a.n.ger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 44-45. ed. Eugene H. Berw.a.n.ger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 44-45.
"Resolved, the opinion" Krug, Krug, Lyman Trumbull, Lyman Trumbull, 183. 183.
"ambitious, but indecisive" Ibid., 171, 183. 183.
"but he took care" Richard N. Current, Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot Lincoln and the First Shot (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1963), 188. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1963), 188.
"If to be the head of h.e.l.l" Nicolay, Nicolay, Lincoln"s Secretary, Lincoln"s Secretary, 101. 101.
"Abe" is getting heartily sick" Sam Ward to Samuel L. M. Barlow, March 31, 1861, in Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.
"Wanted-A Policy" New York Times, New York Times, April 3, 1861. April 3, 1861.
"We are atthe end" William H. Seward to AL, April 1, 1861, ALPLC. William H. Seward to AL, April 1, 1861, ALPLC.
"It must be somebody"s business" John M. Laylor, John M. Laylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln"s Right Hand William Henry Seward: Lincoln"s Right Hand (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 150-54. (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 150-54.
"This had your distinct" AL to William H. Seward, AL to William H. Seward, CW, CW, 4:316. The exchange between Seward and Lincoln did not become known for thirty years after Lincoln"s death. The fact that Lincoln"s letter is not to be found in Seward"s papers is a strong indication it was never sent. 4:316. The exchange between Seward and Lincoln did not become known for thirty years after Lincoln"s death. The fact that Lincoln"s letter is not to be found in Seward"s papers is a strong indication it was never sent.
"Would it impose" AL to Winfield Scott, April 1, 1861, AL to Winfield Scott, April 1, 1861, CW, CW, 4:316. 4:316.
"Noreport" "Memorandum," April 19, 1861, "Memorandum," April 19, 1861, CW, CW, 4:338. 4:338.
"An attempt will be made" War Department to Robert S. Chew, April 6, 1861, War Department to Robert S. Chew, April 6, 1861, CW, CW, 4:323. 4:323.
Beauregard ordered a Confederate battery For a description of the attack on Fort Sumter, see James M. McPherson, For a description of the attack on Fort Sumter, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 264-74. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 264-74.
"Everybody much excited" Taft, Taft, Diary, Diary, April 13, 1861. April 13, 1861.
"G.o.d, in his merciful" David Rankin Barbee, "President Lincoln and Doctor Gurley," David Rankin Barbee, "President Lincoln and Doctor Gurley," ALQ ALQ 5, no. 1 (March 1948): 5. 5, no. 1 (March 1948): 5.
"I would make it 200,000" Stephen A. Douglas, Stephen A. Douglas, Letters, Letters, ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1961), 509-10. ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1961), 509-10.
"spoke of the present" Johannsen, Johannsen, Douglas, Douglas, 859-60. 859-60.
"I"ve known Mr. Lincoln" Forney, Forney, Anecdotes of Public Men, Anecdotes of Public Men, 1:224-25. 1:224-25.
critics have scrutinized Richard N. Current offers an admirable summary of the historiographical debate about Lincoln"s actions in the crisis of Fort Sumter, as well as its larger implications for the movement for secession, in the "Afterthoughts" of Richard N. Current offers an admirable summary of the historiographical debate about Lincoln"s actions in the crisis of Fort Sumter, as well as its larger implications for the movement for secession, in the "Afterthoughts" of Lincoln and the First Shot, Lincoln and the First Shot, 182-208. 182-208.
"You and I both antic.i.p.ated" AL to Gustavus V. Fox, May 1, 1861, AL to Gustavus V. Fox, May 1, 1861, CW, CW, 4:350; for an excellent account, see Ari Hoogenboom, "Gustavus Fox and the Relief of Fort Sumter," 4:350; for an excellent account, see Ari Hoogenboom, "Gustavus Fox and the Relief of Fort Sumter," Civil War History Civil War History 9 (December 1963): 383-98. 9 (December 1963): 383-98.
"The plan succeeded" Browning, Browning, Diary, Diary, July 3, 1861, 476. July 3, 1861, 476.
CHAPTER 18. 18. A People"s Contest: April 1861-July 1861 A People"s Contest: April 1861-July 1861 "nervous tension" Nicolay and Hay, 3:151. Nicolay and Hay, 3:151.
"We are in a beleaguered City" Taft, Taft, Diary, Diary, April 13, 1861. April 13, 1861.
Lee, the son of Mary M. Thomas, Mary M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995), 147-49. (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995), 147-49.
"by combinations too powerful" "Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress," April 15, 1861, "Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress," April 15, 1861, CW, CW, 4:331-32. 4:331-32.
"The people of Maine" Reinhard H. Luthin, Reinhard H. Luthin, The Real Abraham Lincoln The Real Abraham Lincoln (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 279-80. (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 279-80.
