[Sidenote: ii.] When the place, or that that cteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All the round earthe prayseth G.o.d. Oxforth (some say) hath not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.
[Sidenote: iii.] When that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is goodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer.
[Sidenote: iiii.] When the doer is put for that y^t is done, as: G.o.d brought the Israelites out of Egypte wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also: Is G.o.ds hand drawen in? for power and strength.
[Sidenote: v.] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer.
[Sidenote: Synecdoche.] _Intellectio_, Intelleccion wh? one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of the same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes.
[Sidenote: i.] When of the whole is vnderstd a parte, as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues fleshe.
[Sidenote: ii.] By a parte the whole, as: He receyued the straugers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for into hys house.
[Sidenote: iii.] By one many, as: The Frenchem in y^e batail had the ouerthrow.
[Sidenote: iiii.] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thou se thyne enemies a.s.se fal vnder his burden, for cattell.
[Sidenote: v.] By the general the kynd: Eue the mother of al liuing things, for of al m?: Preach to al creaturs, to al m?
[Sidenote: vi.] By that goeth before, the thynge that foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.
[Sidenote: vii.] By that y^t foloweth, the thinge wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face, for w^t my labour.
[Sidenote: viii.] By the matter, y^e thynge that is made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it.
-- [Sidenote: ix.] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t is signified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande.
[Sidenote: p.r.o.nominacio.] _Antonomasia_ is, whych for y^e proper name putteth some other word: As: the Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by faythe, for Paule.
[Sidenote: Periphrasis.] _Circuicio_, is a larger descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn: by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. -- Example of the fyrste: The prouid?ce of Scipio ouerthrew y^e might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, you haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by the name of thys figure.
By Etymologie or shewyng the reas of the name. Well maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^t loueth other because of his meat.
By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anye thynge, as if a man vnderstdyng anger wyll saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych bryngeth in palenes into the coutenauce, fiersenes of the eies, and tr?blyng in the members.
By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for Rethorique.
The second parte of Trope.
_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is an inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, and another in sentence or meanynge.
[Sidenote: Aenigma.] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle or darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more th? the hole.
[Sidenote: Paremia.] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsed and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our tale.
[Sidenote: Ironia.] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the p.r.o.nuciacion, or by the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man in deede.
[Sidenote: Sarcasmus.] _Amara irrisio_, is a bitter sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could not saue hym selfe.
[Sidenote: Astysmus.] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certen mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow metynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.
[Sidenote: Mycterismus.] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng by some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.
[Sidenote: Antiphrasis.] _Dictio ctrariu significans_, when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, a minion.
[Sidenote: Charientismus.] _Graciosa nugatio_, when wordes roughly spok? be molified by pleasaunt wordes: as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you be good master to me.
The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall.
[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, when in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng ctinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, & it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth oute, and garnysheth the oracion.
[Sidenote: Antistrophe.] _Conuersio_, conuersion is whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp the sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as: Sence the time y^e ccord was tak? awaye from the citie, lyberty was tak? awai: fidelity was tak? away: fr?ship was tak? away.
[Sidenote: Symploce.] _Cplexio_, complexion cpriseth both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we declared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shulde be oft? repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out both hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who was transformed fr a man into a beast, & eate haye wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.
[Sidenote: Anadiplosis.] _Reduplicatio_, is a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth: yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, it is thou that troublest all the houshold. -- Also, dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour of thy ctrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest thou come into oure syght?
[Sidenote: Epanodus.] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is, whyche maketh that wh? all one word is oftentymes vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the mynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in this wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wylt compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte sca.r.s.e thynke them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but hdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto G.o.d the swete sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.
[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cmunio_, cmunion of the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for .Q. Ligarius. -- Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy swerd haue p.r.i.c.ked? what meaned thy weapons? what was thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that burning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? what wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the other before, only because the wordes be chauged, the sent?ce remayning.
[Sidenote: Sinathrismus.] _Frequentacio_, frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into one place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier, & rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, intollerable to all men.
[Sidenote: Epiphonesis.] _Exclamacio_, exclamaci is, whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge? Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, whych oft? tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they can se the hauen. Hereunto belgeth expectaci, obtestaci, wishyng, rebuking.
[Sidenote: Areia.] _Execracio_, execracion: O fye vpon Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto G.o.d alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images made by mans hand.
[Sidenote: Deesis.] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, wh? for G.o.d, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue any thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye you, & for the G.o.ds sakes most herteli besech you, y^t as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf to saue th? th.o.r.ew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.
[Sidenote: Euche.] _Votum_, wyshynge: O wolde G.o.d that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.
[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynst Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?
[Sidenote: Erotesis.] _Interrogacio_, Euerye interrogaci is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, but thys whyche when those thinges be rehea.r.s.ed vp whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes fr the cmon wealthe or not?
[Sidenote: Erotema.] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is, by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason.
Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to count m?: so that fort.i.tude maye diminishe war, humanitie increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse.
Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am wont to despise, not to folowe.
[Sidenote: Prosapodosis.] _Subiectio_, when we axe of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere to our selues thus: -- Shall we tary in synne? G.o.d forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus: O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confouded.
Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to Christ.
[Sidenote: Antiphora.] _Tacite obiectioni responsio._ wh? we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myght haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely toke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied.
[Sidenote: Aporia.] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when wee doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cmonwealth at that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not tell.
[Sidenote: Apophasis.] _Expeditio_, expedicion, when many reasons rehea.r.s.ed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be done or not, the other are taken away, and one left that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, & texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, & scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, then the worde.