"Kentucky will furnish" William Best Hesseltine, William Best Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 147-48. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 147-48.
"Dispatch received" Ibid., 146-48. Ibid., 146-48.
"Send no more troops" George W. Brown and Thomas H. Hicks to AL, April 20, 1861, ALPLC. George W. Brown and Thomas H. Hicks to AL, April 20, 1861, ALPLC.
"Now, and ever," AL to Thomas H. Hicks, April 20, 1861, AL to Thomas H. Hicks, April 20, 1861, CW, CW, 4:340. 4:340.
"The streets were full" John Hay, John Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay, ed. Tyler Dennett (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1939), 4-5. ed. Tyler Dennett (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1939), 4-5.
"Your citizens attack" AL, Reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861, AL, Reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861, CW, CW, 4:341-42. 4:341-42.
"I began to believe" Nicolay and Hay, 4:153. Nicolay and Hay, 4:153.
"created much enthusiasm" Taft, Taft, Diary, Diary, April 25, 1861. April 25, 1861.
"In every great crisis" New York Times, New York Times, April 25, 1861. April 25, 1861.
"suspend the writ" AL to Winfield Scott, April 25, 27, 1861, AL to Winfield Scott, April 25, 27, 1861, CW, CW, 4:344, 347. 4:344, 347.
suspension of habeas corpus Mark E. Neely, Jr., Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), xiv-xvii; Daniel Farber, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), xiv-xvii; Daniel Farber, Lincoln"s Const.i.tution Lincoln"s Const.i.tution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 157-58. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 157-58.
reorganized the Sixtieth Regiment Ruth Painter Randall, Ruth Painter Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth: A Biography of Lincoln"s Friend and First Hero of the Civil War Colonel Elmer Ellsworth: A Biography of Lincoln"s Friend and First Hero of the Civil War (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960), 3-6. In the early summer of 1860, Ellsworth published a (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960), 3-6. In the early summer of 1860, Ellsworth published a Manual of Arms for the U. S. Zouave Cadets. Manual of Arms for the U. S. Zouave Cadets.
"Excuse me" Randall, Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, 262. 262.
"In the untimely loss" AL to Ephraim D. and Phoebe Ellsworth, May 25, 1861, AL to Ephraim D. and Phoebe Ellsworth, May 25, 1861, CW, CW, 4:385-86. 4:385-86.
Mary decided to restore Baker, Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, Mary Todd Lincoln, 184-85. 184-85.
"For all the detestable places" Strong, Strong, Diary, Diary, July 15, 1861, 3:164. July 15, 1861, 3:164.
"the Washington National Monument Cattle Yard" Mark E. Ruane, "Smithsonian Dig Unearths Quirky Traces of History," Mark E. Ruane, "Smithsonian Dig Unearths Quirky Traces of History," Washington Post, Washington Post, August 30, August 30, 2007.
"softening the expression" Douglas L. Wilson, Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln"s Sword: The Presidency and the Power oj"Words Lincoln"s Sword: The Presidency and the Power oj"Words (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 94-95. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 94-95.
"all peaceful measures" AL, "Message to Congress in Special Session," July 4, 1861, AL, "Message to Congress in Special Session," July 4, 1861, CW, CW, 4:425-26. 4:425-26.
"the attention of the country" Ibid., 429-31. Mark E. Neely, Jr., a.s.serts that Lincoln"s discussion of habeas corpus revealed "the work of a fledgling president, uncertain of his legal ground and his audience." See Neely, Ibid., 429-31. Mark E. Neely, Jr., a.s.serts that Lincoln"s discussion of habeas corpus revealed "the work of a fledgling president, uncertain of his legal ground and his audience." See Neely, Fate of Liberty, Fate of Liberty, 11-13. 11-13.
"they commenced by an insidious debauching" Paul M. Angle, "Lincoln"s Power with Words," Paul M. Angle, "Lincoln"s Power with Words," Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation Papers Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation Papers (Springfield, 111.: The Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation, 1935), 80. (Springfield, 111.: The Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation, 1935), 80.
"lacked the dignity" Roy Basier, "Lincoln"s Development as a Writer," Roy Basier, "Lincoln"s Development as a Writer," A Touchstone for Greatness: Essays, Addresses, and Occasional Pieces About Abraham Lincoln A Touchstone for Greatness: Essays, Addresses, and Occasional Pieces About Abraham Lincoln (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 90. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 90.
"message was the most truly" Edward Cary, Edward Cary, George William Curtis George William Curtis (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1894), 147. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1894), 147.
"In the late Message" Dougla.s.s" Monthly, Dougla.s.s" Monthly, August 1861, 497. August 1861, 497.
"When would the army" Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Horace Greeley, Horace Greeley, 276-78. 276-78.
Forward to Richmond! Henry Luther Stoddard, Henry Luther Stoddard, Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader (New York: G. P. Putnam"s Sons, 1946), 213-14. (New York: G. P. Putnam"s Sons, 1946), 213-14.
the army was unprepared for war McPherson, McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, Battle Cry of Freedom, 313. 313.
"You are green" William C. Davis, William C. Davis, Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), 77. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), 77.
"Look, men, there is Jackson" For Bull Run and the role of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, see James I. Robertson, For Bull Run and the role of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, see James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1997), 259-68. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1997), 259-68.
"Our army is retreating" David Homer Bates, David Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recolledions of the United States Military Telegraph Corps During the Civil War Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recolledions of the United States Military Telegraph Corps During the Civil War (New York: The Century Company, 1907), 91. (New York: The Century Company, 1907), 91.
"The day is lost" Ibid., 251. Ibid., 251.
"Boys, we will stop" Hans L. Trefousse, Hans L. Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963), 150-51. (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963), 150-51.
Yankee Doodle, near Bull Run Burton E. Stevenson, ed., Burton E. Stevenson, ed., Poems of American History Poems of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922), 425. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922), 425.
"which gave expression" Congressional Globe, Congressional Globe, 37th Cong., 1st sess., 222-23, 258-62. 37th Cong., 1st sess., 222-23, 258-62.
"Today will be known" Strong, Strong, Diary, Diary, July 22, 1861, 4:169. July 22, 1861, 4:169.
"Sir, I am the greatest coward" Nicolay and Hay, 4:358-59. Nicolay and Hay, 4:358-59.
CHAPTER 19. 19. The Bottomh Out of the Tub: July 1861-January 1862 The Bottomh Out of the Tub: July 1861-January 1862 Lincoln challenged Hay, Hay, Inside, Inside, April 21, 1861, 5. April 21, 1861, 5.
attention to military strategy I am grateful to James McPherson, who allowed me to see his book am grateful to James McPherson, who allowed me to see his book Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), in ma.n.u.script form. McPherson makes the case, "In the vast literature on our sixteenth president, the amount of attention devoted to his role as commander in chief is disproportionately far less than the actual percentage of time that he spent on that task." York: Penguin Press, 2008), in ma.n.u.script form. McPherson makes the case, "In the vast literature on our sixteenth president, the amount of attention devoted to his role as commander in chief is disproportionately far less than the actual percentage of time that he spent on that task."
"Wars, commotions, and revolutions" Julian M. Sturtevant, "The Lessons of our National Conflict," Julian M. Sturtevant, "The Lessons of our National Conflict," New Englander New Englander 19 (October 1861): 894. 19 (October 1861): 894.
"Circ.u.mstances make your presence" General Lorenzo Thomas to George B. McClellan, July 22, 1861, McClellan, General Lorenzo Thomas to George B. McClellan, July 22, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 66. 66.
"seemed more amused" George B. McClellan, George B. McClellan, McClellan"s Own Story: The War for the Union, the Soldiers Who Fought It, the Civilians Who Directed It, and His Relations to It and to Them McClellan"s Own Story: The War for the Union, the Soldiers Who Fought It, the Civilians Who Directed It, and His Relations to It and to Them (New York: Charles L. Webster and Company, 1887), 55. (New York: Charles L. Webster and Company, 1887), 55.
"I find myself" George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, July 27, July 30, 1861, McClellan, George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, July 27, July 30, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 70, 71. 70, 71.
"quite overwhelmed" McClellan, McClellan, McClellan"s Own Story, McClellan"s Own Story, 66. 66.
"It is an immense task" Stephen W. Sears, Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 44-47. (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 44-47.
tactics used in the Crimean War Ibid.
seeds of future difficulties Sears makes this suggestion, but there is nothing in the record to support this interpretation. Sears makes this suggestion, but there is nothing in the record to support this interpretation.
"Young Napoleon" Sears, Sears, George B. McClellan, George B. McClellan, 101. 101.
"Little Mac" New York Tribune, New York Tribune, August 1, 1861. August 1, 1861.
pledged no more retreats Sears, Sears, George B. McClellan, George B. McClellan, 97. 97.
"to move into the heart" George B. McClellan to AL, August 2, 1861, McClellan, George B. McClellan to AL, August 2, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 74. 74.
"making the Blockade effective" "Memoranda of Military Policy Suggested by the Bull Run Defeat," July 23, 27, 1861, "Memoranda of Military Policy Suggested by the Bull Run Defeat," July 23, 27, 1861, CW, CW, 4:457-58. 4:457-58.
"The President is himself" Lincoln"s Journalist: John Hay"s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860-1864, Lincoln"s Journalist: John Hay"s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860-1864, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), November 2, 1861, 130. ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), November 2, 1861, 130.
"gave himself " Nicolay and Hay, 5:155-56. " Nicolay and Hay, 5:155-56.
"The poor President!" Russell, Russell, My Diary, North and South, My Diary, North and South, October 9, 1861, 317. October 9, 1861, 317.